Law Definition and 999 Threads

Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.
Legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia.Law's scope can be divided into two domains. Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions.Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.

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  1. K

    I Newton's Gravity & Lorentz Contraction: Is Modification Needed?

    Newton's gravity depends on the euclidean distance between two masses. Two comoving frames will have different values of length between masses so the forces will be different in two frames. Is it enough to prove that the gravity rule has to be modified?
  2. A

    Is it possible to solve relative velocity problems without sine law?

    I was able to solve this question successfully by utilizing the sine and cosine law however my instructor said I was only allowed to utilize the vector component method, I am unsure how to complete this question using the vector component method as we have two unknowns(those being the angle of...
  3. bbgur

    Tug of war applications using Newton's third law

    F = -F
  4. M

    Gauss' law in line integral, Q=##ϵ_0 ∮E.n dl=-ϵ_0 ∮∂ϕ/∂n dl##

    I know the Gauss law for surface integral to calculate total charge by integrating the normal components of electric field around whole surface . but in above expression charge is calculated using line integration of normal components of electric field along line. i don't understand this...
  5. M

    B Irreversibility of Aristotle's law

    "Reversibility means that we never lose information, that at a fundamental level we can always retrodict the past as well as predict the future in the laws of physics". Susskind in his Theoretical minimum Lecture 2 describes about the laws which are true and which are not. He tells the law of...
  6. R

    Use Gauss' Law to calculate the electrostatic potential for this cylinder

    I solved laplacian equation. and got the solution of V(r, phi) = a. +b.lnr + (summation) an r^n sin(n phi +alpha n ) + (summation) bn r ^-n sin( n phi +beta n)
  7. M

    B Proof of inverse square law for gravitation?

    Newton arrived at "there is a force that drives a planet around the star by examining kepler's laws but how did he arrive to inverse square law by kepler's third law (##T^2=\frac {4\pi r^3}{GM}##)? Thank you.
  8. Ahmed1029

    I How can I derive this relation from Snell's law?

    Here, it's shown how white light, after passing from air to another medium, gets broken down into its constituent coloured rays. Each has its own refractive index in the medium, but it's only shown here red, blue and yellow. The auther comments on this image and says that, for small angles of...
  9. H

    I Is Planck's Law of Black-Body Accurate?

    First of all, Is ##\beta## given by the Planck's law of black-body is the amount of power contained in radiation emitted by a black body? I'm not sure to fully understand the law above. Does it means that if amount of power over all the frequencies is greater than the energy needed to remove an...
  10. Ahmed1029

    I Reflection, refraction, and Snell's law

    Where do the laws of reflection, refraction, and Snell's law come from in geometric optics? Are they derivable from basic laws of physics?
  11. F

    Newton's 2nd Law: Why is Resistance Considered a Positive Force?

    regarding the last question. I know that resistance is a negative force because it goes in the opposite direction to the movement of the boat. So whenever, I want to apply Newton's 2nd law of motion: the sum of forces = m a I should write - F resit = m.a. However, they have considered the...
  12. M

    I Why does Kepler's Third Law exist?

    Hi; I understand Kepler 3 in terms of the relationship that it demonstrates. I have researched the internet but can't find a reason why this relationship exists. Is it somehow a consequence of some type of gravitational balance, if not is there some other mechanical reason? Thanks Martyn
  13. G

    B Does gravity defy the 2nd Law?

    Summary: Trying to understand the relationship between gravity, thermodynamics and entropy, thank you. Gravity can take a diffuse cloud of gas filling a given volume of space at equilibrium density and temperature, and turn it into a burning star surrounded by empty space. Does this mean that...
  14. J

    Using Gauss's Law to Calculate Charge Density Function

    I've attached what I have so far. Used Gauss's law, everything seemed to make sense except the units don't work out in the end. The charge density function if given by: r(z)=az, where z is the perpendicular distance inside the plane.
  15. T

    Gas law problem (changing volume, temperature and pressure)

    I can’t quite work my head around this question, I am having a difficult time analyzing the question, I can’t seem to make out what the initial and final conditions are would appreciate all the help I could get cheers
  16. M

    I Maxwell-Faraday Law & Stealth Magnets: Exploring EMF Induction

    Consider a closed path consisting of a loop of wire with a nonconducting gap that completes the closed path. The wire is threaded through a toroidal permanent magnet, magnetized around the toroid (what I call a stealth magnet). The magnetic flux is considered to be confined to the magnet. The...
  17. More_anonymous

    A Relativistic Relative Velocity Comp.: Bini, D. et al. (1995)

    I'm trying to understand this paper (equation 2.16 specifically): Bini, D., Carini, P., & Jantzen, R. T. (1995). Relative observer kinematics in general relativity. Classical and Quantum Gravity. Am I correct in reading there is no way to express the relativistic relative velocity composition...
  18. S

    I With chips having 2 nm transistors, are we at the end of Moore's Law?

    AIUI, this is the current level of micro-ization of computer chips. I had always thought that eventually quantum effects start to become an issue when the transistors get to within 20 atoms in distance, which it would seem that 2 nm is.
  19. T

    I Is there an integral version of Newton's law of gravity?

    $$F=G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}$$ is presumably for point masses. If the masses weren't a point masses, then wouldn't you need a version of the formula that sums up the gravity for each infinitesimal portion of the masses? And for my money, "summing up" in physics is integrals, right? So would it be...
  20. G

    Is Moore's Law Still Relevant in the Age of Semiconductors and Robosourcing?

    I'm sure this gets asked a lot. CPUs and GPUs still kind of mystify me, since I do not know their science. It came to me after studying some computational linguistics that it might be possible that in the next 100 years, we might have smart-translating, smart-talking machines without a theory...
  21. mr_sparxx

    I Kepler's second law derivation from angular momentum conservation

    Many texts state that in an elliptic orbit you can find angular momentum magnitude as $$ L = r m v = m r^2 \frac {d \theta} {dt} $$ I wonder if $$ v = r \frac {d \theta} {dt} $$ is valid at every point. I understand this approximation in a circumference or radius r but what about an arc...
  22. A

    I Does Ohm's Law work for Light Bulbs?

    Does Ohm’s Law, V = IR work for light bulbs? It appears not to from my simple experiment below. In the figure below, I measured the resistance of a lightbulb and found that resistance to be 2.6 ohms. However, when I connect this lightbulb into the circuit where I measure the voltage across...
  23. A

    I Speed of Light: Spaceship & Gravity Law Impact

    A ship that moves at a speed very close to light, its relative mass increases and may be comparable to the mass of the planets or the sun, in this case it can change the orbit of the planets and the sun (according to the law of gravity of two bodies) Is this analysis correct?
  24. A

    I Propagation of Errors, Ohm's Law

    Hello, I need help with making sure I am using instrumentation error analysis correctly through an experiment in which I verify Ohm’s Law for a simple circuit. I do have a few questions below. I calculated and measured the error two different ways and did not get the same error by both methods...
  25. Bernadette

    I Gas molecular attraction in the sense of Newton's law

    Hello What experiment or observation shows that for atoms, molecules or masses of gas, there is attraction in the sense of Newton's law (universal attraction)? Bernadette
  26. C

    B Newton's third law (equal and opposite force)

    Something about Newton's third law confuses me, when I hold my phone and I move it around it's velocity is changing, therefore because Newton's first law it's acted on by a force, and because Newton's second law, the force is directly proportional to the mass and acceleration of that object...
  27. Orodruin

    Insights A Physics Misconception with Gauss’ Law

    Continue reading...
  28. ayans2495

    New EMF and Frequency: Understanding Faraday's Law of Induction

  29. I

    Applying Dalton's Law: From Popcorn Launchers to Innovative Products

    Summary: TL;DR: Doing an assignment in which we are to apply Dalton's Law to a product to improve/ better it OR create a completely new product using the law. Let your creativity run wild! Hi there! I am doing an assignment in which we are to apply Dalton's Law to a product to improve/ better...
  30. E

    I On the derivation of Child-Langmuir law

    This problem is from Griffiths' book Introduction to Electrodynamics [Problem 2.53 in 4th edition]. It considers that electrons are emitted from the cathode and move to the anode. This establishes a constant current between the parallel plates. It asks to show that the constant current ##I##...
  31. P

    I Exploring Newton's Third Law in an Imaginary Magnetic Field

    Hi, here's a theoretical problem that I am trying to find a satisfactory answer for. Imagine a coil that is temporarily switched on an off and generates a magnetic field that permeates through space. Now imagine a charged particle passing through this field, at time that the coil is already...
  32. Kolin101

    Academic First Law Of Thermodynamics Problem

    Hi there. I have a problem solving above problem. How can I move on with my solution? It seems to me that I have proper approach but I'm just stuck with the energy equation ;/ Part of solution below:
  33. J

    I Newton's second law and pressure wave propagation

    Imagine a long deformable rod which has just been hammered on the top end (the bottom end is clamped to Earth). Consider a time interval $dt = t_{2} - t_{1}$ in which the pressure wave is traveling somewhere within the length of the rod (meaning some portion of the object has already "felt" the...
  34. K

    I Coulomb's law for steady currents

    If I've steady currents i.e ##\frac{\partial}{\partial t} J=0## , does coulombs law hold in this case to find the electric field? Since this isn't the case of electrostatics so it might not hold, but if we look at the charge density it is the same for all time, this suggests that the charges...
  35. H

    A Is there a generalized second law of thermodynamics?

    Hi Pfs, There are different kinds of entropies. I discoved the free entropy. https://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0304341.pdf the second law says that the total entropy cannot decrease when time goes by. Is it always the same "time" for the different entropies? the author, Voiculescu, wrote articles...
  36. samy4408

    Integrated Rate Law for 2nd Order Reactions

    hello i have a question about kinetics : to have the integrated rate law for second order reaction the professor write the following why we don't write the rate like this : rate = -1/2(d[1]/dt) ? why we ignore the stoichiometric coefficient ?
  37. MarkTheQuark

    I Biological examples of a Biot-Savart law in magnetostatics?

    Hello everyone, So, I was wondering, the Biot-savart show us a magnetic field created by a constant electric current. Initially I thought that an example would be biological systems with a nervous system that works on the basis of electrical discharges, but I don't think it's a valid example...
  38. A

    B Newton's second law about cars

    The car that accelerates must enter according to the equation below the external force, while such an external force does not seem to exist. The force of friction between the car and the road is in the opposite direction of motion ؟
  39. Y

    Will the spring stretch or compress?

    i would like to understand why my answer is incorrect i don't know what I am doing wrong i would like for some help
  40. M

    I Understanding the Law of Iterated Expectation in Probability Derivations

    I'm reading a website where they're doing a derivation. Within the derivation they write $$E(X_n | X_{n-1}) = X_{n-1} + f \implies E(X_n) = E(X_{n-1} ) + f$$. Evidently the implication stems from the law of iterated expectation, but I can't see how. If it helps, the question asked is "what is...
  41. A

    I Trying to derive Gauss' law using a cylindrical surface

    When I try to derive Gauss's law with a straight line of charge with density ##\lambda## through a cylindrical surface of length L and radius R, $$\vec E = \frac{\lambda*L}{4\pi\epsilon*r^2}$$ $$A = 2\pi*r*L$$ $$\vec E*A = \frac{\lambda *L^2}{2\epsilon*r} \neq \frac{q_{enc}}{\epsilon}$$ What am...
  42. safetnezic

    I How to determine the sign of an angle in Bio Savar's law?

    Hello everyone. I use Bio Savar's law to determine the intensity of the magnetic induction vector. I use this formula R is distance of wire from point in which I calculate intensity of the magnetic induction. How can I known which angle is positive and which angle is negative from this two...
  43. J

    Faraday’s law and voltage generation

    If a conductor moving through a magnetic field generates an emf, which it does, COULD a highly conductive liquid (eg: sea water) moving through said field (like a magnetic flowmeter measuring flow rate is used) generate and would it be enough to be useful?
  44. tomceka

    Geometrical optics: using Snell's law, find the depth of the pool

    α=30°; l=0.5 m; n1=1; n2=1.33 α+β=90°, so β=90°-30°=60°. Using Snell's law: sinβ/sinγ = n2/n1 sinγ≈0.651 γ≈41°. β=γ+θ (vertical angles) θ=60°-41°=19° tan(θ+β)=l/h h=l/tan(θ+γ) h=0.5/(tan(19+41))≈0.289 m
  45. S

    I Magnetic fields are exceptions to the second law of thermodynamics?

    Einstein famously said “{Thermodynamics} is the only physical theory of universal content, which I am convinced, that within the framework of applicability of its basic concepts will never be overthrown.” I don't think any of us want to argue with Einstein, but it's worth noting the "within the...
  46. eognvoi

    Why is there no negative sign in the Faraday's Law stated here

    Summary:: Figure b also shows that there is no negative sign in Faraday's Law. How do I know when to include the negative sign?
  47. D

    B Simple liquid/gas law question and liquid transfer query

    I am so embarrassed that I have forgotten so much of my physics and I am at the point of being away from school too long to remember even the most basics (Mom said no one can ever rob your education but I'm living proof otherwise). So please forgive my inability to discuss this at an academic...
  48. C

    Going From EMF to Faraday's Law to find E-field in my HW problem

    Ok, so I understand how to find dphi/dt that is integral of -d/dt(B "dot" da). In this case I find a Phi that is a constant in space in time which causes me confusion in next step. Edit: dphi/dt is constant... Grithff's then says E field same as a Mag field above center of circular current. He...
  49. J

    Newton's third law -- I have trouble with some real-life examples

    I have gathered that forces always occur in pairs and are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and that according to the second law a force is the product of the mas and acceleration of the object exerting the force. My problem is with getting this make sense with real life examples. If...
  50. np115

    Ampere's Law -- What is the meaning behind each part?

    I believe it would be B(2pi b) but I'm not sure how exactly to explain why.
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