Electrons Definition and 998 Threads

Can ions exist by itself, if it does, does it last for short period of time before it reacts with something else.

The reason I ask is because by definition entangled particles, like electrons, are always precisely the opposite spin of each other. At the same time it's known that for electrons to share an electronic shell with another electron, that they too must be precisely the opposite spin of each other...

Homework Statement Suppose ##n## electrons attempt to move through an ##NPN## transistor, there's a probability that some of the electrons traversing the ##P## area will recombine and and not make it to the other side. The infinitesimal probability in a region dx is given by...

Hi. I'm wondering if anyone has any info on "quark seeding" like: Is it possible to dope the crystal lattice of a solid material by replacing electrons with quarks ?

Quote from the wikipedia article of relativistic quantum chemistry: "... These corrections affect the electrons differently depending on the electron speed relative to the speed of light. Relativistic effects are more prominent in heavy elements because only in these elements do electrons attain...

Let ##\alpha(n)## and ##\beta(n)## be the eigenfunctions of ##S_z## that correspond to "spin up" and "spin down" for electron ##n## respectively. (a) Suppose we prepare electron ##1## to have its spin aligned along the ##x## axis. Is its spin wave function...

is it correct that if free floating electrons enter a magnetic field @ a right angle to the field they will take a circular orbit around such field?

Homework Statement Two spherical objects are separated by a distance of 2.5 x 10-3 m. The objects are initially electrically neutral and are very small compared to the distance between them. Each object acquires the same negative charge due to the addition of electrons. As a result each object...

Hello everyone, I need your help on a question. The question is "calculate the number of free electrons per cubic centimeter (and per atom)for sodium from resistance data(relaxation time= 3.1Exp-14s)

Hi, I have a loose understanding of some things in life. This in particular regards the electrons in electrical appliances. Lets say electrons in a Geiger–Müller tube. They way it is described is that radiation interacts with the chamber wall or the gas and knocks out electrons. These electron...

Homework Statement This problem has two parts. A laser produces photons having an energy, E = 3.5eV. a) What is the wavelength of photons produced, assuming that the index of refraction is 1.6? ->221nm b) If this laser beam is focused on the clean surface of a metal having a work function of...

Namely, are the wave functions of electrons near the Fermi surface spatially distributed in the so-called "active blocks" (CuO2 layers and etc.) or in the so-called "charge reservoir blocks" ? Or any other case? ( EO/(AOx)m/EO with m =1, 2 monolayers of a quite arbitrary oxide AOx(A = Bi, Pb...

We know electrons can act as waves because of Young's Double split experiment, but what evidence is there to suggest they are particles?

Are we able to observe other particles without the use of photons? Are we able to harness electrons or positrons to do this? I ask because of quantum entanglement. Creating a use out of quantum entanglement seems to rely on observing one of the particles and thus either getting its spin or...

Can it be done with technology available today? How would you begin to formulate the forces needed? I am assuming the work function is needed.

what is wave and how electrons show wave phenomenon within an atom. like in Px or Py or Pz orbital how electrons interchanged from one dumble to another?

what is wave and how electrons show wave phenomenon within an atom. like in Px or Py or Pz orbital how electrons interchanged from one dumble to another?

Hi everyone, I need help for preparing a Hamiltonian matrix. What will be the elements of the hamiltonian matrix of the following Schrodinger equation (for two electrons in a 1D infinite well): -\frac{ħ^{2}}{2m}(\frac{d^{2}ψ(x_1,x_2)}{dx_1^{2}}+\frac{d^{2}ψ(x_1,x_2)}{dx_2^{2}}) +...

Simple level question this: How many kinds of electrons are there? Like if 1 Amp = 6.24 x 10^18 electrons and Watts = Amps x Volts then in our local 240V system the watts = 240. = 0.24 kW. Now if we take that 1 Amp in an American 120Volt system then the Watts = 120W. So the same stream...

Homework Statement :[/B] I have a battery and lightbulb circuit (in series). 12V battery rated at 35Ah. Ten billion electrons pass a planar cross section of the wire. What is the charge of the 10 billion electrons? Homework Equations Q=Ne I=dq/dt 1A=1C/sThe Attempt at a Solution Is this as...

electrons in terms of absorption. To move from a lower to a higher energy level, an electron must gain energy. Oppositely, to move from a higher to a lower energy level, an electron must give up energy. In either case, the electron can only gain or release energy in discrete bundles. Now let's...

... compared to a opaque materials electrons. Is it the amount of electrons in the atoms shells ?If you have a four inch cubic block of glass, and carbon, light passes through the glass no problem, but the carbon will absorb some red, yellow, green, and blue light, but if you look at the carbon...

Hydrogen electrons can spin-flip and emit a 21 cm photon. Can core electrons in a metal like lithium spin flip? If so, is the energy required to do so similar to hydrogen?

Transition of an electron from the valence to conduction bands (direct transition at a k-point near the band edge) would change the momentum of electron because the sign of the group velocity in valence and conduction bands are opposite. Could one infer that the direction of radiation is a...

What keep electrons move? I read somewhere that in q physics the kinetic energy of an electron mean how much the wave cloud is compressed. If the electron is part of an atom its wave is wide a smeared but if delocalized then its wave is small and its position much more exact. But the electron...

So I was thinking, if the body has its own electrical currents... especially in the brain, then the brain must have an electrical field that extends infinitely. If that is the case can the brains electrical field interact with the real world and influence it. So for example if the field was...

Hello Physics Forum, I have a quick question for the scientific community that I am unable to find online (likely because the term doesn't exist), but is there are term for the act of an electron moving from one orbit into another when binding two elements? Also I have a very minimal...

Homework Statement Why is it harder to rip off a paired electron than an unpaired electron? I'm trying to work out why the ionisation energy is lower for chlorine than for argon. Homework Equations Configuration for argon: $$1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6 $$ Configuration for chlorine...

I am making a finite elements simulation of electrons in the bottom of the conduction band of some material. To do so I assume that the electrons move in the bottom of a flat well with their original mass replaced by the effective mass. The idea is to calculate wave functions for electrons...

I have begun studying Ashcroft + Mermin on my own, and am trying to follow the math in the text. They suggest that an electron in a metal with some momentum p(t) and exposed to a force f(t) will at some time later (t+dt) have a contribution to the momentum on the order of f(t)dt plus another...

Homework Statement Using Maxwell's theory of EM waves, show that an electron while revolving in Bohr's orbit does not radiate any energy. It radiates energy only when it jumps from a higher energy orbit to a lower energy orbit. Homework Equations...

Lepton Universality and Pauli Exclusion Put in a possibly oversimplified way, lepton universality says that electrons, muons, and taus all behave in the same way except for mass effects. The question is “Does this apply to Pauli exclusion?” Due to the Pauli exclusion principle, only two...

Well here's the problem carbon nanotubes possesses a electron - hole symmetry .my question is to what property of CNT'S does this symmetricity attribute to ? in otherwords if we dope this with a material with more electrons / holes what property will change ?

Hey guys. I just want to know why electrons in a coil always follow the turns instead of jumping from one turn to another. I mean, in many cases the turns are very close to one another. Also, if I'm not mistaken, electrons travel the shortest distances. Thank you!

Hello everyone, I am currently working on a project to design a more efficient method of electricity production in the nuclear industry. I haven't been able to find anything online (and chemistry isn't exactly my strong suit most of the time), but I wanted to know if anyone knows of a liquid or...

Are all electrons perfectly identical? How can we be sure that all electons have the exact same mass electric charge etc. considering that we leave in a world that perfect doesn't exist ... I mean how do we know that electon's A mass can't defer at some point in infinity than electon's B mass...

Now, this is probably a very noob kind of question, but I am just going to say I just don't know how to answer this following series of questions. If we have a circuit, with a battery and bulb and the wires connected per normal, how do we physically explain the expenditure of energy in terms of...

Homework Statement what is the speed of an electron with kinetic energy of (a) 100000 eV Homework Equations m=m0/√(1-β2) K=Δmc2 The Attempt at a Solution plug first into second equation, isolate v and it eventually comes out to be v=c(1-(1+K/m0c2)-2) plug in numbers and i get a velocity of...

Electrons have both mass and electromagnetic charge, so why is it that an electron's rest energy is equal to its mass energy with E=mc^2? Shouldn't it have some energy left over to excite the electromagnetic field? The mass energy excites the Higgs field, so why is there no energy for the EM field?

Do electrons excite the EM field or do they just create virtual photons that do? If you could only see EMF excitations, would you see the electrons or virtual photons coming from the electrons?

Homework Statement In a flame test lab, where different unknown substances are heated and the identity of the substance is determined by the color emitted, what can be some sources of error? Homework Equations n/a The Attempt at a Solution I need three sources of error, and so far I have...

Multiple_Authors submitted a new PF Insights post Why Don’t Electrons Crash into the Nucleus in Atoms? Continue reading the Original PF Insights Post.

In case of a semiconductor, the position of Fermi level in between valence band and conduction band doesn't lie in the middle of the band gap due to the difference in the effective masses of holes and electrons. so, whose effective mass is more- electron or hole?

Homework Statement The problem I have been set is to rework the Drude model using clearly defined scattering statistics. Homework Equations The Drude model as we have been given it is in terms of momentum \vec{p}(t+dt)=(1-\frac{dt}{\tau})(\vec{p}(t)-q\vec{E}(t)dt)+(\frac{dt}{\tau})(0) Where...

Homework Statement What number of electrons to balance the equation ##I_2(s)+OH^-(aq)\rightarrow IO_3^-(aq)+H_2O(l)## The Attempt at a Solution I see that the oxidation state of I increases from 0 to +5 But, I don't see any reduction at the reaction.. So, I don't understand how to balance the...

Homework Statement A beam of electrons travels east at speed, v = 6.10x 10^6 m/s . It passes through a magnetic field , B = 0.450T , directed from top to bottom. Describe exactly the path of the electrons motion? Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution The path of a charged particle moving...

I am thinking of a time period between two events: 1. After the annihilation of most protons/neutrons with all anti-protons/anti-neutrons, and 2. Before the annihilation of electrons and positrons. During this period the temperature decreases from T1 to T2. T1 is the highest temperature at...

I understand that the result of the hydrogen emission spectrum experiment was that only certain wavelengths of light were emitted and that led to the conclusion that electrons emit light when they relax and that they absorb light when they get excited. How does that prove that the energy for...

Homework Statement A stream of electrons is of energy E is incident on a potential barrier of height U and thickness d. Even though U >> E, 5% of the electrons tunnel through the barrier. If the thickness of the barrier decrease to 0.86 d, what percentage of the electrons will tunnel...

Does a beam of free electrons create a magnetic field like that of a wire with current flowing through?