Polar form Definition and 103 Threads

In mathematics, a complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is a symbol called the imaginary unit, and satisfying the equation i2 = −1. Because no "real" number satisfies this equation, i was called an imaginary number by René Descartes. For the complex number a + bi, a is called the real part and b is called the imaginary part. The set of complex numbers is denoted by either of the symbols




C



{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
or C. Despite the historical nomenclature "imaginary", complex numbers are regarded in the mathematical sciences as just as "real" as the real numbers and are fundamental in many aspects of the scientific description of the natural world.Complex numbers allow solutions to all polynomial equations, even those that have no solutions in real numbers. More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation




(
x
+
1

)

2


=

9


{\displaystyle (x+1)^{2}=-9}

has no real solution, since the square of a real number cannot be negative, but has the two nonreal complex solutions −1 + 3i and −1 − 3i.
Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers can be naturally defined by using the rule i2 = −1 combined with the associative, commutative and distributive laws. Every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. This makes the complex numbers a field that has the real numbers as a subfield. The complex numbers form also a real vector space of dimension two, with {1, i} as a standard basis.
This standard basis makes the complex numbers a Cartesian plane, called the complex plane. This allows a geometric interpretation of the complex numbers and their operations, and conversely expressing in terms of complex numbers some geometric properties and constructions. For example, the real numbers form the real line which is identified to the horizontal axis of the complex plane. The complex numbers of absolute value one form the unit circle. The addition of a complex number is a translation in the complex plane, and the multiplication by a complex number is a similarity centered at the origin. The complex conjugation is the reflection symmetry with respect to the real axis. The complex absolute value is a Euclidean norm.
In summary, the complex numbers form a rich structure that is simultaneously an algebraically closed field, a commutative algebra over the reals, and a Euclidean vector space of dimension two.

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  1. R

    A Converting this vector into polar form

    In the following%3A%20https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/sm/c3sm00140g?casa_token=3O_jwMdswQQAAAAA%3AaSRtvg3XUHSnUwFKEDo01etmudxmMm8lcU4dIUSkJ52Hzitv2c_RSQJYsoHE1Bm2ubZ3sdt6mq5S-w'] paper, the surface velocity for a moving, spherical particle is given as (eq 1)...
  2. P

    Help graphing Vectors in polar form

    The equation I'm trying to graph on desmos is this with A & B as numbers, but I'm unsure how as it is a vector. r = (A cosθ sinθ cscθ - B sinθ cscθ) i + (A cosθ sinθ cscθ + B sinθ cscθ) j
  3. srfriggen

    I Cartesian to Polar form.... Is it just a transformation of the plane?

    Hello, Today I started to think about why graphs, of the same equation, look different on the Cartesian plane vs. the polar grid. I have this visualization where every point on the cartesian plane gets mapped to a point on the polar grid through a transformation of the grids themselves...
  4. A

    Complex numbers: convert the exponential to polar form

    Summary:: Hello, my question asks if the complex exponential equation 4e^(-j) is equal to 4 ∠-180°. I tried to use polar/rectangular conversions: a+bj=c∠θ with c=(√a^2 +b^2) and θ=tan^(-1)[b/a] 4e^(-j)=4 ∠-180° c=4, 4=(√a^2 +b^2) solving for a : a=(√16-b^2) θ=tan^(-1)[b/a]= -1 b/(√16-b^2)=...
  5. V

    Finding Polar Form Expressions: -3-3i & 2√3-2i

    Express -3-3i in polar form. I know that r=3√2. And I understand that now we take tan^-1(b/a) which I did. tan^-1(-3/-3) = π/4. So I put my answer as z = 3√2 [cos(π/4) + isin(π/4)]. However the answer manual told me this was incorrect I am unsure of where I went wrong...
  6. M

    MHB Finding the impedance in rectangular and polar form

    I don't fully understand how to work out the impedance from the given equation (5j-5)x(11j-11)/(5j-5)+(11j-11). Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks. The answer needs to be in rectangular and polar form.
  7. Mutatis

    Write ##5-3i## in the polar form ##re^\left(i\theta\right)##

    Homework Statement Write ##5-3i## in the polar form ##re^\left(i\theta\right)##. Homework Equations $$ |z|=\sqrt {a^2+b^2} $$ The Attempt at a Solution First I've found the absolute value of ##z##: $$ |z|=\sqrt {5^2+3^2}=\sqrt {34} $$. Next, I've found $$ \sin(\theta) = \frac {-3} {\sqrt...
  8. E

    MHB Convert another equation x^2+y^2=4 to polar form

    x^2+y^2=4 I have so far: (r^2)cos^(theta)+(r^2)sin(theta)=4 Idk what I'm supposed to do from here
  9. E

    MHB Convert equation 8x=8y to polar form

    Convert the equation to polar form 8x=8y I thought it would be 8*r*cos(theta)=8*r*sin(theta) Said it was incorrect then I thought I needed to divide by 8 to remove it, giving me: r*cos(theta)=r*sin(theta) But that was also incorrect and now I am stuck
  10. N

    Sinusoids as Phasors, Complex Exp, I&Q and Polar form

    Hi, I am going around in circles, excuse the pun, with phasors, complex exponentials, I&Q and polar form... 1. A cos (ωt+Φ) = Acos(Φ) cos(ωt) - Asin(Φ)sin(ωt) Right hand side is polar form ... left hand side is in cartesian (rectangular) form via a trignometric identity? 2. But then...
  11. T

    How do you always put a complex function into polar form?

    Homework Statement It's not a homework problem itself, but rather a general method that I imagine is similar to homework. For a given elementary complex function in the form of the product, sum or quotient of polynomials, there are conventional methods for converting them to polar form. The...
  12. T

    MHB Additional solution for polar form of complex number

    Hi, I had a question I was working on a while back, and whilst I got the correct answer for it, I was told that there was a second solution to it that I missed. Here is the question. ] I worked my answer out to be sqrt(2)(cos(75)+i(sin(75))), however, it appears there is a second solution...
  13. G

    B How to integrate a polar graph with respect to radius

    How is this done? My textbook only specifies integrating polar graphs with respect to theta.
  14. S

    MHB Complex Numbers - writing in polar form

    Hello everyone, I have a complex number problem that i would greatly appreciate some help with. Thanks in advance to anyone offering their time to make a contribution. Q) Write the following in polar form: I have attempted the question (please see my working below) and have been advised that i...
  15. A

    Converting standard to polar form

    Homework Statement you are given the standard form z = 3 - 3i Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution so to convert this to polar form, i know that ##r = 3√2## but how do i find theta here? There are so many mixed answers it seems online that I can't tell... i know that ##(3,-3)## is in...
  16. M

    Is r,theta Equivalent to cos(theta)+isin(theta) in Complex Numbers?

    Homework Statement well this is not exactly a homework, i had an argument whith my teacher about my grade in a test, because i put a complex number in the form of R,theta and she claims that the form was costheta+isentheta, and i know that but i need to prove in a book that...
  17. rabualeez

    I Interesting question: why is ln(-1) in polar form....?

    Hi all, I was doing some math and I stumbled upon a very interesting thing. When I do ln(-1), I get πi, and when I turn that into polar coordinates on the calculator, it gives me πeiπ/2 . Why is that? I'm very curious to know, because they are so intertwined! Thank you
  18. javii

    Finding the polar form of a complex number

    Homework Statement Homework Equations r=sqrt(a^2+b^2) θ=arg(z) tan(θ)=b/a The Attempt at a Solution for a)[/B] finding the polar form: r=sqrt(-3^2+(-4)^2)=sqrt(7) θ=arg(z) tan(θ)=-4/-3 = 53.13 ° 300-53.13=306.87° -3-j4=sqrt(7)*(cos(306.87+j306.87) I don't know if my answer is correct...
  19. M

    Turning Complex Number z into Polar Form

    Homework Statement \frac{z-1}{z+1}=i I found the cartesian form, z = i, but how do I turn it into polar form?The Attempt at a Solution |z|=\sqrt{0^2+1^2}=1 \theta=arctan\frac{b}{a}=arctan\frac{1}{0} Is the solution then that is not possible to convert it to polar form?
  20. C

    Circled Part Formula in Double Integral: Explaining the Use of dA in Polar Form?

    Homework Statement can someone explain about the formula of the circled part? Why dA will become r(dr)(dθ)? Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution A = pi(r^2) dA will become 2(pi)(r)(dr) ? why did 2(pi) didnt appear in the equation ?
  21. karush

    MHB Solving Polar Form of $\sin x$: Simple Equations

    $$y=\sin\left({x}\right) $$ write in polar form This reduces to $$r=1$$ So that's not = plots Not sure why I can't get these simple equations
  22. karush

    MHB Can the Polar Form of $y=x^3$ be Plotted on W|A?

    $y=x^3$ in polar form I got to this but it didn't plot ${x}^{3}$ $$r=\pm\sqrt{\frac{\sin\left({x}\right)}{\cos^3\left({x}\right)}}$$
  23. astrololo

    Finding polar form of complex number

    Homework Statement I have the following complex numbers : -3,18 +4,19i I must put it in polar form. Homework Equations r=(a^2+b^2)^(1/2) cos x = a/r sin x = b/r The Attempt at a Solution I was able to find with cos x = a/r that the x = 127,20 But when I do it with sin x = b/r I obtain like...
  24. kostoglotov

    Gravity of a disk acting on a mass on the z axis

    Homework Statement A lamina has constant density \rho and takes the shape of a disk with center the origin and radius R. Use Newton's Law of Gravitation to show that the magnitude of the force of attraction that the lamina exerts on a body of mass m located at the point (0,0,d) on the positive...
  25. S

    Understanding Phasors: How to Sketch a Voltage Phasor in Polar Form

    Hello Excuse me, but how do I sketch the phasor of a voltage that it's V=5cos(10t+30degrees) and how the V=5sin(10t+30degrees) ? I know that these can be converted as the R<angle polar form, with R being the Vmax, ie the 5, and the angle the phase. But what doesn't it matter if I have cos or...
  26. David Carroll

    Calculators Graphing in polar form on the TI-81

    Greetings. I have been teaching myself Calculus. To do this I ordered a used Larson's 8th Edition Calculus and a used TI-81 graphing calculator. When I got to Chapter 10, I ran into a problem: the chapter introduces equations in polar form and when I whipped out my TI-81, I had no idea how to...
  27. P

    Complex Numbers converting from Polar form to Acos(wt + x)

    Homework Statement "Put each of the following into the form Acos(ωt+θ)..." (a.) 4ejt+4e-jt Homework Equations Euler's Identity: ejθ = cos(θ)+jsin(θ) Phasor Analysis(?): Mcos(ωt+θ) ←→ Mejθ j = ej π/2 Trignometric Identities The Attempt at a Solution I attempted to use phasor analysis to...
  28. N

    MHB Converting from Cartesian to polar form

    another question: convert $|\frac{1-i}{3}|$ to polar form i am getting $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3} e^{\frac{i\pi}{4}}$ but the solutions say: $e^{\frac{-i\pi}{4}}$ i did $ x = r\cos(\theta)$ and $y=r\sin(\theta)$ so $\frac{1}{3} = {\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3}}\cos(\theta)$ $\frac{1}{3} = \cos(\theta)$ And...
  29. N

    MHB What is the correct way to convert to polar form?

    I started of with attempting to convert the numerator first $ | 1 + i | = \sqrt{1^2+i^2}$ $= \sqrt{1-1} = 0$ ? this is wrong obviously, i don't see why its $\sqrt{2}$ for the second part $ |\sqrt{3} - i|= \sqrt{3+1} = 2$ $ x = r \cos\theta$ $ y = r\sin\theta$ $x = 2\cos\theta$ $...
  30. C

    Line element under coordinate transformation to get polar form

    Homework Statement Hello Guys, I am reading Hobson's General Relativity and I have come across an exercise problem, part of which frustrates me: 3.20 (P. 91) In the 2-space with line element ds^2=\frac{dr^{2}+r^{2}d\theta^{2}}{r^{2}-a^{2}}-\frac{r^{2}dr^{2}}{{(r^{2}-a^{2})}^{2}} and...
  31. C

    Find phasor current (impedance, etc.), finding polar form

    Homework Statement A 90Ω resistor, a 32 mH inductor, and a 5μF capacitor are connected in series across the terminals of a sinusoidal voltage source Vs = 750cos(5000t + 30)V. Calculate the phasor current. Homework Equations phasor current i = V/Z V in polar form = (Magnitude)(cos a + j sin...
  32. M

    How to Solve Laplace Equation in Polar Coordinates?

    Homework Statement Solve the BVP: r^{2}u_{rr} + ru_{r} + u_{ψψ} = 0 0 ≤ r ≤ 1, 0 < ψ < 2π u(1,ψ) = 0.5(π - ψ) Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I've derived the general solution of u(r,ψ) = C + r^{n}Ʃ_{n}a_{n}cos nψ + b_{n}sin nψ, where a,b, C are...
  33. T

    Write the polar form of a complex number in the form of a+ib

    Homework Statement 4{cos(13∏/6)+isin(13∏/6)} = 4((√3/2)+(i/2)) = 2√3+2i Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution This is an example from my textbook. The part which I do not understand is how to convert the cos and sin of radians into those fractions. Any help is greatly appreciated.
  34. A

    Surds in polar form of imaginary number

    Homework Statement Find the polar form for zw by first putting z and w into polar form. z=2√3-2i, w= -1+i Homework Equations Tan-1(-√3/3)= 5∏/6 The Attempt at a Solution r= √[(2√3)2+(-2)2]=4 tanθ= -2/(2√3)=-1/√3=-√3/3=> acording to above... tan-1(-√3/3)= 5∏/6 so, in polar form z should be...
  35. D

    Write 1-2i in Polar Form - Solve Confusion

    Homework Statement How do I write 1-2i in polar form? Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I know r=√5, and when using x=rcosθ, I get angle of 63.43 or 296.57. However, when I take the sin inverse of-2/√5 I get -63.43. I am really confused.
  36. E

    Problem with limits of integration - converting double integral to polar form

    Homework Statement \int_0^2 \int_0^\sqrt{2x-x^2} xy,dy,dx I know the answer, but how does the 2 in the outer integral become pi/2?? I'm fine with everything else, I just can't get this...
  37. M

    Calculating Impedance and Power in AC Circuits

    Homework Statement An impedance 8 + j7 Ω is connected in parallel with another impedance of 5 + j6 Ω. this circuit is then connected in series with another impedance, comprising a resistance of 5 Ω in series with a capacitive reactance of 7 Ω. The complete circuit is then connected to 150...
  38. V

    Find the locus of a pt in polar form

    the question is showed below i know that x=rcos θ and y= rsinθ and x^2 + y^2 = R^2 but i just dun know how to find the locus is polar form any clue ?
  39. H

    Writing in polar form a complex number

    Homework Statement Write z = 1 + √3i in polar form Homework Equations z = r (cos\varphi + sin\varphii) The Attempt at a Solution Found the modulus by |z| = √4 = 2 Now I am stuck on this part of finding the argument: Tan-1 (√3) now I am not sure how to go from that to...
  40. S

    Cube Roots of 1 in Polar Form: Stephen's Question

    Hi all, There is a question that asks? Determine the cube roots of 1 in polar form? Does that mean I can use De Moirve Formula? Stephen
  41. R

    Writing x^2 + y^2 = 1 + sin^2(xy) in polar form

    Homework Statement Write the equation x^2 + y^2 = 1 + sin^2(xy) in polar form assuming x = rcos(\phi) y = rsin(\phi) 0<r, 0<= \phi < 2pi solve for r as a function of \phi The Attempt at a Solution (rcos(\phi))^2 + (rsin(\phi))^2 = 1 + sin^2(r^2cos(\phi)sin(\phi))...
  42. Darth Frodo

    Polar Form of Complex Numbers: Understanding Quadrants and Sign Conventions

    Not homework as such, just need some clarification. When finding \alpha do you have to take the signs into account when finding tan^{-1} x/a. Does it matter if a or x are negative? Next question is about quadrants 1: \theta = \alpha 2: \theta = \pi - \alpha 3: \theta = -\pi -...
  43. R

    Multiple integrals in polar form

    Homework Statement do you see how the integral of r is .5? I don't get how that follows?
  44. A

    Cauchy-Riemann equation polar form

    I couldn't find any book discussing all of this. =================================================== U+jV=f(x+jy) W=f(z) Ux=Vy Uy= -Vx jWx=Wy <--Cauchy-Riemann equation Uxx+Uyy=0 Vxx+Vyy=0 <--harmonic condition...
  45. C

    Help with finding the modulus, polar form and polar exponential form

    Homework Statement Consider the complex number z=(i^201+i^8)/(i^3(1+i)^2). (a) Show that z can be expressed in the Cartesian form 1/2+(1/2)i. (b) Find the modulus of 4z − 2z*. (z* meaning z-bar/complex conjugate of z) (c) Write 2z in polar form. (d) Write 8z^3 in polar exponential form...
  46. C

    Why Does Arg(z) of a Complex Number Differ in Solutions?

    Homework Statement express the arg(z) and polar form of (1/\sqrt{2}) - (i/\sqrt{2}) Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Ok so I did \sqrt{(1/\sqrt{2})^{2}+(1/\sqrt{2})^{2}} = 1 so tan^{-1}(1) = \pi/4 so arg(z)=5\pi/4 but they had the answer as -3\pi/4 Am I...
  47. I

    Complex Analysis: Using polar form to show arg(z1) - arg(z2) = 2n*pi

    Homework Statement Given that z_{1}z_{2} ≠ 0, use the polar form to prove that Re(z_{1}\bar{z}_{2}) = norm (z_{1}) * norm (z_{2}) \Leftrightarrow θ_{1} - θ_{2} = 2n∏, where n is an integer, θ_{1} = arg(z_{1}), and θ_{2} = arg(z_{2}). Also, \bar{z}_{2} is the conjugate of z_{2}. Homework...
  48. I

    Form an op w/ three vectors in polar form.

    Homework Statement I'm trying to find the best solution for solving a problem in which I must form an operation with three vectors in polar form, ending with a sum in rectangular form. The operation is as follows: (5 \angle 0°) + (20 \angle -90°) - (6 \angle180°) = Homework Equations...
  49. R

    How to convert velocity potential from polar form to Cartesian coordinate form

    Homework Statement Alright, here's the question, A stream function for a plane, irrotational, polar-coordinate flow is ψ=9r^2sin^θ. Find out the velocity potential in Cartesian Co-ordinate! Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Well, I can easily find out the velocity...
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