Logic (from Greek: λογική, logikḗ, 'possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative') is the systematic study of valid rules of inference, i.e. the relations that lead to the acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). More broadly, logic is the analysis and appraisal of arguments.There is no universal agreement as to the exact definition or boundaries of logic (see § Rival conceptions). However, the scope of logic (broadly construed) includes:
The classification of arguments.
The systematic analysis of logical forms.
The systematic study of the validity of deductive inferences.
The strength of inductive inferences.
The study of faulty arguments, such as fallacies.
The study of logical paradoxes.
The study of syntax and semantics of formal languages.
The study of the concepts of meaning, denotation and truth.Historically, logic has been studied mainly in philosophy (since Antiquity), mathematics (since mid-19th century), and computer science (since mid-20th century). More recently, logic has also been studied in linguistics and in cognitive science. Overall, logic remains a strongly interdisciplinary area of study.
I solved this exercise a long time ago, and I am now reviewing my solution. I think it is correct, but more importantly, when I look at this exercise now, I have a hard time understanding it and my solution. Hence I've got some questions.
If this is correct, why does "if ##a=b##, then ##b=a##"...
I can't decide which one is better to use. I know for a fact that the second one is correct, but I would like to know if I can use the first one too. Which one would you use?
$$\forall x \in \mathbb{Z} (\exists y \in \mathbb{Z} : x > y)$$
Or
$$\forall x \in \mathbb{Z} (\exists y \in \mathbb{Z}...
I was unsure how to bring the output expression. We can assume f(x) to be f(y) for simplicity. So ##y=\frac{1-cos3x}{x²}## which is alright. Next I thought to take the limit of this expression but im unsure if my reasoning is correct.
Since the functional value is continuous so the part of...
I've seen a lot of people use implication and equivalence logic incorrectly. For example, when solving equations (i.e. ##x - 2 = 3 \implies x = 5##). Implication is not reversible, thus it only works in one way. By saying, ##x - 2 = 3 \implies x = 5##, you are essentially saying that it is...
Hi there,
It's well known that for two assertions A and B : A → B is equivalent to (nonA or B).
The only proof I know of this equivalence relies on the truth table, one just brute forces all the possible combinations of truth values and then notice they're the same every time with A → B and...
My students still reckon Lande’s 2 motivations for ‘unless’ = ‘if not’ (below) too abstract, formalistic! Thus I need a 3rd simpler, motivation with merely etymology. But I never studied linguistics! How do I
1. use these etymology quotations, to motivate ‘unless’ = ‘if not’?
2. teach why...
Consider the following theorem:
First, I don't know how to take the contrapositive of this statement. I'm not sure if the opening hypothesis, that is, ##f## is continuous, remains outside. Because the way this is proved in the text I'm reading is by assuming ##f(X)## is disconnected and then...
This is the first time I am doing logic so the question is probably stupid, but could I just factorise (p∨t)∧[(r v¬r] or perhaps you cannot do that in Boolean algebra?
One of the discussion questions for my class this week was to express the condition "p is a prime number" using formal logic.
The answer my uni's got is (∀d∈N)[(d>=1∧p≠1)∧(d|p⇒((d=1)∨(d=p))]. My interpretation of this is all the natural number d that (satisfy d>=1 and prime number is not equal...
I'm in undergrad and I unexpectedly began taking a discrete math class, everything was sunshine and rainbows until this chapter.... All in all, Below is the Natural deduction problem with its premise and intended conclusion and these are my steps. I can't see where I'm going wrong, any ideas...
Hi
I want to give an introduction of programming to my grand daughter who's going to college next year. She never learn any language. I want to play with Audino Kit with her. It's mostly C++. But it's too difficult for her to learn as first language and she doesn't have time as she's still very...
Say I have 6 pencils. I want to times this by negative two. Now ignoring the rules that your teacher taught you work this out. 6 pencils negative 2 times. Negative one time would be 0 and another negative times would be -6 right? So 6 x - 2 = -6 according to simple logic. The calculator will say...
I can't understand how absorption law is obtained. I get following steps.##a∨(a∧𝑏) = (a∧⊤)∨(a∧𝑏)##
##=(a∨a)∧(a∨b)∧(⊤∨a)∧(⊤∨b)##
then,
I come up with ##=a∧(a∨b)∧⊤∧⊤## so ##=a∧(a∨b)##
But, I cannot get ##a∧(⊤∨𝑏)##, as shown on here, therefore ##a##.
Can you help me? I cannot obtain ##a∧(⊤∨𝑏)##...
Hello! I’m an assistant of a mathematical scientific researcher, and my research programme evolves around finding and developing all the (possible) solutions regarding all unsolved mathematical, logic, exact, and IQ puzzles ever created. If you search on the internet for: “The hardest unsolved...
I'm surprised that automatically programming is coming to me. It blows my mind. I could not think of any logic in the past months and now I am able to solve puzzles in programming. But the toughest part is I forget how I solved the problem too quickly.
For example, the blackjack program. I...
I'm pretty bad at maths, got an A at gcse (uk 16 years old)then never went any further, I've been looking into cantors diagonal argument and I thing I found an issue, given how long its been around I'd imagine I'm not the first but couldn't any real number made using the construct by adding 1 to...
My thought was to break up the sentence into its equivalent form: (A ->~~A) & (~~A -> A)
From there I assumed the premise of both sides to use indirect proofs, so:
1. ~(A -> ~~A) AP
2. ~(~A or ~~A) 1 Implication
3. ~~A & ~~~A 2...
Consider the following set of sentences that represent the requirements of a multi-threaded system for two threads t1 and t2:
□¬[(t1 active) ∧ (t2 active)].
□[(t1 active) ⊕ (t2 active)].
□[(t1 active) → O(t2 active)].
□[(t2 active) → O(t1 active)].
(Pretend the O letters are the circles...
1
000
0
1
000
0
0
001
1
0
001
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
On the left is my input, in the middle is my output and on the right is the decimal.
0
000
0
0
000
0
1
001
1
0
001
1
1
010
2
Here is another example I was studying where the input is 00101 and I...
I am unsure of how to approach this problem, we begin with two 8-bit full adders, is the goal to just combine them in some way so that it becomes one entire circuit while also adding NAND and NOR gates where necessary? By the end will we then have 16 1-bit full adders?
prove:
The 2nd axiom of mathematical logic
2) $((P\implies(Q\implies R))\implies((P\implies Q)\implies(P\implies R))$
By using only the deduction theorem
Given the following axioms:
1) ##P\implies(Q\implies P)##
2) ##((P\implies(Q\implies R))\implies((P\implies Q)\implies(P\implies R))## Where ##P,Q,R## are any formulas
3)##(\neg P\implies\neg Q)\implies (Q\implies P)## then prove:
##\{A\implies B,B\implies C\}|- A\implies C##
Without using the...
We say that an implication p --> q is vaccuously true if p is false.
Since now it's impossible to have p true and q false.
That is we can't check anymore whether the contrary, p being true and q being false,can be.Since p being true is non-existent.
So we take the implication as true.
For eg...
Hello all, I plan on using SN54SLC8T245-SEP for level shifting of single-ended signals from 1.5 V to 1.8 V, 1.5V to 3.3 V, 1.8 V to 1.5V and 3.3V to 1.5V. First time using level translators for mostly SPI interfaces, so I would like some guidance. I am having difficulties interpreting the logic...
There is something I don't understand that I want to ask quantum physics experts here:
Suppose the happening of event X results logically speaking in the happening of event A. So we could for instance have the following logical implication
##X.happens \rightarrow A.happens##.
If this is...
Are smt-solvers (like z3) theoretically able to (always correctly) check consistency of any 1.-order logic formula?
Does it follow from The undecidability of first order logic, that an algorithm, that could check consistency of any 1.-order logic formula, does not exist?
How does the algorithm...
Three non-concurrent and non-parallel lines divide an infinite plane in 7 parts. and four non-concurrent and non-parallel lines divide an infinite plane into 10 parts.
Is this statement correct? If correct, we can proceed further to answer this question.
If incorrect, suggest me the...
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/J-M_R31KFl76aXCRE4sxzAWI6iAldXG9fMI2k4YRMZo6vZY0w1DPUfV7tLc1w5IsVQX8uUkjgThzROZrbb3bc6kluAEmyiH63Z4BsXKT5Xr7X7mLxOwbR1L0y3ttoLitS6bOnwz-
Here is a solution, part of which doesn’t make any sense to me-:
->Why did we select c3,c1 and c3,c2 for 2nd generation...
This is not really a homework question so don't bother answering them. It is more of a guidance problem. This is what I find the hardest out of all topics.. Unfortunately, this topic is a fixed 10 marks question in our 80 marks exam. Comes every time.
The types of questions that I need to deal...
This is not really a homework question so don't bother answering them. It is more of a guidance problem. This is what I find the hardest out of all topics.. Unfortunately, this topic is a fixed 10 marks question in our 80 marks exam. Comes every time.
The types of questions that I need to deal...
As you can see I am not getting correct result. What have I messed up? I want to learn it.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4942120/
Here is full slide in case anyone wants to refer to it.
There are 2 questions commonly asked(rarely though) in my exams.
1) Explain about mamdani fuzzy inference method with example.
2) explain fuzzy inference with suitable example.
Now I am self studying. I have 4 books with me, but none of them have this content. IDK why tho..There are other...
There are 2 questions commonly asked(rarely though) in my exams.
1) Explain about mamdani fuzzy inference method with example.
2) explain fuzzy inference with suitable example.
Now I am self studying. I have 4 books with me, but none of them have this content. IDK why tho..There are other...
I need help for following exercise from Rabaey - Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective
Size and simulate the circuit (IMAGE BELOW) so that it achieves a 100 ps delay (50-50) using 0.25 μm devices, while driving a 100 fF load on both differential outputs. (VDD = 2.5V) Assume A, B and...
Hi,
I was reading this article, https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2015/11/george-boole-a-200-year-view/, and the following excerpt is taken from it.
George Boole came up with his Boolean logic around 1847.
I think that it was Claude Shannon who showed that any numerical operation can be...
my_age = 10
if my_age >= 100:
print("One hundred years old! Very impressive.")
elif my_age <= 3:
print("Awwww. Just a baby.")
else:
print("Ah - a very fine age indeed")
https://www.fullstackpython.com/blog/python-basic-data-types-booleans.html
Article says-:
my_age = 10
if my_age >= 100:
print("One hundred years old! Very impressive.")
elif my_age <= 3:
print("Awwww. Just a baby.")
else:
print("Ah - a very fine age indeed")
https://www.fullstackpython.com/blog/python-basic-data-types-booleans.html
Article says-:
I already have the solution.
I also have another solution for this-:
S->AB
A->aA/a
B->ab/aBb
But my issue is I am memorizing them, I am not understanding how this came up. Please explain the logic building behind this.
I asked a question in yesterday's lecture about whether we can change the order of quantifiers and move it around in statements involving and, or, & iif. My instructor said no and after the lecture, my fellow student made this post below, intending to demonstrate that the instructor was right...
Hello! I see that most experiments applying quantum computing techniques for high precision spectroscopy use a quadrupole trap. I don't know much about the experimental implementation of these kind of traps, so any help (or suggested paper) would be appreciated, but I was wondering how well can...
Hello! I read several papers about using quantum information techniques in order to do precision spectroscopy on ions. Usually they trap 2 ions in a quadrupole trap and the 2 ions are coupled through their vibrational motion along the trap axis. However most of these results involve atomic ions...
Hi guys
I can't figure this one out. I tried to use truth tables, but never found an equivalence , no matter which of the 5 options I tried.
It is given that $\alpha$ is logically equivalent to $\alpha \rightarrow \sim \beta $ .
Which of the following is a tautology ?
1) $\alpha$
2) $\beta$...
I was attempting to solve the "Sherlock and Cost" problem from HackerRank using DP:
But before I went to come up with a recursive relation, I wanted to find if the problem possesses an optimal substructure, and I was following these steps as written at CLRS book:
Mentor note: Inline images of...
Hello, I have a few questions and I'd appreciate if you can please help me.
1. If I want to say "for every ## i \in \Bbb N ## and ## 0 \leq j \leq i ## define ## A_{i,j} := i ## and ## B_{i,j} := i \cdot j ## ",
then is the logical formula used for this is as such?:
## \forall i \in \Bbb N...
Can anybody check my work regarding these three statements, the third, in particular, please? I think I got the first two statements down, but I think that I'd feel safer if I got a second opinion. I think I also have a correct translation of the third statement down, but only because I...