Law Definition and 999 Threads

Law is a system of rules created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.
Legal systems vary between countries, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law influenced secular matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia.Law's scope can be divided into two domains. Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions.Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice.

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  1. Pipsqueakalchemist

    Engineering Rigid body Newton’s law homework

    For this problem I know how to get the answers but I have a few things I’m not 100% sure about. First how do we know that the rod is experiencing centripetal motion? Second, when using moment about point G how do we know that the angular acceleration is equal to zero? And third the radius is 0.4...
  2. L

    Engineering Find the volume of a gas using Boyle's law

    Is this right go confused with the 37 degrees Q) pV = Constant pressure of a gas is ‘10’ (kPa) and the constant ‘37 degrees celcus’ = ‘0.6’, calculate the volume that the gas. pV = C C/p = V 0.6/10 = C V = 0.06
  3. L

    Engineering First Law ΔU = Q − W | Understanding & Math Example

    Is the non flow energy equation just the first law equation Im writing about the first law i write the definition and that the first law equation ΔU = Q − W or can be written as Equation: Q - W = (U2 - U1). Then gave a math example using Equation: Q - W = (U2 - U1) to show the first law...
  4. A

    Discover the Law of Levers: Uncovering Evidence and Documents | Prove It Now!

    Does anyone has any documents to prove (law of lever)? Thank you!
  5. J

    Finding temperature change, thermodynamics first law

    So I calculated the final and initial pressures using the given eqns, ended up with the final pressure of 96629 and initial pressure of 62639. Then I used the PV=nRT eqn to calculate the final and initial temperatures. T=P*V/(n*1.5*R). I got an initial temperature of 81.79 and a final...
  6. DavidGarcia

    Gauss Law general physics 2 question

  7. guyvsdcsniper

    Law of Conservation of energy and Wnc

    This is my understanding of the law of conservation of energy and the role non conservative forces factor into it. Could someone confirm if I have this right or explain where I am going wrong if I am? I would appreciate it. With the law of conservation of mechanical energy, ΔKE+ΔPE=0. This...
  8. T

    Is My Calculation of Local Energy Conservation in a Viscous Fluid Correct?

    I've come to a grinding halt with this and I can't see a way forward. Can someone please take a look at what I've done so far and let me know if what I have done is OK and then if it is, give me a hint on how to proceed. First up, Is ## u \cdot \nabla \cdot T = u_\alpha...
  9. Jack of some trades

    Does Watt's Law apply to flowing water in a pipe?

    Is the heat generated by flowing water in a pipe proportional to the product of the rate of flow and the pressure drop across the section of pipe in question, analogous to an electrical circuit? If so, what units would you plug into get an answer in watts?
  10. V

    Law of inertia (inertial observer and inertial frames of reference)

    I am trying to figure out what are inertial observer and inertial frames of reference. The law of inertia holds for inertial observers. Inertial observers are objects with zero net force acting on them, and move with constant velocity. Suppose we fix a set of coordinate axis in space, relative...
  11. I

    Chemistry What is the rate law for the reaction of NO and H2?

    My solution and question are in the homework statement due to some formatting issues. Thanks.
  12. N

    Gravity equivalent of Ohm's law

    Conceptually I have never really understood Ohm's law, other than using it in calculations. My brain just cannot understand why this equation works. I was wondering if there is some sort of gravity equivalent to perhaps conceptualise it a bit better. Voltage: would be the acceleration due to...
  13. D

    Question about Ampere's Force Law derivation

    I'm reading about the derivation of ampere force law formula, which is $$ F=k_A \iint \frac{i'ds' \times (ids \times \vec{r})}{\vec{r}^2}$$ where K_A is mu_0/4pi. In the article that I read, they have assumed such these paths: And according to ampere's conclusion that he had from observation...
  14. K

    MHB An application of the law of cosines?

    Hello, everybody: I am a philologist who is fond of mathematics, but who unfortunately has just an elementary high school knowledge of them. I am translating La leçon de Platon, by Dom Néroman (La Bégude de Mazenc, Arma Artis, 2002), which deals with music theory and mathematics in the works of...
  15. M

    A Derive Cattaneo–Vernotte Law w/Proof

    I need to know the derivation of Cattaneo–Vernotte law. "if it has a proof"
  16. B

    Finding angles with Bragg's Law

    Part (a) Ok so for (a) ##\theta_{incident} = \theta_{reflected}##, so I assume I could just consider the horizontal planes in these atoms. ##n\lambda = 2a\sin(\theta)## ##p = \frac {h} {\lambda}## ##\frac {nh} {2amv} = \sin(\theta)## ## v = \frac {nh} {2am\sin(\theta)}## I suppose the...
  17. boysenbeary

    Find maximum current in a coil using oscilloscopes and Faraday's Law?

    The experiment consists of a large field coil (connected to a current source) surrounding a coplanar and coaxial small detector coil in the center of the field coil connected to the oscilloscope. 1. Matching Current v. Time Graphs to Oscilloscope Graphs Example of one pair of graphs (I'll...
  18. I

    Grade 11 Question: Newton's Third Law -- Calculating acceleration of an airboat

    for c) i need help d) Given: Let [forward] be positive. F 1 = — 250 N F 2 = 360 N Unknown: a = ? Equation: F net= F1+ F2 F net= m a Solve: F net= (— 250 N) + 360 N = 110 N F net= m a a = F net/ m = 110 N / 220 kg= 0.5 m/s [forward] Statement: The acceleration of the boat is 0.5 m/s [forward].
  19. Efeguleroglu

    How does permittivity in Coulomb's law work?

    Coulomb's Law $$ \vec{F} = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \hat{r} $$ $$ \vec{E} = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon} \frac{Q}{r^2} \hat{r} $$ Let's say we want to find electric field with a distance r from charge Q. How does permittivity effects the magnitude? Will I choose the permittivity...
  20. D

    Chemistry Ideal gas law problem with two cylinders

    my answer will be ##P_1=2 P_2## but I have some doubts, if that is correct or not
  21. Mohamed Nabil

    I Why is the Sabine equation considered an equation, but not a law?

    Hello brothers, I have been studying much of acoustics recently, and I've been confronted by the following question: why Sabine equation is not a law? I mean, It has been used and experimented under certain conditions, and as I get it, that's what you need to call an equation a Law. I'll...
  22. V

    Understanding Newton's 2nd Law

    F=ma To check if this law works, we measure the left hand side and the right hand side and if they are equal then the law is working. To measure acceleration, we rapidly measure three positional measurements. Without appealing to the notion of the pull of gravity on an object, we measure the...
  23. A

    Does Newton's Third law apply to torque/rotation?

    For example, let's say i have force acting on an object about some pivot. That object will apply an equal force about the same pivot, at equal lever arm, back. So there it seems like if the forces are in line, acting on the same pivot point, there is an equal and opposite torque. However, if i...
  24. Narayanan KR

    An Interesting Question on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

    On examining Maxwell's third equation which is about time varying magnetic fields (Faraday's electromagnetic induction) we find that time varying magnetic fields produce loops of electric fields in space irrespective of whether a coil is present or not, if any coil is present then these loops of...
  25. sandmanvgc

    (Dry) Volume Ideal Gas Law Calculation

    If the question was asking for (dry) volume, how would you do that?
  26. B

    Using Faraday's Law to calculate the magnetic field

    I got stuck near the beginning, so I tried working backwards. Starting from B = (k X E0)/ω * cos(k⋅r - ωt +φ) I found -∂B/∂t = -k X E0 sin(k⋅r - ωt +φ) So now I need to find ∇ X (E0 cos(k⋅r - ωt +φ)) and see that it is equal to the above result. This is where I'm stuck though, I'm not sure...
  27. mustafamistik

    Newton's Second Law of Motion -- Three masses, an inclined plane and a pulley

    I did part a and part b but stuck in part c. Could you help me? (Part a and b attached.)
  28. JGHunter

    Lavoisier's Law of conservation of mass

    Hi, I'm writing a short story which addresses an issue in time travel that I don't really see getting addressed, and I was wondering where I could find the original quote where it is written that mass or energy can neither be created nor destroyed? I'm aware the original won't be in English...
  29. O

    Law of Conservation of Energy Problem: Trampoline

    For a) I did Eg = Ee + Eg and tried to solve for x. I got 5.4 m but I think this is wrong. I have no idea how to do the rest, please help :')
  30. N

    I Why is it claimed that Betz's limit is a law?

    Large wind turbines have become very efficient and have a power coefficient close to that defined by Betz. However, large wind turbines are stopped when the wind is too strong, not because they produce too much, but because their blades are subject to bending stresses which may break their...
  31. S

    Gauss' Law: Understand How to Calculate Flux

    Hello everybody To calculate the flux for the electric field I need the gauss law. There are two formula one with the integration over some area and the other is Q/e0. When do I have to use which one?
  32. E

    I Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation/Infinitesimal volume

    Is there a form of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation that applies to infinitesimal volumes rather than optical surfaces of materials?
  33. sergiokapone

    Law of motion for orbiting particle in a uniform magnetic field.

    Hi all, I interested in how can I get low of motion in for orbiting particle in a uniform magnetic field $$\frac{d\vec{r}}{dt} = \vec{\omega}\times\vec{r},\qquad \vec{\omega} = \frac{e\vec{B}}{mc},$$ Of course, rotating about z' axis is very simple. \begin{equation}\label{eq:K}...
  34. PainterGuy

    Newton's law of gravitation -- Limitations and Improvements

    Hi, I was reading Wikipedia article on Newton's Law of Gravitation and I couldn't make sense of the following section. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation#Limitations How could the improved law of gravitation be written? Like as shown below? Thank you...
  35. P

    Hooke's law does not apply when there is friction, right?

    Summary:: I am not sure about how can I write an appropriate equation to a question which include friction force and initial velocity. I came across a question that I am not sure how to write an equation.In the question, there is an object of mass m that is thrown into spring at v initial...
  36. S

    I Reason for Gram's Law about Zeta Zeros

    Why does the Zeta function show the tendency called Gram's Law? : https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GramsLaw.html And why are there "good" and "bad" gram points as defined in https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GramBlock.html ?
  37. E

    I Recovering Newton's energy conservation law for an Earth's lab

    I'm looking at Schutz 7.4 where first he obtains the following expression for a geodesic: $$ m \frac {dp_\beta} {d\tau} = \frac 1 2 g_{\nu\alpha,\beta } p^\nu p^\alpha $$ This means that if all the components of ##g_{\nu\alpha }## are constant for a given ##\beta##, then ##p_\beta## is also...
  38. O

    Law of Conservation of Energy Problem (kicking a soccer ball)

    a) So far, I have equated Ek to Eg to solve for h. 1/2(m)(27)^2 = m(9.8)h. I haven't taken the angle into consideration. I'm not sure if I have to use the x or y component. I got my answer to be 37m but again I don't believe this is correct. b) I did Ek = Eg + Ek. 1/2(m)(27)^2 = m(9.8)(3.5) +...
  39. C

    B How to prove the associative law of symmetric difference?

    I'm trying to prove the associative law of symmetric difference (AΔ(BΔc) = (AΔB)ΔC ) with other relations of sets. A naive way is to compare the truth table of two sides. However, I think the symmetric difference is not a basic one, it is constructed form other relations, that is AΔB =...
  40. D

    I The 1/v law for U-235 cross section

    The cross section for fission of U-235 is much higher for slow, thermal neutrons than for fast neutrons, for which it is similar to the geometric area. The cross section for slow neutrons seems to decrease empirically like 1/v where v is the velocity of the neutron. What is the qualitative...
  41. J

    Ideal gas law problem -- Pneumatic piston movement with air temperature changes

    I have come up with the change in height as 170 cm. My professor does not want to solve for the problem for a reason I do not understand. 170 cm is not part of the answer key. The answer according to the answer key is 65 cm. My attempt is: Initial temperature: p=F/A; (50 *9.8) / (pi * 0.05^2)...
  42. B

    Ampere's law to find free current in a wire

    ∫ H.dl = ∫ j_f .dS = I_f ∇ x H = j_f I'm not sure how to actually solve this?
  43. G

    I Deriving Curl of B from Biot-Savart Law & Vector Identity

    $$\nabla \times B(r)=\frac{\mu _0}{4\pi} \int \nabla \times J(r') \times \frac{ (r-r')}{|r-r|^3}dV'$$ using the vector identity: $$\nabla \times (A \times B) = (B \cdot \nabla)A - B(\nabla \cdot A) - (A \cdot \nabla )B + A(\nabla \cdot B)$$ ##A=J## and ##B=\frac{r-r'}{|r-r'|^3}## since...
  44. Kathhhriine

    How is the Ideal Gas Law Derived from Temperature and Pressure Relationships?

    I figured that T' is a common factor for both relationships and from there deduceted that T'=p2xt1/p1=v1xt2/v2. However, I don't understand how that can be further manipulated to PV=KT.
  45. G

    Is there a clever name for Newton's 2nd Law?

    Summary:: We all know of the "law of inertia" nickname for Newton's 1st law, but is there a clever name for the 2nd as well? What about the 3rd? This may be the most inane question ever asked here, but I've spent some time searching and cannot find an answer. So many laws in physics and other...
  46. R

    Deriving the Law of Reflection from Huygens Principle

    Attached is section 33.7 from my book, which introduces Huygen's principle in order to derive the law of reflection. I am more used to the ray model rather than the wave model, so I'm constantly going to try to relate everything back to rays. Making this connection also helps with completeness...
  47. WannaLearnPhysics

    Using Ampere's Law for these two different integration paths

    Homework Statement:: The magnetic field at every point on the path of integration Relevant Equations:: The scenarios/situations are shown in the attached photo. "Any conductors present that are not enclosed by a particular path may still contribute to the value of B field at every point, but...
  48. C

    Extinction law -- How big is the extinction in the H-band?

    Hey, I'm totally blank on this problem, and I'm not even sure what to solve for. I'm told that the H band, which is in 1.63 μm, has an extinction law A_H = 0.591 * E(B - V) and I'm supposed to answer how big the extinction is in the H band. And I'm confused because it involves the difference...
  49. Alain De Vos

    I Change law of gravitation to remove dark energy and dark matter

    The speed of star on the outer of are solar system is not according to the visible mass. Change the law of gravitation F = 1/r^2 to fix this. Galaxies far away are moving away with increasing speed. Change the law of gravitation F = 1/r^2 to fix this, include a repulsive force to fix. Would this...
  50. alan123hk

    What is the relationship between voltage and flux in Faraday's Law?

    A former colleague asked me a simple question about Faraday's law. As shown below, the configuration is just a circular conductor and a changing B field, and then tried to measure the voltage across the diameter. But I am not sure what the answer is? Any help would be greatly appreciated.
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