A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur.
The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions.
Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration. Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms.
Reactions may proceed in the forward or reverse direction until they go to completion or reach equilibrium. Reactions that proceed in the forward direction to approach equilibrium are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of free energy to go forward. Non-spontaneous reactions require input of free energy to go forward (examples include charging a battery by applying an external electrical power source, or photosynthesis driven by absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the form of sunlight).
A reaction may be classified as redox in which oxidation and reduction occur or nonredox in which there is no oxidation and reduction occurring. Most simple redox reactions may be classified as combination, decomposition, or single displacement reactions.
Different chemical reactions are used during chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions (where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction) form metabolic pathways. These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions, so that metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperatures and concentrations present within a cell.
The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles, as described by quantum field theory.
We start with ##n_i## moles of phosgene and zero of the products.
The initial total pressure and also partial pressure of phosgene is ##\frac{n_iRT}{V}##.
At equilibrium, suppose ##x## moles of phosgene have reacted.
Then we have ##n_i-x## moles of phosgene left and ##x## mole of each of the...
Hi, apart from the interesting wording of this question, I'm struggling to understand the concept of what we need to do here.
I started by having three equations (summation Fx, summation Fy and Moment about Y). I also calculated the two reaction forces about A and the one rection force about B...
This experiment investigates the reaction order of iodide ion oxidation by persulphate ion. The above image is my pre lab manual. Are the two equations boxed in blue valid? This seems to imply that that the units of [A] is the same as the units of V. But units of concentration being equal to the...
When I do a press-up I consciously push down on the ground, my muscles tense, I breathe harder, I sweat, etc. When the Earth pushes back up on me (Newton's 3rd Law) is it 'doing anything', or does it push back up on me merely by virtue of it being there?
I‘ve done chemistry in high school, yet I feel I still have no idea how it really works. In physics you can just calculate everything to make predictions. But in chemistry it feels like learning vocabulary, you have to learn each word and you can not just deduce everything from simple rules...
Normally action reaction forces do not move things. In this problem they move. I wish to discuss in what way these so called constrain forces contributeto motion or kinetic energy L. Do they do wirk. Yes then why no then why not?
TL;DR Summary: E1 or E2? I did the E2 hoffman elimination because it's tbuOh so it's bulky hence does E2 with Hoffman as major product so I chose option A. But the solution manual has done E1 reaction and rearrangement so the answer marked is C. What is the correct mechanism?
Is it true that in any mechanical set-up, it is possible to predict the nature of Normal Reaction ( magnitude, direction, etc. ) without solving through the dynamical equations of motion and constraints for the set-up as Normal Reaction is completely unknown? I mean is it true that we can...
After using Superglue and baking soda for repairs, and seeing cement, ashes and other mixes, I wondered what happens with superglue and alumina powder. I mixed the two and it is more exothermic and released smoky fumes, to the point where I quickly moved it outside. I have yet to check my...
I am picking up on an old thread having revisited the associated experiment.
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/reaction-of-potassium-permanganate-and-hydrogen-peroxide-solution.992713/
10ml of Permanganate solution (0.0135 mol/liter) were reacted with 10ml of Peroxide and 10ml of vinegar...
How did you find PF?: Google
I am working on a project that requires us to protect components from high heat. We were thinking on using sodium bicarbonate, but our module needs to be exposed FIRST to 85C for long periods.... then the high heat exposure will be present. We believe this...
Conservation of charge: The sum of the charges on all the particles before and after a reaction are the same
I was considering this reaction:
n + 3 He → 3 H + p + 0,764 MeV
Making the charge balance I have:
0 + 0 (2protons + 2 electrons) → 0 (1proton + 1electron) + 1 (proton)
There is...
For this problem I set ΣFy = -3kN - 0.75kN - 3kN + Ay + By (with By representing the right side vertical force, and Ay representing the left side force). For ΣM, I used the rectangular distributed load of 0.5 kN at 3m from point A as the pivot:
ΣM = -3m*Ay - (0.5kN*4m) - 3kN*6m - 5kN*m + By*6m...
Working on a project where I need to model nuclear reactions with different fuel pellet shapes. Does anyone have recommendations for software that's good for this? Any advice or experiences are also welcome!
I am studying the reaction
$$\ce{NaX(s) + H2SO4(conc.) -> NaHSO4 + HX \uparrow} \tag{1}$$
with the conditions similar to this video below
Solid halides with concentrated sulfuric acid
What reaction is this? Precipitation reaction? In other words, will sodium bisulfate be precipitated? I...
The quantity (dE_dP)_T can be derived using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation which states that dE = TdS - PdV + μdN where E is the internal energy of the system, S is the entropy, V is the volume, N is the number of particles and μ is the chemical potential. Differentiating this equation with...
Hello are you able to explain the two incorrect ones. I am not sure how to do this as there is no phase change involved, nor is there a temperature or volume change.
Hey there,
Trying to confirm whether or not these substances emit formaldehyde gas when subject to heat of hair straightener and hairdryers. Both were ingredients in a keratin treatment i used at home and i had a crazy reaction (irritated skin, eyes, hair, nose and lungs) in the process of...
En=0 Ek(B)=0 Q=Ek3(α)+Ek4(Li) --Q=Ek3(1+m3/m4) (1)
p3=p4 /^2 -- 2*m3*Ek3=2*m4*Ek4 --- Ek4=m3/m4 * Ek3 (2)
(1) and (2) Ek4= m3/(m3+m4) * Q, but I'm not sure how to find m3 or m4 and if this is true
Out of curiosity, how fast are the hands of the pros? I have timed an exchange between BJ/ALW and JD/JI that occurred at the Baird PPA in September 2022. The ball made the (about) 14 foot trip 11 times over 4.0 seconds, for an average trip time of 363mS (milliseconds). (Average speed of 26.3...
I've been doing some research on the topic of radiation reaction force/self force in classical electrodynamics and although there are some discussions on the internet I would like direct answers to these following questions:
Is there a rigorous and universally accepted treatment of radiation...
I was able to solve b) but I am confused for a). I understand that in the proton-antiproton collision, only two quarks (one from proton and other from anti-proton) can be combined to get a virtual photon that in turn creates muon and anti-muon. I don't understand what would happen to the other...
Every time when you increase RPM on longitudinal placed internal combustion engine, car shake to side in oposite direction of crankshaft rotation.
This is reaction moment for change in RPM of crankshaft/flywheel.
How this reaction moment transfer to engine block/car if crankshaft is separated...
I am not sure of the answer. But I am guessing that infra-red rays carry more heat radiation than ultra-violet rays, and the heat is instantly felt on our skin when exposed to both these rays. So what we feel is the heat sensation from infra-red rays and that sensation is missing when it's...
$$ln{x/t}=lnk +aln[S_2O^{2-}_8] $$ From the above equation,I made a table with the experimental data of the two terms ##ln{x/t}## and ##ln[S_2O^{2-}_8] ##Bur I didn't mention units for them as I had known that even if k had unit,##lnk ## wouldn't have had.But my teacher pointed out...
Homework Statement:: This is not a homework, but I want to know how to find the joint reaction force of the 2d elbow flexion, if I know the angular acceleration of the forearm, and the mass of elbow with a known weight on hand. I assume the forearm is a simple cylinder. Suppose the angular...
Figure:
My attempt at a solution:
We know that ##Q=A_T##
We calculate ##Q##:
$$Q=\dfrac{3\cdot 480}{2}+\dfrac{600\cdot 6}{2}+600\cdot 2=3720\, \textrm{lb}$$
Then we look for the point ##\overline{x}## of the centre of gravity:
$$\overline{x_1}=1\, \textrm{ft},\quad...
Hello,
When we consider a block sitting on a surface, the gravitational force ##W## and the normal force ##F_N## are applied to the block. Both equal i magnitude and opposite in direction. We call the normal force the reaction force exerted by the surface on the block.
Now we consider the...
Using the gibbs free energy equation ## \Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S ##, If I have a reaction where ##\Delta H## is negative (exothermic?) and ## \Delta S## is negative it makes ##\Delta G## positive at higher temperatures which means the reaction is nonspontaneous at higher temperatures...
I feel that the answer is B)
because Increasing the pressure increases the intermolecular forces Of the gas molecules but I do not see how this In effect will lead to an increase in the enthalpy
Spearmint extract and lemon balm have an effect of making you faster in ball games and martial arts, not only improving mental cognition.
https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/nootropic-spearmint-extract-may-improve-reactive-agility-according-new-study
The active compound in it seems to be...
So this is a very simple concept but I am not explaining it well:
Let's say you have 4 reactants in 2 different reactions (apologies: the symbols I am using do NOT exist, other than the "C" symbol, I just can't find real elements so that I am using just alphabet symbols as an allegory to show...
Energy = ##\frac{2000}{235}## x 6.02 x 1023 x 0.7% x 200 x 1 x 106 x 1.6 x 10-19 = 1.15 x 1012 J
But the answer is 1.15 x 109 J
I am off by a factor of 1000. Where is my mistake?
Thanks
What is the significance of
7Li(p,e+e−)8Be direct proton-capture reaction ?
there are these papers,
Slope of the astrophysical S factor for the 7Li(p,γ)8Be reaction
January 2000
https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Physical-Review-C-1089-490X 61(1):15802-
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevC.61.015802
The...
I do understand that gravitational the electromagnetic force between two electrons or protons is very large compared to the gravitational force between them. I can see this by looking at the equation of gravitational force (##F= \frac {Gm_1m_2} {r^2}##) and the equation of electrical force given...
Okay, so I just read a couple of the Mentor Bios/Interviews and I feel like a preschooler who just happened to crawl into a PhD symposium. To say that I'm completely, way-out of my league here doesn't even begin to come close to an understatement, I actually don't think that such a word even...
Hello, I have been working on this subject but I am not sure how to deal with it. I am looking to prove how can vinegar attenuate the pain of a bee sting.
I have chosen a specific vinegar that is of 6° and 50 ml and Know the molecular weight of acetic acid is 60g/mol.
The bee sting contains...
I have an ash which is a mix of oxides (Cr2O3, CuO, ZnO, PbO, CdO, NiO, SiO2, MgO, CaO). I am adding phosphoric acid. But as a weak acid, will it react with oxides? If so, are these conversions 100% or more of a equillibrium (partial conversion).
I you need more information, be sure to ask.
I have a solid ash mix containing oxides(ZnO, NiO, MgO, Cr2O3, etc.) and salts (Na2SO4, K2SO4, apatite, etc.). I am supposed to write all of the reactions with phosphoric acid (should be between 1 and 2 mol/l) and put it in a simulation for mass and energy balances. But since phosphoric acid is...
In Britannica's article on nuclear fusion, I came across the following description of the recycle of triton and neutrons:
What puzzle me are why the tritons are produced from the D-T fusion reaction, given that the products are alpha particle, neutron, and energy; and how the neutrons can be...
Greetings, I have tried to find the reactions of the bearings on the Y direction in the intermediate shaft. but I couldn´t find the numerical results of the solutions
here is my attempt:
in order to find the forces I did the moment equilibruim around the point A and B
With FT1 FT2 and...
Hello , we learned in thermodynamics that to calculate ΔHr °(of the reaction ) using ΔHf °(standard heat of formation ), we have to respect that
ΔHf °=ΔHr ° of a reaction forming 1 mol of compound from pure elements in their most stable form at standard state .
the problem is when we want to...
Hi,
In general relativity, gravitation is not anymore a Force but a deformation of space time. I would like to know what's becomes the 3 law of Newton for gravity that action equal reaction ? When a apple fall on the earth, does "the force" is exactly the same as the one applied on Earth ...
Since the heat of formtion of H2O is -285.8 and the heat of formation of CO2 is -393.5 I thought that the heat of reaction CH4 + 2O2
should be -393.5 + 2(-285.80 = -965.1
Where am I wrong?
we assume that we have an exergonic reaction , a substrate going to a product , is the negative ΔG′° the principal reason that the equilibrium favors the product (there is more product than substrate at equilibrium )?, or it is not and that depends on other factors? , thanks .
Could I ask for a hint as to where to go next with this question please?
I've done this first part, to find the reaction on the wall. Here's my diagram:
I've labelled the internal forces at B in red.
In green I've shown the reaction at the ring.
So I need to find sqrt(Rx^2 + Ry^2) = R.
So...
Hello All :
Good day :
i found a small magnet and it reacted strangely with my body , the magnet is 5 mm in diameter , and less than 4 mm thickness , i rob it few times on my left hand vain it stuck , which i do not understand why !
i checked on other people about 3 one of them had the same...