Operator Definition and 1000 Threads

for any set of POVM outcomes it is possible to construct a setup with say one incoming photon and possible outcomes that will click differently. so this is not only mathématics. but what is physically an operator valued measurement?

How do we apply the momentum operator on a wavefunction? Wikipedia says > the momentum operator can be written in the position basis as: ##{ }^{[2]}## ## \hat{\mathbf{p}}=-i \hbar \nabla ## where ##\nabla## is the gradient operator, ##\hbar## is the reduced Planck constant, and ##i## is the...

I want some clarification on the potential operator ##V(\hat{x})##. Can you please help me ------------------------------ Is the action of ##V(\hat{x})## defined by its action on the position kets as ##\hat{V}(x)|x\rangle=V(x)|x\rangle##? Then we'd have for any ket ##|\psi\rangle## that...

I'm trying to find the adjoint of position operator. I've done this: The eigenvalue equation of position operator is ##\hat{x}|x\rangle=x|x\rangle## The adjoint of position operator acts as ##\left\langle x\left|\hat{x}^{\dagger}=x<x\right|\right.## Then using above equation we've...

As $$\hat{P_i} = \int d^3x T^0_i,$$ and $$T_i^0=\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_0 \phi)}\partial_i\phi-\delta_i^0\mathcal{L}=\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_0 \phi)}\partial_i\phi=\pi\partial_i\phi.$$ Therefore, $$\hat{P_i} = \int d^3x \pi\partial_i\phi.$$ However...

Suppose we have V, a finite-dimensional complex vector space with a Hermitian inner product. Let T: V to V be an arbitrary linear operator, and T^* be its adjoint. I wish to prove that T is diagonalizable iff for every eigenvector v of T, there is an eigenvector u of T^* such that <u, v> is...

Quick question: do the group axioms imply that the group operator is bijective? More in general, does associativity imply bijectivity in general? I can think about a subgroup of S3 that only operates on 2 elements, but it is really isomorphic to S2. But is there some concept or term for a...

Define the binary operator * by: $a*b=a+8b$ Find each of the following (the only thing I knew to do here was plug in) [a.] $3*5\quad =3+8(5)=3+40=43$ [b.] $7*7\quad =7+8(7)=7+56=83$ [c.] $5*3\quad =5+8(3)=5+24=29$ [d.] $x*z\quad =x+8z$

I first Normalise the wavefunction: $$ \Psi_N = A*\Psi, \textrm{ where } A = (\frac{1}{\sum {|a_n^{'}|^{2}}})^{1/2} $$ $$ \Psi_N = \frac{2}{7}\phi_1^Q+\frac{3}{7}\phi_2^Q+\frac{6}{7}\phi_3^Q $$ The Eigenstate Equation is: $$\hat{Q}\phi_n=q_n\phi_n$$ The eigenvalues are the set of possible...

Hello, I recently saw ##U|v\rangle= e^{ia}|v\rangle, \, a \in \mathbb{R}## and am wondering how to come up with this or how to show this. My first thought is based on the definition of unitary operators (##UU^\dagger = I##), I would show it something like this: ##(U|v\rangle)^\dagger =...

Hello , The Laplace operator equals ## \Delta = \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2} ## so does it equal as well nable or Del operator squared ## \bigtriangledown^2## ? where ## \bigtriangledown =\frac{\partial}{\partial...

I have read that the Schrodinger equation has no formal derivation we are simply applying the Hamiltonian operator on the wave function $$\hat H = i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} = \hat T + \hat V$$ here we substitute $$\hat T = \frac{\hat p^2}{2m}$$ where $$\hat p = -i \hbar...

Now from the relevant equations, $$U(t) = \exp(-i \omega \sigma_1 t)$$ which is easy to compute provided the Hamiltonian is diagonalized. Writing ##\sigma_1## in its eigenbasis, we get $$\sigma_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & -1\\ \end{pmatrix} $$ and hence the unitary ##U(t)## becomes...

An electron beam with the spin state ## |\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}|+\rangle+\sqrt{\frac{2}{3}}|-\rangle##, where ##\{|+\rangle,|-\rangle\}## is the eigenstates of ##\hat S_z##, passes through a Stern-Gerlach device with the magnetic field oriented in the ##Z## axis. Afterwards, it goes...

Hi. Suppose I have a state ##\left | \psi (0)\right >=\sum_m C_m \left | m\right >## evolving as $$\left | \psi (0+dz)\right>=\left | \psi (0)\right >+dz \sum_iD_i\left | i\right >=\sum_m C_m \left | m\right >+dz \sum_iD_i\left | i\right >=\sum_m( C_m+dz D_m)\left |m\right >.$$ Then the density...

Hello! What is the 2D (acting in spin space) representation of the parity operator. In principle we can make it a diagonal matrix with the right transformation and given that ##P^2=1## the matrix would be diag(1,1) or diag(1,-1). However spin shouldn't change under parity and using that it seems...

The coherent state can be written in terms of e^(αb†+α∗b)|0>. But how the even coherent state i.e. |α>+|-α> can be written in terms of displacement operator?

I have a beam splitter operator (a†)b +(b†)a. Does it commute with exp(αâ†-α*â). Here a and ↠are creation and lowering operator

Summary:: Operator acts on a ket and a bra using Dirac Notation Please see the attached equations and help, I Think I am confused about this

I am studying two level atoms interacting with fields in order to study Dicke Superradiance. From Loudon's book, the Optical Bloch Equations for a two level atom interacting with a field say (with rotating wave approx): $$\frac{d\rho_{22}}{dt}=- \frac{d\rho_{11}}{dt} = -\frac{1}{2}...

While reading in the book of Introduction to Quantum Mechanics by David Griffith in the section of Fine structure of Hydrogen: spin- orbit coupling, he said that the average value of S operator is considered to be the projection of S onto J. I could not understand why he assumed that. please...

In lecture notes at a university (I'd rather not say which university) the following definition for Hermitian is given: An operator is Hermitian if and only if it has real eigenvalues. I find it questionable because I thought that non-Hermitian operators can sometimes have real eigenvalues. We...

The matrix representation of a certain operator in a certain basis is $$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & -i \\ 0 & i & 0 \end{bmatrix} .$$ The eigenvalue problem leads to this equation $$0=det\begin{bmatrix} 1-\lambda & 0 & 0 \\0 & -\lambda & -i \\ 0 & i & -\lambda \end{bmatrix}...

For instance,how to systematically derive the equns 2.2 & 2.5 given a Hamiltonian on the article below?; arxiv.org/pdf/0904.2771.pdf .

The euler lagrange equation I am using is: $$\frac {\partial^\beta \partial L}{\partial(\partial^\beta A^\alpha) }= \frac {\partial L} {\partial A^\alpha}$$ Now the proca lagrangian i am using is $$L= -\frac {1}{16\pi} F_{\alpha\beta} F^{\alpha\beta} + \frac {\mu^2} {8\pi} A_\alpha A^\alpha -...

Momentum operator is ##p=-i\frac{d}{dx}## and its adjoint is ##p^\dagger=i\frac{d}{dx}##. So, ##p^\dagger=-p##. How is the momentum Hermitian?

For a real scalar field, I have the following expression for the field operator in momentum space. $$\tilde{\phi}(t,\vec{k})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\omega}}\left(a_{\vec{k}}e^{-i\omega t}+a^{\dagger}_{-\vec{k}}e^{i\omega t}\right)$$ Why is it that I can discard the phase factors to produce the time...

Calculate, with a relevant digit, the probability that the measure of the angular momentum $L ^2$ of a particle whose normalized wave function is \begin{equation} \Psi(r,\theta,\varphi)=sin^2(\theta)e^{-i\varphi}f(r) \end{equation} is strictly greater than ##12(\hbar)^2##...

In string theory, physical states satisfy QBΨ = 0, where QB is the BRST operator. This equation of motion can be obtained from an action S = ∫ QBΨ*Ψ + Ψ*Ψ*Ψ There is a gauge invariance under δΨ = QBΛ. what is the framework in which the role of the BRST operator QB is understood in open string...

Each operator has a domain, so for a power of an operator to exist, the domain of the operator must remain invariant under the operation. Is that correct? mentor note: edited for future clarity

Suppose that a particle evolves from point A to point B. The state of the particle can be written as $$\rho=\sum \left | m\right >\rho_{mn}\left< n\right | .$$ Because the basis is evolving as the particle travels, I am considering applying the Heisenberg picture to the density operator. Let...

Good afternoon all, In David Griffiths' "Intro to Quantum Mechanics", I'm looking through Example 3.2 on page 115 that shows how to get the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the momentum operator. I completely understand everything up until this part: ##\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f_p'^*(x)...

Hello, I found this article. In equation (1) the authors wrote that the current operator is given by : ## - \frac{\delta H}{\delta A} ##. I just would like to know if this relation is a just definition or if it can be derived from more fundamentals considerations ? Thanks !

I have included here the screen shot of the page I am referring to.I am unsure of how this non-local Lagrangian of Eqtn(32.68) has been constructed. Have they just integrated the interaction Lagrangian densities over two different sets of points (x & y) ? If so, then why is there no P_L in...

I don't know how to start to find the bounded condition nor the norm. I thought about finding a maximal norm to show that it is bounded but I don't know how to continue.

##\frac {\partial \vec F} {\partial x} ## + ##\frac{\partial \vec F} {\partial y} ## = vector which gives me a direction of the greatest increase of the greatest increase of the function, where ##\vec F ## = gradient of the function. If I multiple the first by ##\hat i## and the second by ##\hat...

Hi I have a problem for understanding the difference between an circumflex operator and non-circumflex operador. I'd appreciate your help

With this information I concluded that the diagonal elements of ##\hat{A}## are equal to the eigenvalue ##a##, so ##\hat{A} = \begin{bmatrix} a & A_{12} & A_{13} \\ A_{21}& a & A_{23}\\A_{31} & A_{32} & a \end{bmatrix}## but I can't see how to go from this to the commuting relation, since I...

I am reading the claymath problem here: http://claymath.org/sites/default/files/yangmills.pdf on page 6, in the comments (section 5), they call a local operator to be an operator that satisifies: ##\mathcal{O}(\vec{x})=e^{-i\vec{P}\cdot \vec{x}}\mathcal{O}e^{i\vec{P}\cdot \vec{x}}## where...

I have successfully found the N by N matrix corresponding to the operator R. But the problem is, whenever I try to operate R on |bj> basis vectors, I am not getting |b(j+1)> as it should be. Instead, I am getting result as given in the question only by <bj|R = <b(j+1)| Matrix is not working...

I know that the eigenstates of momentum operator are given by exp(ikx) To construct a real-valued and normalized wavefunction out of these eigenstates, I have, psi(x) = [exp(ikx) + exp(-ikx)]/ sqrt(2) But my trouble is, how do I find the expectation value of momentum operator <p> using this...

The expectation value of the kinetic energy operator in the ground state ##\psi_0## is given by $$<\psi_0|\frac{\hat{p^2}}{2m}|\psi_0>$$ $$=<\psi_0|\frac{1}{2m}\Big(-i\sqrt{\frac{\hbar mw}{2}}(\hat{a}-\hat{a^{\dagger}})\Big)^2|\psi_0>$$ $$=\frac{-\hbar...

I found this article which claims to have found the logarithm of derivative and even gives a formula. But I tried to verify the result by exponentiating it and failed. Additionally, folks on Stackexchange pointed out that the limit (6) in the article is found incorrectly (it does not exist)...

The operator is the ##T_{xyz}## component of the rank 3 tensor ##T=\vec{r}\otimes\vec{r}\otimes\vec{r}## whose Cartesian components are ##T_{ijk}=r_ir_jr_k##. This tensor ##T## also has spherical components ##T_{q}^{(k)}## where ##k=0,1,2,3##, which in principle can be related to their Cartesian...

Hello, please lend me your wisdom. ##\Delta u=\partial_{x1}^2u+\partial_{x2}^2u+...+\partial_{xn}^2u## ##Rx=\left<r_{11}x_1+...r_{1n}x_n+...+r_{n1}x_1+...+r_{nn}x_n\right>## ##(\Delta u)(Rx)=(\partial_{x1}^2u+\partial_{x2}^2u+...+\partial_{xn}^2u)\left<r_{11}x_1+...r_{1n}x_n...

If Hamiltonian commutes with a parity operator ##Px=-x## are then all eigenstates even or odd? Is it true always or only in one-dimensional case?

Hello guys, if I have an image with 11x11 pixels and in the center of the image is a square of 5x5 pixels, with the gray level of the background 0 and the gray level of the square is 50. How can I compute the result of the magnitude of edges(intensity of the contour) or better said the gradient...

In quantum mechanics there is no operator for time (problem with unbounded energy). position is no more an operator in field theory. was there still a problem in QM?

Hello everyone, I am new here, so please let me know if I am doing something wrong regarding the formatting or the way I am asking for help. I did not really know how to start off, so first I tried to just write out all the ##\mu \nu \rho \sigma## combinations for which ##\epsilon \neq 0## and...