Cellular differentiation is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Although metabolic composition does get altered quite dramatically where stem cells are characterized by abundant metabolites with highly unsaturated structures whose levels decrease upon differentiation. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.
A specialized type of differentiation, known as 'terminal differentiation', is of importance in some tissues, for example vertebrate nervous system, striated muscle, epidermis and gut. During terminal differentiation, a precursor cell formerly capable of cell division, permanently leaves the cell cycle, dismantles the cell cycle machinery and often expresses a range of genes characteristic of the cell's final function (e.g. myosin and actin for a muscle cell). Differentiation may continue to occur after terminal differentiation if the capacity and functions of the cell undergo further changes.
Among dividing cells, there are multiple levels of cell potency, the cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A greater potency indicates a larger number of cell types that can be derived. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants, many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called meristematic cells in higher plants and embryonic stem cells in animals, though some groups report the presence of adult pluripotent cells. Virally induced expression of four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 (Yamanaka factors) is sufficient to create pluripotent (iPS) cells from adult fibroblasts. A multipotent cell is one that can differentiate into multiple different, but closely related cell types. Oligopotent cells are more restricted than multipotent, but can still differentiate into a few closely related cell types. Finally, unipotent cells can differentiate into only one cell type, but are capable of self-renewal. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. "Grade" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.
Homework Statement
Find the equation of the tangent line to the following curve at the indicated point:
x^(2/3) + y^(2/3) = a^(2/3) at (a, 0)
Homework Equations
Power rule
Chain rule
The Attempt at a Solution
(2/3)x^(-1/3) + [(2/3)y^(-1/3)](dy/dx) = [(2/3)a^(-1/3)](da/dx)...
My friend came up with the following:
2x=1 \Rightarrow \frac{d}{dx}(2x)=\frac{d}{dx}1 \Rightarrow 2=0. Shamefully I do not see what's wrong with this reasoning!
Can someone help me? :)
f(x)= xe^(2x)
So I applied the product rule
(f • g) = x • e(^2x) + e^(2x) • 1
= xe^(2x) + e^(2x)
=2xe^(2x)
And got this as my final answer.
Would I need to use chain rule? Did I do this correctly?
Homework Statement
Air at 300K(=T_s) flows over a flat plate maintained at 400K(=T_f). At a particular location on the plate, the temperature distribution in the air measure from the plate surface is given by
T(y)=(T_s-T_f)exp[-22,000*y(m)]+T_f
Q.Determine the conduction heat flux through...
Please teach me this:
Why specific heat near critical point equals differentiate twice Gibbs free energy with respect to temperature, but not differentiate once with respect to temperature as usually doing.
Thank you very much in advance.
Why are they called "differentiate" & "integrate"?
I was wondering why. When we differentiate, don't we result in an equation that describes the slopes of many other equations ( + C ) ? So, we'd be "integrating" many equations, different from each other by C, into a single description...
Homework Statement
Differentiate each function and if possible express your answer in factoring form
y=2t+3 and x=t^2 -t
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
im really lost on this question but this is what i did so far
x=t(t-1)
x/t-1=t
so: y=2(x/t-1)+3
but now I am...
Homework Statement
Hi, this is part of a stats problem, in the solutions they go from:
d/dc of ln(1-0.5^c)
then next line they have:
ln(0.5).[0.5^c]/(1-0.5^c)
I don't understand how they did this!
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
So, I know that the...
Homework Statement
Hi
Say I have for example
f(x) = \int_0^x {e^{ - (x - x')} g(x')\,dx'}
Then is it correct that the derivative of f(x), f'(x), is given by
f'(x) = g'(x) - g(x)
obtained by differentiating the integrand, and evaluate the result at x'=x?
Best.
Homework Statement
The Derivative of x-2/(x^2-1)
Can you show me how to get the derivative using the quotient rule and tell me if the order matters? I always thought that the order never mattered until I got a wrong graph because it seems I got the wrong derivative.
Homework...
Homework Statement
differentiate the following funtion: g(x) = x^3*e^-1/x + 3^x*ln(1/x)
Homework Equations
chain rule and product rule
The Attempt at a Solution
x^3*d/dg(e^-1/x)d/dg(x)^3 + 3^x
sorry...i am very confused!
Homework Statement
Find (2/x)^(1/x). Simplify your answer.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I let y = (2/x)^(1/x)
lny = ln(2/x)^(1/x)
lny= ln(2/x)/x
However, I get stuck here and don't know whether I should use e on both sides to get y by itself or to use implicit...
f(t) = K(t) - K(t-T)
I want to find \frac{df}{dt}
i'm unsure of the notation, does the 3rd term represent K as a function of t-T :facepalm:? I know the 2nd term is showing K is a function of time otherwise it would be written simply Kt, but unsure of the 3rd term. I'm confused :S
If the...
Homework Statement
If f(x) = \int_{x^2}^{3x} \sqrt{t^3 + x^3} dt then find the expression for f'(x)
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Usually I would use the FTC, but since there the variable x occurs in the integrand, I don't know how to differentiate this. Any help?
Homework Statement
Differentiate the following functions:
a) x3cos(5x)sin(cubedroot(x) + 2)
b) tan(1 + cos2(xsin3(x2 + 1)))
c) (x2 + (x2 + (x2 + 1)-1)-1)-1Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
These are the most terrifying questions I have seen thus far in my textbook... I have no...
Homework Statement
Find the derivative to:
y = 6^{sin(\pi x)}
Homework Equations
You tell me
The Attempt at a Solution
I am quite surprised that we are asked to do this when we are just learning the chain rule. We have not learned how to differentiate something like a^x yet...
Homework Statement
Let f(x) = ex + ln x
Find (f-1) ' (e)
Homework Equations
let y = f-1 x
The Attempt at a Solution
I tried finding the inverse of f(x) but got stuck. I arrived at:
x = ey + ln y
How do I make y the subject of formula?
like N=5053=163*31 and N=169*37=6253 if we do not know the factors and if we do not want to factor them. They both have the same last two digits.
I can't think of any test to apply to this kind of numbers ( it's in fact a family of numbers that share the same last two digits but are product of...
I tried to use tex code but it seems to be caching the image on preview, so anyway
dy/dx ( x / root x) = 1 / ( 1/2 x^(-1/2) ) however the answer given to me is just ( 1/2 x^(-1/2).
What's gone wrong? Spent an hour on this and now unsure if my algebra is wrong.
And the tex code that I...
Homework Statement
differentiate F=Fi (sin ct)
The Attempt at a Solution
Fi is a constant
= Fi (-cos ct)(c)
That is the solution I keep getting, but my buddy keeps getting
Fi (- cost ct)/c
in other words, he thinks - cost ct should be divided by c, anyone care to...
Differentiate:
(6-xe^x)/(x+e^x)=...
Evaluate Intergral:
(2u^5-8u^3+5u^2)du, from lower limit -1 to higher limit 0.
(i got 10/3 for some reason...)
(u^7+6u^13)/u^9 du, from lower limit 1 to higher limit 2.
(n i got 47 for this..)
I tried these a few times but my answer is still...
the curve y = e^ −1/2x √(1 + 2x) please differentiate this equation i am having some problem.. i want to check my answer
My answer :
e^-1/2x { (1+2x )^-1/2 + (1+2x)^1/2 (-1/2) }
In fact i need to find the x-coordinates and according the booklet the answer of the x-coordinate is 0.5...
Dear all;
I need to find this derivative:
\frac{\partial}{\partial \mathbf{a}}\left(E-2\,\mathbf{a}^{\text{T}}\,E[\mathbf{s}]+\|\mathbf{a}\|^2\right)
where boldface letters indicates column vectors, the superscript T indicates transpose, and ||.|| is the norm of a vector.
Thanks in...
Homework Statement I have to differentiate using the long formula [f(x+h)-f(x)] / (h).
Homework Equations
f(x) = (1)/(2+x), x=2
The Attempt at a Solution
First I wrote [ (1/2+x+h) - (1/2+x) ] / (h). Then I created a common denominator in the numerator. I then made the bottom...
Homework Statement
The question actually contains a diagram but i don't understand how to draw it, so i'll try to describe it in words.
A solution contains phenol, acetic acid, aniline and nitrobenzene. Na2CO3 is added into the solution and two layers are formed: aqueous layer A and ethereal...
Homework Statement
Differentiate
e^x * cotx / 5sqrtx^2
[Sorry for not using the formatting things. They didn't seem to be working for me, and this is urgent!]
Homework Equations
The quotient rule seems like that's the way to go...
The Attempt at a Solution
At first I tried using...
Write the following log equations as exponential equations and vice-versa.
1.) ln 0.5 = - 0.6931
Differentiate with respect to x.
2.) y = e^x(sin x + cos x)
Consider this equation.
x^3 = x + 6
If we solve for x we'll get x=2
Now if we differentiate both sides with respect to x, we get
3x^2 = 1
If we now put x=2, we get
3(2)^2 = 12 = 1
Which is of course wrong. So how can we differentiate both sides of an equation when the value...
I'm currently looking for a system which can automate a part of my process. Currently, there is an operator listening for sound, which is distinct enough for the human ear. Upon hearing this sound, he shuts down the system. I would imagine that if an ear can easily differentiate the sound, a...
For a falling object, who can find the time in terms of the velocity for this journey( before reaching terminal velocity) with considering the resistive force?
Hello everyone,
I have a (simple?) question: How do you differentiate a material to be a conductor or a semiconductor? It is just only by examining the material's electrical resistivity/conductivity whether it is low or high? Because I have heard that even some metallic conductors have high...
Hello everyone,
I have a (simple?) question: How do you differentiate a material to be a conductor or a semiconductor? It is just only by examining the material's electrical resistivity/conductivity whether it is low or high? Because I have heard that even some metallic conductors have high...
18tan^2(x)sec^2(x)
Is this correct?
Product Rule I think...
18tan^2(x)sec^2(x) = (18tan^2(x))(2sec^3(x)) + (sec^2(x))(36tan^3(x)) = (36tan^3(1+tan^2(x))) + (36tan^3(1+tan^2(x))) = 2(36tan^3(1+tan^2(x)))
1 more thing is tan x = sec^2(x)? Any 1 has a list of Trigo formulas? Becoz' I am...
Homework Statement
Use the chain rule to find (d/dx)(xx) by using the function f(y,z)=yz.
Homework Equations
Chain rule: \frac{dz}{dt} = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{dx}{dt} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{dy}{dt}
The Attempt at a Solution
I honestly have no clue on how to use...
I have come to a situation that I can hardly differentiate an ionic from a covalent compounds!
Before this confusion I had firstly known that whenever I find a compound with constituents of atoms with a very large difference in electronegativity, then i just conclude that its ionic, or when I...
1.a Evaluate the following. Show all work.
http://img90.imageshack.us/img90/289/problemu.png
1.b Differentiate.
http://img293.imageshack.us/img293/1440/problem2.png
Homework Equations
ƒ b-a f(x)-g(x)
The Attempt at a Solution...
Here's the problem:
Differentiate: http://www.webassign.net/www31/symImages/9/b/f70b139b79e8157ad26bf9782128ae.gif
I tried this and somehow came up with 7(x^3/2) - 8(x^1/2). But that is not correct.
How do you do this? I really appreciate your help. Thanks.
This is just a general question that will help me start a problem, so I have no work to show. The question is: How can you tell that a problem is a multiloop circuit? Does it correspond to the number of voltage sources (batteries) in the circuit, or is it based off of how the components of the...