Graph Definition and 999 Threads

In graph theory, a planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, i.e., it can be drawn on the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints. In other words, it can be drawn in such a way that no edges cross each other. Such a drawing is called a plane graph or planar embedding of the graph. A plane graph can be defined as a planar graph with a mapping from every node to a point on a plane, and from every edge to a plane curve on that plane, such that the extreme points of each curve are the points mapped from its end nodes, and all curves are disjoint except on their extreme points.
Every graph that can be drawn on a plane can be drawn on the sphere as well, and vice versa, by means of stereographic projection.
Plane graphs can be encoded by combinatorial maps or rotation systems.
An equivalence class of topologically equivalent drawings on the sphere, usually with additional assumptions such as the absence of isthmuses, is called a planar map. Although a plane graph has an external or unbounded face, none of the faces of a planar map has a particular status.
Planar graphs generalize to graphs drawable on a surface of a given genus. In this terminology, planar graphs have genus 0, since the plane (and the sphere) are surfaces of genus 0. See "graph embedding" for other related topics.

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  1. LCSphysicist

    Sketch a qualitatively accurate graph of the entropy of a substance

    Sketch a qualitatively accurate graph of the entropy of a substance as a function of temperature, at fixed pressure. Indicate where the substance is solid, liquid, and gas . Explain each feature of the graph briefly. What you think about?: dU = -P*dV + Q*dS (1) V = C*T => dV = C*dT Nfk*dT/2 +...
  2. karush

    MHB Tikz graph of y^3−3y^2−x−x^3+2=0, |x|<1

    ok i tried to plot $y^3−3y^2−x−x^3+2=0, |x|<1$ but could not do so spent about an hour trying to find a useable example but didn't i am new to tikz but this is not a function... here is the code I tried. just borrowed a previos on i thot I could just replace the expression but no...
  3. F

    I Determining the Equation of a Sine and Cosine Graph that speeds up

    My function needs to speed up towards the left. How do I do this? Green is the graph. Red is my function that needs to match the graph. A = Amplitude = -0.13 H = Phase Shift = 0.1625 V = Vertical Shift = 0.05 P = period = 0.4 B = 2π / P Y = A (Cos(B...
  4. B

    Interpreting Stress-Strain Graph: Which Material Has the Highest Ductility?

    This is a quick multiple choice question in which I need to interpret the graph and see which statement is true This is what I have found from looking at the graph I know that strength is determined by the maximum stress a material can withstand in its elastic region. And toughness is the...
  5. A

    Find the undefined points given this graph

    are the points where the derivative is undefined ##x=-4,-2,0, 4##?
  6. F

    Calculating velocity from the position versus time graph

    My answers: a) At points d the instantaneous velocity should be greatest since slope of c-d is greatest I think b) At point e and g instantaneous velocity is 0 c) at points b, c, and f instantaneous velocity is negative. Could you please verify my answers?
  7. SymNeric

    Analysing a ##C_M## graph (pitching moment data)

    Hi guys, I hope everyone is safe and well. I'm currently nearing the end of my third year dissertation, and I'm looking at analysing pitching moment coefficient (CM) data over a full range of angles of attack for airfoils with different serrations on the trailing edge. What are things to look...
  8. Luke Tan

    Mathematica Mathematica Graph Plotting for Scientific Papers

    Hey guys, so recently I've been trying to use mathematica to plot graphs for my scientific papers, and I've been starting to wonder - what plot options do you guys use? How do you plot your graphs in mathematica such that they look presentable in a scientific paper?
  9. P

    Calculating the speed using Potential graph

    My attempt, pictorially it looks like I am confused with the questions (a). Does the positron emerge from the field at x =0? There is no potential at x=0, so the positron will continue with the same speed hence its motion is not reversed. For the (b). The maximum volt is 200V, if i apply the...
  10. jaumzaum

    B Learn Special Relativity: Understanding Graphs for X-T System

    Hello guys! I just started to learn Special Relativity though a Stanford youtube channel, and I had some problems already in the first class :oops: The teacher drew a graph with one spatial dimension (x-axis) and one temporal dimension (t-axis). Where X is the horizontal axis, T is the vertical...
  11. B

    Calculating Young's Modulus from this Stress/Strain Graph

    I am trying to calculate Young's Modulus on the graph below. I have run the test through some software, now want to calculate Young's Modulus to ensure my analysis can be relied upon to be scientifically sound. This is what i have calculated from learning online. Is this correct? I have 2 more...
  12. il postino

    Graph complex numbers to verify z^2 = (conjugate Z)^2

    Hello! :smile: I am locked in an exercise. I must find (and graph) the complex numbers that verify the equation: ##z^2=\bar z^2 ## If ##z=x+iy## then: ##(x+iy)^2=(x-iy)^2 ## and operating and simplifying, ##4.x.yi=0 ## and here I don't know how to continue... can you help me with ideas? thanks!
  13. V

    Python Graph tan and arctan with python

    import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x=np.arange(-5*np.pi, 5*np.pi, step = 0.02) plt.ylim(-1, 1) tan=np.tan(x) arctan=np.arctan(x) plt.plot(x,tan) plt.plot(x,arctan) Here is the code I came up with using the guide my teacher gave me, is this correct the way I have done it? Thank...
  14. Z

    Creating a Graph using MS Excel -- help with a couple problems please

    Hi, I want to create a graph from the following data. The data is related to 3 different computers but the fields are same: Please provide me the steps. Garph1 BS CPU Percentage 12 Memory Usage 15773696 sdiskusage total 9.82901E+11 sdiskusage used 1.41429E+11 sdisk usage free 7.91472E+11...
  15. karush

    MHB TikZ graph of e^{(x^2-1)^2} -2

    ok I tried to tikz graph of e^{x^2-1)^2 -2 just borrowed an example online but this isn't what I want the domain and range should be equal and want the normal xy axis not a box with tics only at the zeros $$\begin{axis} \addplot[ draw = blue, domain=-2:2...
  16. J

    MHB Minimum Degree of a Random Graph (Probabilistic Method)

    Problem: Suppose that the function $p : N \rightarrow [0, 1]$ satisfies $p >> n^{-1}ln(n)$ (i.e. $n^{-1}ln(n) = o(p)$). (a) Prove that as $n \rightarrow \infty$, the random graph $G(n, p)$ has minimum degree at least $\frac{np}{2}$ almost surely. Idea: Look at the degree of each individual...
  17. J

    How is this graph Hamiltonian and Eulerian?

    Is the graph Hamilton and Eulerian? The website says the graph is Hamilton and Eulerian but I think it's wrong. Ref: https://scanftree.com/Graph-Theory/Eulerian-and-Hamiltonian-Graphs There is no path that covers all paths only once. Any help? I think the graph is drawn wrongly.
  18. U

    B How can I linearize my (negative slope) quadratic graph?

    I am doing an investigation of how much a beam sags, based on the distance from its midpoint. This is my hypothetical equation: The relationship between distance, d and sag, s is not a linear relationship. Below, is the determined relationship between the variables, linearized by natural...
  19. adska

    MHB Market graph increasing, decreasing and bouncing

    I am developing a market trade bot and need to extract some parameters from market data but I don't have idea how to do it exactly. need your help. 1) How to reproduce if market is increasing or decreasing at certain point? (ex. see below picture) 2) Does exist any formula how to reproduce...
  20. Frigus

    Why the work done is the area enclosed by the graph of F versus x on x Axis?

    Why work done is area enclosed by graph of F v/s x on x Axis but not y axis. Suppose we apply a force on object which is proportional to displacement as ##\vec f##=## \vec x##²then area enclosed by Force and displacement on x Axis is integral of ##\vec x##²but on y-axis it should be integral of...
  21. J

    MHB Are Events in Random Graphs from G(n, 1/2) Independent?

    Let $n$ be a positive integer, and let $G$ be a random graph from $G(n, 1/2)$. Let $e_1, . . . , e_{n \choose 2}$ be the possible edges on the vertex set ${1, . . . , n}$, and for each $i$, let $A_i$ be the event that $e_i ∈ E(G)$. Prove that the events $A_1, . . . , A_{n \choose 2}$ are...
  22. S

    Correct statement regarding the load vs length graph of a rubber band

    Option (B) is wrong because energy should be received by rubber band when it is being stretched Option (D) is wrong because energy should be released by rubber band when it goes back to natural length The area between graph of stretching and contracting represents energy dissipated in rubber...
  23. computing

    Has this particle exceeded 30 km/h on a velocity vs. time graph?

    hi how can i draw velocity - time graph to determine whetere this particle has ever exceeeded the 30 km/h velocity or not ?
  24. FireAP

    B Plotting the Space-Time Continuum: Is it Possible?

    How would one plot the space-time continuum graphically(if it were possible,obviously)?
  25. S

    Sketching the graph of a function

    I have no idea why my sketch is wrong.
  26. N

    Python Python, scipy.integrate.solve_ive, a problem with plotting a graph

    Hi, I have this code that solve the equation of motion of a relativistic electron. from math import sqrt from scipy.integrate import odeint, solve_ivp import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt e = 1.602 * 10 ** (-19) E = 10 ** 6 m = 9.106 * 10 ** (-31) def d2vdt2(t,r): t_arr = []...
  27. S

    Correct statement regarding the graph of binding energy per nucleon

    Option A is correct because the graph increases sharply at lower nucleon number Option B is correct because higher binding energy per nucleon means more stable Option C is correct because either fusion or fission will bring the product to Q So my guess the answer is D but I do not understand...
  28. T

    Quantum tunneling: T(E) graph for a potential barrier diagram

    This is the V(x) diagrams and what I am thinking (really not sure though) is that for the first one you the energy has to reach V2 before it can start transmitting and the graph can take off from T=0, since there is an increase in energy potential that is V2. And as the energy increases, the...
  29. karush

    MHB AP calculus exam tikx graph of e (tan x ) -2

    The graph of $y=e^{\tan x} - 2$ crosses the x-axis at one point in the interval [0,1]. What is the slope of the graph at this point. A. 0.606 B 2 C 2.242 D 2.961 E 3.747ok i tried to do a simple graph of y= with tikx but after an hour trying failed doing this in demos it seens the answer is...
  30. S

    Understanding T^2 x L Graphing for Simple Pendulum Experiment

    Summary: Question regarding graphing a T^2 x L graph for a simple pendulum I did a Simple Pendulum experiment in my college physics class the other day. We were asked to graph a T^2 x L graph based off our results. I plan on using the Length on the x-axis and the T^2 on the Y-axis. This may...
  31. D

    MHB How to get started in algorithmic graph theory?

    Hi, I read a book on graph theory by West and is interested to learn algorithmic graph theory now.What algorithms are important in algorithmic graph theory in all fields such as planarity detection,1-factor ,hamiltonian cycle detection,finding eulerian tour,greedy coloring,graph realization
  32. F

    I Classify the isomorphism of a graph

    N and k are positive integers satisfying $$ 1<=k < n$$ An undirected graph $$G_{n,k}= (V_{n,k} ,E_{n,k})$$ is defined as follows. $$V_{n,k}={1,2,3,...n}$$ $$E_{n,k}={\{\{u,v\}|u-v \equiv k \, (mod \, n) \, or \, u-v \equiv -k \, mod \, n}$$ However, $$x \equiv y \, (mod \, n) $$ indicates...
  33. Johny Boy

    A Reduced Graph States: Characterizing Basis States

    Reduced graph states are characterized as follows from page 46 of this paper: Proposition: Let ##A \subseteq V## be a subset of vertices for a graph ##G = (V,E)## and ##B = V\setminus A## the corresponding complement in ##V##. The reduced state ##\rho_{G}^{A}:= tr_{B}(|G\rangle\langle G|)## is...
  34. R

    Cubic graph containing a 1-factor

    I understand how to show a given graph does/does not contain a 1-factor but I'm not sure how to show existence (or the lack thereof). Please advise.
  35. T

    MHB Solving a Quartic Polynomial with Symmetric Graph & Intercept -2

    Find the equation of a quartic polynomial whose graph is symmetric about the y -axis and has local maxima at (−2,0) and (2,0) and a y -intercept of -2
  36. N

    ProProgram for drawing functions

    Hello, good morning. I would like to know if someone knows a program to be able to draw the functions in the same way as the one shown in the image and also allow me to point out an enclosure formed by them without having to use inequalities to do so. Thank you very much for everything beforehand.
  37. P

    I Why v vs. t graph signifies but s vs. t^2 doesn't ?

    Why v vs. t graph signifies but s vs. t^2 doesn't ? This is a question which crossed my mind when I was analyzing the dimensions of the quantities.
  38. J

    MHB A Subset of a Graph with No Perfect Matching

    The problem given is... Let G be a graph with no perfect matching. Then, for some $S \subset G$, 1. $|S|<O(G−S)$ 2. Each vertex in S is adjacent to vertices in at least three odd components of $G−S$. (where $O(G−S)$ is the number of odd components of $G−S$) Number 1. is the contrapositive of...
  39. E

    Quick question about the representation of error on a graph

    Hello I hope you are all very well. I did a graph for a physics practical work and I would like to put the "error bar" (I don't know if it's called like this, I'm sorry). Something like this: I just don't know how long the margin should be. If someone could clarify to me the way to do the...
  40. R

    Domination number of a graph G

    ##\gamma(G) \leq 4## ##Claim: \gamma(G) = 4## Since ##\Delta(G) = 3## a vertex can dominate at most four vertices. There are eight vertices equivalent to ##\Delta(G)##, so these are dominated by two vertices. The remaining four vertices are of degree two which require two vertices to dominate...
  41. naushaan

    I Interpreting a scale factor vs. distance graph

    'Imagine that you live in a different universe, which may have a different cosmology to our own. You measure the distances to and redshifts of a large number of Type Ia supernovae, and you use the redshifts to calculate the scale-factor of the universe at the time when the supernova exploded...
  42. J

    What does the slope of an Fapplied vs Fnormal graph represent?

    I've drawn the graph and it's a straight line and I've found the slope but I don't really know what the slope represents. My slope was also 0.002 if that helps with what it represents
  43. jisbon

    Calculating the volume of the solid in this graph

    Homework Statement: Base of solid is the region bounded by graphs ##y= \sqrt x## and ##y=x/2##. The cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are squares whose sides run across the base of the solid. Find volume of solid. Homework Equations: - As stated above, I will want to calculate the...
  44. Like Tony Stark

    Finding equations for simple harmonic motion given a graph

    Well, this is a problem which makes you think more about concepts than numbers, so I want to see if I've done it correctly. 1) I draw a simple pendulum in an elevator, where you have weight, tension and a pseudo-force. In this situation the effective gravity may be changing due to different...
  45. Arman777

    Comp Sci Low Pass Filter, plotting a graph

    I wrote this code, but I am not sure its ture or not from numpy import arange from math import floor from pylab import plot, show Vout = 0 #inital condition t_i = 0 #initial time t_f = 10 #final time N = 100000 h = (t_f - t_i) / N RC_values = [0.01, 0.1, 1] def f(Vout, t): if floor(2 *...
  46. G

    MHB Value of b, y-intercept of Quadratic graph

    Hi, Can anyone help me understand how I get to the answer on this one? The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of y = x2 + ax + b The graph crosses the x-axis at (2, 0) and (4, 0). Work out the value of b.Thank you in advance!
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