Dual Definition and 373 Threads

How does one find the dual of a matrix? Thanks.

I have found remarkably little information about ESA's Ion Drive in collaboration with Australia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-Stage_4-Grid https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/doc/PRO/ACT-RPR-PRO-IAC2006-DS4G-C4.4.7.pdf Reference...

My post was removed originally about a designed based on this new engine. I don't know what specific forum rule I broke, I read the entire thing. But I am posting a new threat to ask about the validity of this specific technology. I am asking because there seems to be zero media coverage of it...

How detectors/observers in front of each slit works , does it somehow disturb with electron/photon? Does photon/electron must pass through detector/observer, so maybe his internal parts change final result on screen into just two lines?

Hello everybody! I know in classical field theory adding in the Lagrangian density a term of the form Fαβ (*F)αβ (where by * we denote the dual of the field strength tensor) does not change the EOM, since this corresponds to adding a total derivative term to the action. However when computing...

Hello, how can one proof that the dual of ##\mathbb{Z}^n## is ##\mathbb{Z}^n##? My idea: The definition of a dual lattice says, that it is as set of all lattice vectors ##x \in span(\Lambda)## such that ##\langle x , y \rangle## is an integer. When we now consider ##\mathbb{Z}^n## we see that...

Recently I measured a range of sources with two detectors comparing their efficiency. One of the sources used (C-14) was a pure beta emitter and it made me wonder. If a radioactive source decays by beta then gamma, will one decay register as two counts as two radioactive particles are produced...

Hello, I'm reading Group Theory in a nutshell for physicist by A Zee. When he introduced Dual tensors (pp 192), he made a claim with a light hint, and I have had great trouble deriving this claim, any help would be appreciated - Let ##R \in SO(N)## be an ##N##-dimensional rotation, then the...

i am facing problems in the definition of dual oF some objects which has pair of anti symmetric indices e.g. Weyl curvature tensor. Double dual is there in the literature but given that how to find the anti self dual part of that. the problem is written in attached the file.

Hi, I was reading through some notes on standard problems and their corresponding dual problems. I came across the L2 norm minimization for an equality constraint, and then I thought how one might formulate the dual problem if we had an L1-norm instead. Question: Consider the following...

Hi, I was working through the following problem and I am getting confused with the solution's definition of the dual. Problem: Given the optimization problem: minimize ## x^2 + 1 ## s.t. ## (x - 2) (x - 4) \leq 0 ## Attempt: I can define the Lagrangian as: L(x, \lambda) = (x^2 + 1) + \lambda...

Hi, I am trying to determine the HP motor/torque that will be required to rotate the sprocket/chain system in the image below from a resting position. The sprockets will be at rest, rotate 5 degrees, come to a stop for 5 minutes, and then rotate again 5 degrees, repeated. The speed of...

Hi, I was working through the following optimization problem, and am getting stuck on how to get to the dual problem that is being presented. Question: Find the dual problem for the semidefinite primal problem below: min_{X} tr(C^T X) \text{subject to} AX = B X \succeq 0 (the answer is...

Hi, I am working on the following optimization problem, and am confused how to apply the Lagrangian in the following scenario: Question: Let us look at the following problem \min_{x \in \mathbb{R}_{+} ^{n}} \sum_{j=1}^{m} x_j log(x_j) \text{subject to} A \vec{x} \leq b \rightarrow A\vec{x}...

Hi, I am running on pc with 2 different Linux OS and the following partitions /dev/sda1 (Boot) /dev/sda2 (ArchLinux) /dev/sda3 (something empty) /dev/sdb1 (Ubuntu) /dev/sdb2 (EFI System partition) /dev/sdb3 (no name) Since I basically don't use ArchLinux, I wanted to uninstall it. I...

I'm trying to understand why it is possible to express vectors ##\mathbf{e}^i## of the dual basis in terms of the vectors ##\mathbf{e}_j## of the original basis through the dual metric tensor ##g^{ij}##, and vice versa, in these ways: ##\mathbf{e}^i=g^{ij}\mathbf{e}_j##...

I understand that a vector space is a set of objects closed under addition and scalar multiplication and satisfies several properties. A functional is a map that takes a vector and produces a scalar. A functional is also called a dual vector. A covector is an object which transforms via the...

In the traditional single electron duel slit experiment, I assume a cathode emits electrons in an unfocused direction spreading across the dual slits like a flashlight beam, but one electron at a time. Electrons however can be finely focused and controlled using magnetic or electric fields...

"The dual space is the space of all linear maps from the original vector space to the real numbers." Spacetime and Geometry by Carroll. Dual space can be anything that maps a vector space (including matrix and all other vector spaces) to real numbers. So why do we picked only a vector as a...

Does anyone here have a masters degree in engineering, and then a second one in systems engineering ? I'm considering it because I can get help with the costs. I do systems engineering on electrical systems. So I see some possible advantages to getting both. I already have a masters in...

a) Since ##tan(x/x_0)## is not defined for ##x=\pm\pi/2\cdot x_0## I assume x must be in between those values therefore ##-\pi/2\cdot x_0 < x < \pi/2\cdot x_0## and y can be any real number. Is this the correct answer on a)? b) I can solve x and y for s and t which gives me ##y=y_0\cdot s## and...

Rookie question; for a vector space ##V##, with basis ##v_1, v_2, \dots, v_n##, the dual space ##V^*## is the set of linear functionals ##\varphi: V \rightarrow \mathbb{R}##. Dual basis will satisfy ##\varphi^i(v_j) = \delta_{ij}##. Is the action of any dual vector on any vector always an inner...

hi i was recently introduced to the Dirac notation and i guess i am following it really well , but can't get my head around the idea that the bra vector said to live in the dual space of the ket vectors , i know about linear transformation and the structure of the vector spaces , and i realize...

Hi I believe I understand the concept of a vector space V and its dual V*. I also understand that for V finite dimensional, there is a natural isomorphism between V and V**. What I am struggling to understand is - Does this natural isomorphism mean that V** is always IDENTICAL to V (identical...

Good day all. Given that in Sean Carroll`s Lectures on GR he states that when calculating the covariant derivative of a 1-Form the Christoffel symbols have a negative sign as opposed to for the covariant derivative of a vector, would it be naive to think that, given the usual equation for the...

I am reading Stephen Willard: General Topology ... ... and am studying Chapter 2: Topological Spaces and am currently focused on Section 3: Fundamental Concepts ... ... I need help in order to prove Theorem 3.11 Part 1-a using the duality relations between closure and interior ... ..The...

I have already proved that for a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices and $|E(T'(n,q))|$ edges, $\alpha (G) \geq q$. Additionally, if $\alpha (G) = q$ then it must be that $G \cong T'(n,q)$. Apparently this is the "dual version" of Turan's Theorem. How does this theorem imply Turan's? That $ex(n...

I understand that the Dual Space is composed of elements that linearly map the elements of the Vector Space onto Real numbers If my preamble shows that I have understood correctly the basic premise, I have one or two questions that I am trying to work through. So: 1: Is there a one to one...

As the description says, I want to make something which moves 2 heads on a 3-axis basis. The heads will ideally rise from the flat top of whatever contraption will be needed - it's not an option to have one rise from the bottom and the other descend from above. Aside from the obvious collision...

Given that the Set of 1-Forms is a Vector Space distinct from, but complimentary to, the Linear Vector Space of Vectors. And given that there is an Isomorphism between the linear space of vectors and the dual vector space of 1-forms, does it make mathematical sense to combine a vector space and...

Hi, I've found this property of Strenght Field Tensors: $$F_{\mu}^{\nu}\tilde{F}_{\nu}^{\lambda}=-\frac{1}{4}\delta_{\mu}^{\lambda}F^{\alpha\beta}\tilde{F}_{\alpha\beta}$$ Where $$\tilde{F}_{\mu\nu}=\frac{1}{2}\varepsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}F^{\alpha\beta}, \qquad \varepsilon_{0123}=1$$ I've...

I've been looking at various online sources for relativity and have some confusion about "dual vectors." I'm hoping for some very basic information/examples from physics, not abstract mathematical concepts from the field of vector spaces. 1. In addition to the vector/dual vector distinction...

I was going through these two documents: https://www.schaeffler.com/remotemedien/media/_shared_media/08_media_library/01_publications/schaeffler_2/symposia_1/downloads_11/4_DMFW_1.pdf http://www.partinfo.co.uk/docs/140 My primary interest was to understand why and how Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF)...

I am working through a book with my professor and we read a section on the dual space, $V^*$. It gives the basis dual to the basis of $V$ and proves that this is in fact a basis for $V^*$. Characterized by $\alpha^i(e_j)=\delta_j^i$ I understand the proof given. But he said a different...

I am reading Andrew Browder's book: "Mathematical Analysis: An Introduction" ... ... I am currently reading Chapter 12: Multilinear Algebra and am specifically focused on Section 12.1: Vectors and Tensors ... I need help in fully understanding Corollary 12.4 to Theorem 12.2 ... ... Theorem...

I am reading Loring W.Tu's book: "An Introduction to Manifolds" (Second Edition) ... I need help in order to fully understand Tu's section on the dual space ... ... In his section on the dual space, Tu writes the following: In the above text from Tu, just preliminary to Proposition 3.1 Tu...

I am reading the book: Multivariable Mathematics by Theodore Shifrin ... and am focused on Chapter 8, Section 2, Differential Forms ... I need some help in order to fully understand some statements of Shifrin at the start of Chapter 8, Section 2 on the dual space ... The relevant text from...

I am told: "A differential p-form is a completely antisymmetric (0,p) tensor. Thus scalars are automatically 0-forms and dual vectors (one downstairs index) are one-forms." Since an antisymmetric tensor is one where if one swaps any pair of indices the value of the component changes sign and 1)...

I am reading the book: "Linear Algebra" by Stephen Friedberg, Arnold Insel, and Lawrence Spence ... and am currently focused on Section 2.6: Dual Spaces ... ... I need help with an aspect of Example 4, Section 2.6 ... Example 4, Section 2.6 reads as follows: (see below for details of Section...

My experiment is to place a detector on one of the slits in the dual slit experiment so That it would record or not the passage of the photon, and then reset the detector to its base state, Erasing the result. In such a case, would the interference pattern be destroyed simply because the...

I have a dual boot laptop: Windows 7 and Ubuntu. I would like to format my laptop, and install a fresh copy of Windows 7, and install the new version Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS. My question is: do I need to do any thing special? Usually, when I start my laptop I press one of the F keys (I forgot which...

Homework Statement We have been given the following mass-spring-damper diagram, and are asked to derive the equations of motion. The positions of the two masses are given as q1 and q2. The Attempt at a Solution I began by drawing free-body diagrams for each mass. Then I set up the...

Homework Statement Working through Purcell (among others) as fun applied math/math modeling refresher. But, I have struggled all week in establishing from first principles that the potential/field/distribution for a configuration of two capacitive disks of radius 1 and separation s along the...

At my university they offer a program where you can pick two science disciplines and do a sort of 'half and half' masters degree. My B.S. is in Physics, and I somewhat want to do material science, which also directly relates to my current job and undergrad focus, but both mathematics and...

I ran across exercise 2.8.4 in Oneill's Elementary Differential Geometry. It says "Given a frame field ##E_1## and ##E_2## on ##R^2## there is an angle function ##\psi## such that ##E_1=\cos(\psi)U_1+\sin(\psi)U_2##, ##E_2=-\sin(\psi)U_1+\cos(\psi)U2## (where ##U_1##, ##U_2##, ##U_3## are the...

Given: the short exact sequences 0 → M → E → K → 0 and 0 → M → E' → K' → 0 where M is a left R-module and E and E' are injective left R-modules. Prove: E ⊕ K' ≅ E' ⊕ K. First, let f be the morphism represented by M → E and g be the morphism represented by M → E'. Therefore we can construct a...

Homework Statement From Misner, Thorne and Wheeler's text Gravitation (MTW), exercise 3.15: Show that, if F is the EM field tensor, then ##\nabla \cdot *F## is a geometric, frame-independent version of the Maxwell equation...

f(\vec{x}+\epsilon \vec{y})-f(\vec{x})=\epsilon \mbox{d}f_{\vec{x}}(\vec{y})+O(\epsilon^2). Is ##\mbox{d}f_{\vec{x}}(\vec{y})## dual vector and why? Is it because ##\mbox{d}## is linear transformation? Also why equality f(\vec{x}+\epsilon \vec{y})-f(\vec{x})=\epsilon...

ei=i+j+2vk , how to find the dual basis vector if the above is a natural base?