Calculations Definition and 1000 Threads

A calculation is a deliberate process that transforms one or more inputs into one or more results. The term is used in a variety of senses, from the very definite arithmetical calculation of using an algorithm, to the vague heuristics of calculating a strategy in a competition, or calculating the chance of a successful relationship between two people.
For example, multiplying 7 by 6 is a simple algorithmic calculation. Estimating the fair price for financial instruments using the Black–Scholes model is a more complex algorithmic calculation.
Statistical estimations of the likely election results from opinion polls also involve algorithmic calculations, but produces ranges of possibilities rather than exact answers.
To calculate means to determine mathematically in the case of a number or amount, or in the case of an abstract problem to deduce the answer using logic, reason or common sense. The English word derives from the Latin calculus, which originally meant a small stone in the gall-bladder (from Latin calx). It also meant a pebble used for calculating, or a small stone used as a counter in an abacus (Latin abacus, Greek abax). The abacus was an instrument used by Greeks and Romans for arithmetic calculations, preceding the slide-rule and the electronic calculator, and consisted of perforated pebbles sliding on iron bars.

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  1. Schwann

    I Linearity of power spectral density calculations

    I have a question related to linearity of power spectral density calculation. Suppose I have a time series, divided into some epochs. If I compute PSD by Welch's method with a time window equal to the length of an epoch and without any overlap, I obtain this result: If I calculate the...
  2. A

    A DFT calculations for metal oxide semiconductors and graphene oxide

    I am doing experimental research on metal oxide semiconductors and graphene oxide, I also want to do some theoretical analysis. I am new in theoretical, so I need guidance how to proceed with the simple calculations, like DFT. Is there any authentic book with examples? and also is there any...
  3. siddharth23

    How Do You Calculate Air Surge Tank Fluctuations for Engine Intakes?

    I am going to be working on some calculations for an air surge tank to minimize fluctuations downstream of the tank in an engin'e intake syste, Any suggestions/sources where I could study for this? Thank you!
  4. J

    Some Flight Calculations and the Motion of the Earth

    A Problem is posed for a flight from Melbourne to Cairns. Using the formula for rotational speed at latitude - 1) The latitude of Melbourne is approx 38 degrees south with a rotation velocity of 820 miles/hr 2) The latitude of Cairns is approx 17 degrees south with a rotation velocity of 994...
  5. strangerep

    Maple Best way to explore Finsler Geometry calculations with Maple?

    My context here is Finsler geometry with Cartan connection. I use ##x^\mu## for the usual spacetime position coordinates, and ##u^\mu \equiv \dot x^\mu## for velocity coordinates (the overdot denotes differentiation by an arbitrary parameter, not necessarily proper time). To explain the problem...
  6. qnach

    A Software for cross section calculations using .cif files

    Is there any software available to calculate cross section using .cif file?
  7. sergey_le

    Calculations involving acids and bases

    Summary:: finding ml of two solutions by the final pH i have a NaOAc 0.1M and HOAc 0.1M , together the volume of the solutions is 20ml and the pH is 4. I need to find the volume of each solution. I've tried to solve it for hours with no successes. i found the H+ concentration (-log(h)=4 ), it...
  8. B

    Engineering Using the Archimedes Principle to do calculations for this floating buoy

    A Spherical buoy has a diameter of 2m and weighs 3kN. It is designed to be used in a variety or circumstances by it being floated in water and anchored to the floor with a chain. Draw the free body diagram and determine the following given that the volume of a sphere is, Volume = πD3/6 The...
  9. N

    Robust control system calculations

    can i solve this problem i didnt go university due to Covid-19
  10. T

    Thermodynamics -- Calculations for heating water up

    A thermal flask with water of temperature 90c is placed out in room temperature 20c, sealed. How long before it reaches 55c? outer radius and height: 5cm, 25cm volume of water is 1litre. R = 0.5 Km2/W using this equation to solve it combining these two and integrating with respect to T...
  11. Achintya

    Emergency elevator safety feature calculations

  12. L

    Mars Rover Upthrust and Acceleration calculations help 🚀

    1. ρmars atmosphere = 0.02 kgm^-3 volume of a sphere = 4 / 3 𝜋 𝑟^3 gmars = 3.8 ms^-2 So: Volume of a hemisphere=2/3 𝜋 𝑟^3 r=7.75 m Archimedes' principle states that the upthrust on an object is equal to the weight of fluid that the body displaces To find the upthrust produced...
  13. ayderay

    Projectile Motion: Calculations for a successful basketball shot

  14. D

    Torque calculations for a small electric vehicle

    Hello guys, I'm trying to calculate the torque for a 3 wheeler electric (small vehicle). 2 driving wheels and one driven wheel. At the driving wheels we have a BLDC motor for each wheel. We want to calculate the torque for resting( not going down hill) on inclined plane (angle={5,10,15...
  15. danielhaish

    B Relativity & Computer Calculations: Speed Up 300x?

    there is many analog dividing machine that base on time counting . so does this machines work faster on height speed system such as Particle Accelerator it may help in decryption of public encryption and other coculation . It looked at relative calculator and in the speed that close to the...
  16. N

    What physics do I need to learn to do calculations for throwing water?

    How would I calculate the damage anything would take if a human were to pick up water and throw it? I would like to know this for a game idea I'm coming up with. I researched a bit online about certain physics that could apply (I.E: classical, modern, classical mechanical). I'm just not 100%...
  17. STM

    Engineering Mechanical principles: vehicle acceleration calculations

  18. M

    MHB How Can I Use GeoGebra to Calculate Vector Lengths and Projections?

    Hey! :o We have the vectors $v=i+j+2k=(1,1,2)$ and $u=-i-k=(-1,0,-1)$. I have calculated the following: \begin{align*}&|v|=\sqrt{1^2+1^2+2^2}=\sqrt{1+1+4}=\sqrt{6} \\ &|u|=\sqrt{(-1)^2+0^2+(-1)^2}=\sqrt{1+0+1}=\sqrt{2} \\ &v\cdot u=(1,1,2)\cdot (-1,0,-1)=1\cdot (-1)+1\cdot 0+2\cdot...
  19. Buuuka86

    I How can John reduce his debt by paying into a joint account with Kelly?

    John owes Kelly £500. John and Kelly have a joint account. Each of them pays £200 into the account every month, to spend on joint expenses. If Kelly pays only half of her monthly contribution into the joint account (so £100), and John pays the usual (£200) how much will John's debt (£500) be...
  20. D

    IEC 60890 - Heat Rise Calculations

    When designing a panel, it is imperative that you keep the components inside at a temperature which they can operate optimally at; allowing the air temperature to go above this limit can cause component failure and fire. To assist with calculating the air flow required to keep the components...
  21. A

    Feynman problem 39-2: Calculations for an adiabatic process

    I'm not sure that this is an adiabatic process. As far as i can read, it is adiabatic if no HEAT or ENERGY is added. But pumping in molecules that are a non-zero temperature is an addition of energy, no? Anyway - my solution with the assumption of an adiabatic process. (skipping units for...
  22. E

    How to Calculate Heater Wattage for Aluminum Block in Insulated Enclosure?

    I am trying to determine the size of a single cartridge heater or 2 cartridge heaters to heat a large mass of aluminum to 400F. The aluminum block will be sitting inside an insulated (all sides) enclosure. The following are the specs for this problem. - Max surface temp of aluminum block is...
  23. M

    B Calculations relating to a pneumatic launcher

    Hello, and thanks for reading. Any help with this will be greatly appreciated. One of my hobbies is amateur radio. We often use wire for antennas, and getting those wires up in high places can be a challenge. I built a pneumatic "launcher" for this purpose, using ideas from others who have...
  24. G

    MHB Calculations with stepfunction(heaviside)

    I've some questions in the c) part of the task. The texts in the pictures are loosely translated, so let me know if there is something that is unclear. Is there a specific reason why they wrote (F' * f)' instead of (f * f)' ? I've posted a solution at the bottom of the post but I don't...
  25. I

    Electromagnetism EMF induction calculations

    A square conducting loop of side length a is in a non-uniform magnetic field. The loop occupies the first quadrant of the xy plane, i.e. the space between the origin (x, y) = (0,0) and the point (x,y) = (a, a). The magnetic field is in the +z direction. Develop an expression for the magnitude of...
  26. H

    Calculations of the needed horspower for a granulator

    I started calculating the needed horsepower for my project copper granulator. i come out on 250hp, its very high, i think i made a fault with the formule. Cross section area ( i take blades of the rotor height * withd ) = height : 10 cm, Withd: 12 cm. 10 * 12 = 120 / 2 = 60^2 cm Yield stress...
  27. S

    Battery Charge and Discharge Time Calculations

    I am performing some calculations but struck with confusion whether I am doing it correct or wrong due to contradictions of these calculations on different calculators websites. I hope here someone will help me with the validation of my calculations. Battery Capacity = 150 Ah Battery...
  28. Kaushik

    Question involving calculations with a parabola

    Summary: Find the equation of the parabola when the focus and the equation of tangent at the vertex is known. Find the equation of the parabola when the focus is ##(0,0)## and the equation of tangent at the vertex is ##x - y + 1 = 0##. General equation : ## ax^2 + by^2 + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c...
  29. parazit

    I Comparing theoretical calculations with experimental data

    Dear users, The situation I have encountered is a simple statistical comparison of the experimental data, which accepted as correct, with the results obtained via six theoretical models. In the experimental data, there exist y values corresponding to x values and also the measurement errors of...
  30. K

    Torque Calculations: Solve for Disc Revolutions with Opposing Torque

    Homework Statement: The torque is removed when the disc is rotating at 8.0 rad s-1. An opposing torque of 14.5 N m is applied to slow the disc down. Calculate the number of revolutions the disc makes after the second torque is applied, before it comes to rest. Homework Equations: T=Is W=Wo...
  31. E

    What is the best compiler now for intensive calculations?

    What is the best compiler these days – for intensive calculations? My cherished Borland PASCAL Delphi compiler has been “obsoleted” for a very long time now by MS changing their application calls, etc. And please don’t say FORTRAN, unless it has been totally overhauled. I outgrew it around 1980...
  32. J

    Help Walk Me Thru Motor Sizing Calculations Please

    Summary: Hello; i am trying to work my way thru some motor sizing calculations on a semi-simple example so that i can more easily do it in the future. Could i get some guidance? Hello: I am trying to develop a good system for sizing motors (generally steppers). In the past i just guesstimated...
  33. electrogeek

    I Dirac notation and calculations

    Hello everyone, I'm stuck on the question which I have provided below to do with Dirac notation: In these questions |a>, |b> and |c> can be taken to form an orthonormal basis set Consider the state |ξ> = α(|a> − 2|b> + |c>). What value of α makes |ξ> a normalised state? I'm brand new to Dirac...
  34. R

    Engineering How Do You Calculate Torque for a Multi Lobe Torque Ring?

    Hello guys, i need some enlightenment (help) to solve this problem :H, maybe someone here have mastered physics or engineering can help me to break this problem ! I already tried to seek the answer, but i face dead end and really frustating because of it o_O . So the problem is "how to get...
  35. T

    Compressed air problem (pressure and flow rate calculations)

    When dealing with a compressed air system I would like to know how to make some calculations to predict pressure and flow rate throughout a system. e.g. If I have a compressor that can supply 50 cfm @ 100 psi at the source, and the air flows through a system of pipes, filters, turns, etc. which...
  36. CPW

    I Details in calculations from 19th century astronomy

    I’ve read that Urban LeVerrier was able to calculate using Newtonian mechanics the precession of the perihelion point of Mercury’s orbit (1859). Is there a website or paper that shows the calculation in detail? In particular: How would one decide on the distance between Mercury and the other...
  37. K

    How do I calculate the fluence of a Gaussian Laser Beam?

    Summary: Need to calculate the fluence of Gaussian Laser Beam: laser tip 1 cm above surface, tilted at 45 0 angle to surface. Need to calculate the fluence of Gaussian Laser Beam: laser tip 1 cm above surface, tilted at 45 0 angle to surface. Laser tip size 1 mm across Diameter 0.5 mm...
  38. Don Bori

    Boost Your Power Calculations with Expert Help | Energy & Power Experimentation

    Hello there! So confused here, I tried to do some calculations with my power generation experimention. In terms of energy input, the energy output is lower. But in terms of power input, the power output is way larger. Thanks in advance! Cheers!
  39. J

    Help with lattice hinge calculations

    Can anyone confirm the claim on this site that n is greater or equal to 23 when Theta is 90 degrees and t is 3? My calculations indicate that the argument of arccosine in the numerator has to be very close to 1, but the numerator of the argument (k_laset+t) is 3.1 whereas the denominator...
  40. BriggsFz

    Air Cannon Air Speed Calculations

    I am working on an Air Blast Cannon for work and am having trouble finding the proper formulas to calibrate it. This Cannon needs to have a barrel with about a 4 inch bore. It will only be used to generate high speed air blasts, so it will not have a projectile. Are there any formulas or online...
  41. ArcHorizon

    Calculations using the Ideal Gas Law

    2.1 * 10^-4m/3 Temperature 310K Pressure: 5.3 * 105 Pa So the Ideal gas formula is PV = nRT 2.1*10^-4m^3 Times 5.3*105Pa = n * Gas Constant * Temperature 2.1*10^-4m^3 (*) 5.3*105Pa = # of moles * I'm not sure what I was doing, but the whole equation stuff got hard and I stopped. I left...
  42. Dishsoap

    Why don't we take air pressure into account in calculations?

    I once was explained the answer to this question - something about both the air and the object being incompressible. However, for the life of me I cannot seem to reproduce the answer of why we ignore air pressure when doing basic calculations. If it matters, the particular system I'm interested...
  43. M

    Fluid Mechanics problem: Oil pressure calculations in pipe flow

    Problem Statement: An oil with density 900 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.18 Ns/m2 flows through a circular pipe which inclines upwards at 40° to the horizontal. The length of the pipe is 10 m and the diameter is 6 cm. The fluid pressure at the lower end of the pipe is 350 kPa and the pressure at the...
  44. Kairos

    I Adding Extra Dimension for Calculations in Curved Spaces

    as calculations are technically difficult in curved spaces, I wonder if we would obtain the same results by adding one additional (virtual) dimension in order to embed the space in a higher order Euclidean volume, just to facilitate the treatments? (for example embed a 3D hypersphere in a 4D...
  45. P

    How to calculate the voltage induced in a coil by an AC magnetic field?

    So, as it says in the title, I am trying to calculate overall voltage induced in a coreless coil in the cases of it being stationary and moving in an alternating magnetic field. To go more into detail, I would like to create a mathematical model of a coil in an alternating magnetic field that...
  46. J

    Can I Verify the Flow Rate of an Exhaust Fan Based on Specifications?

    I've been given some specifications by a company for an exhaust fan that I am looking at purchasing for my company. They tell me it is 10,900 cfm. Then given some specs on the electrical requirements. I am wondering with the information given could I check their given flow rate? I imagine that...
  47. K

    Chemistry Understanding Heat of Neutralization in Acid-Base Reactions

    I have a couple of questions related to this task. The reaction that I proposed was this: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) <--> Na+ + Cl- + H2O (l) where as the solution manual have this net reaction, as nothing will happen with the Na+ and Cl- ions: H+ + OH- <--> H2O. I assume these reactions will...
  48. D

    Heat Energy Intercepted by the Earth

    I've recently been interested in how much energy the Earth intercepts from the Sun; the answer, unsurprisingly was an astronomical amount, measuring quite easily into the ZetaWatts. However, the maths that got me that answer got me thinking... you can use the same method to determine the amount...
  49. K

    Compressed Air Engine Calculations

    Hi, I posted a question a while ago which I have managed to do some more calculations for. I need a bit of help to see if they are correct. I am trying to obtain power and torque values at different rotational speeds of a single cylinder compressed air engine. The inlet pressure into the engine...
  50. park

    Please give me some clues about the calculations for a non-rotating black hole

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