Theory Definition and 1000 Threads

What happened to the membrane bound organelles that were present in the eukaryote that gulped the primary endosymbiont (that is, the eukaryote that gulped a prokaryote), after the secondary endosymbiosis.

The textbook proves that ##x^a x^b = x^{a+b}## by an induction argument on b. However, is an induction argument really necessary here? Can't we just look at the LHS and note that there are a ##a## x's multiplied by ##b## x's, so there must be ##a+b## x's?

In classical field theory, translational (in space and time) symmetry leads the derivation of the energy-momentum tensor using Noether's theorem. From this it is possible to derive four conserved charges. The first turns out to be the Hamiltonian, and thus we have energy conservation. The...

Hi everybody, I have a question: is an abelian group can be isomorphic to a non-abelian group? Thank you everybody.

I have been attempting to unravel Abbe’s theory, of the role of diffraction in microscopic vision, in a ‘nuts and bolts’ sort of way, meaning in terms that I can understand: diffraction, interference and so on. While Fourier transforms are clearly at the heart of the process the assertion that...

Instead of the 10,11, and 26 dimensions proposed by various theories, could there be, let's say 10 positive dimensions, existing of 9 of space and one of time, but also 1 negative dimension? This is just a random theory. I have no idea what a negative dimension would hold, but I think it would...

Good afternoon people; recently I decided to give a study break from control engineering; now I'm back. I'm studying again control theory and I see some good results. By the way I got stuck in a topic called root locus method. Now my issue is not about how to sketch the root loci graph (BTW I...

Lightcone gauge is ##X^u=\tau=1/\sqrt{2}(X^0+X^{D-1})## (1) The mode expansions are: My book says 'it is possible to solve for one of the oscillators in terms of all the others' with this relation. What is a oscillator? Is this any of the ##X^{D}## coordinates, what exactly does ##n##...

Are there anything new in String theory?

In mechanical engineering we have various courses in strenght of materials, and I've noticed that graduate students learn the Theory of Elasticity. I've researched a little bit about it, and I know that the Theory of Elasticity is more general than strenght of materials. But I have some doubts...

The question is about to derive an approximate expression by regular solution theory, It is difficult for me to find relevant source on this question. However, the question to me is so vague that I do not know how to answer. What I have tried is to search what the interaction parameter is...

So I did this lab on momentum on jets and the theory is that "a force is applied on the plate due to change of momentum" the jet both impacted on a flat plate and on a hemispherical plate; now i understand that the greater the angle of deflection of the water jet, the greater the change of...

Hi all, I have an offer to do an MSc in QFFF at Imperial or an MSc in Mathematical Physics at Edinburgh, or (with luck) an MSc in Theoretical Physics at Kings College London (KCL). Technically, QFFF is the best (i.e most reputable) course - but I have heard very bad things about how it's...

Homework Statement Hi, In some of the diode analysis examples that we did in class, we often end up with circuits like the ones shown here. I'm quite confused because sometimes I understand them and other times I just don't know how these voltages are coming from. It really makes me question...

Homework Statement [/B] Use Max Planck's quantum theory to explain the following behavior of photoelectrons. i) Low-intensity light does not release any photoelectrons. What will happen if the light is made brighter? Explain your reasoning. ii) Low-intensity light releases photoelectrons...

I have an acquaintance who maintains that in quantum field theory, primarily the cgs system is used. OK, I know it's not really important, but I was under the impression that everyone had switched to SI. (My book on quantum field theory has very few actual quantities with units outside of GeV...

I am looking for an accessible textbook in group theory. The idea here is to use it to learn basic group theory in order to take up Galois Theory. My background includes Calculus I-IV, P/Differential Equations, Discrete Mathematics including some graph theory, Linear algebra, and am currently...

The thread https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/qft-operators-time-space-asymmetry.906369/ contains the first recommendation I have seen in these forums for Klauber's book, and instead of hijacking that thread I thought I might ask a question here. I find the book more readable than many for...

Homework Statement A cylinder containing an ideal gas is in vertical position and has a piston of mass ##M## that is able to move up or down without friction (Fig. 13.2). If the temperature is increases, ...Fig (13.2) (a) both ##p## and ##V## of the gas will change. (b) only ##p## will...

Here's an interesting article from Quanta magazine: https://www.quantamagazine.org/20170223-bootstrap-geometry-theory-space/ and some backstory: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap_model

Hey everyone, So I'm writing the script for a Youtube show I'm making, and it's pretty heavy on the science/physics side in terms of exposition. So before i jump into what i want to ask let me just briefly explain the story. A Time traveler and his time traveling machine go back 30 years in...

Let $\beta$ be an ordinal. Prove that $A\cap \bigcup\beta=\bigcup\{A\cap X\mid X \in \beta\}$ I'm not sure on this. It looks a bit like union distributing over intersection. Please help.

The Special Theory of Relativity is based on the observations of an outside observer on a system traveling at the speed of light. There is no single point of reference to determine speed. So speed is determined relative to another object. This being the case an Apple traveling at the speed of...

Find a function g from {0,1} to B\A such that f^-1(g(x)) = x +2 for x∈{0,1}. Present it in the 2-row form. A = {{1},2,3} and B = {∅,1,{2},3} I know that B\A = {∅,1,{2}} and f is a bijection from A to B\A how do I find such function g? It obviously can't be bijection, how do I match one value to...

Let's talk about the function ##f(x)=x^n##. It's derivative of ##k^{th}## order can be expressed by the formula: $$\frac{d^k}{dx^k}=\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}x^{n-k}$$ Similarly, the ##k^{th}## integral (integral operator applied ##k## times) can be expressed as: $$\frac{n!}{(n+k)!}x^{n+k}$$ According...

Homework Statement [/B] How are we able to go from the first line to the second line and then the second line to the third? Homework Equations Euler Identity: e^j(theta) = cos(theta) +jsin(theta) The Attempt at a Solution This problem is more about preliminary theory in my opinion so I tried...

what is the current consensus on inflation, as recent article in SciAM https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/sciam3.pdf the 3 authors are highly respected physicists in the field they conclusion inflation is internally inconsistent and inconsistent with best measurements from PLANCK CMB...

Hi! I'm currently learning for my QFT exam with the book from srednicki (here as pdf: http://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~mark/ms-qft-DRAFT.pdf) and I am trying to understand the chapter "Effective field theory" (p. 185 in the pdf above) He first introduces an ultraviolet cutoff Λ and then computes...

Hello, here there are 2 things (one about hologramic universe and the other about a quantum physics test similar to the slit lamp. The first one is about the Bohm and Pibram as well as one about Alain Aspect 1982 study: articles about their theories...

I had heard of adinkras but didn't realize that they were meant to play this role. Nor did I realize that the representation theory of supersymmetry is mathematically underdeveloped.

Are interpretations that are non linear with respect to the wave function (eg. GRW, transactional) compatible with string theory?

Why the center of Newton's ring is dark? though I am thinking the path difference in the center is zero between two reflected rays... so,I will be glad if you give the correct information about that...

Gravitons are particles believed to be the cause of gravity but can anyone tell me their principle and how they work

I need details on this topic ,this is my assignment but my solid state physics is not so good,and don't know much about it but i have to do this assignment ,i have material on reciprocal lattice but for only including in assignment ,not for my understanding,so i directly need any material on...

Does anyone know of a book or web page that gives a history of the concept of a module and the history of modules in algebra ... i have not not been able to find a book that covers the history of modules nor a website ... Help will be appreciated... Peter

Anyone familiar with possibility theory and possibilistic analysis? I came across it during my own research on expert human reasoning/decision making. Here is a brief description of possibility theory from a recent article behind a paywall. As I see it, possibility theory offers a novel way...

Hello everybody! I hope you are having a great day ! My question: is the strings theory a REAL theory ... is it really the final answer to the relationship between relativity and quantum mechanics! ? [emoji54]

Has anyone heard of "Bauer's Paradox" in Einstein's working out his equations for General Relativity? The description I came across was extremely fuzzy (something about an expression for a certain tensor adding up to be zero when it shouldn't, or vice-versa), so I am looking for a better...

If light is pure energy, then how can gravitational lensing work? And if light has some mass, how can it change directions instantly when it is traveling through a prism? My high school science teacher had no answer 45 years ago.

Is it mathematically correct to call any group operation in ##(G,\cdot)## composition?

I bought a maths book and have discovered it's somewhat above my level. In particular I'm confused about one bit of notation. I understand the "is a member of" operator when it takes a set as argument (e.g. n ∈ ℝ) but not when the book uses it with functions (e.g. n ∈ f) Does n ∈ f mean that...

Homework Statement Find all integer solutions to x2 + y2 + z2 = 51. Use "without loss of generality." Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution My informal proof attempt: Let x, y, z be some integers such that x, y, z = (0 or 1 or 2 or 3) mod 4 Then x2, y2, y2 = (0 or 1) mod 4 So x2 +...

i have found one article state something like this:"""Any real evolution (macroevolution) requires an expansion of the gene pool, the addition of new genes (genons) with new information for new traits as life is supposed to move from simple beginnings to ever more varied and complex forms...

I often read about how famous theoretical physicists have made ground-breaking contributions to physics, but I always end up wondering how they are able to "discover" something that they have never seen or experienced. I believe that it has to do with the application of mathematical theories to...

My question is very simple. As far as I know, once upon a time there was the Lorentz Ether Theory. This theory admitted existence of so-called Ether as a certain preferred frame, which was undetectable because of physical contraction of moving material bodies in direction of their motion. In...

so, i love physics, and the more i look the more it seems our understanding of things are wrong. no planet #9, but now a mysterious planet-nine, dark energy, etc etc. so my question probably lies in theory, but getting close to applied physics. planet-nine, from what i have seen, the...

I'm having a bit of trouble with counting the number of physical ("propagating") degrees of freedom (dof) in field theories. In particular I've been looking at general relativity (GR) and classical electromagnetism (EM). Starting with EM: Naively, given the 4-potential ##A^{\mu}## has four...

Homework Statement Let ##R(\theta) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} \cos(\theta) & -\sin(\theta)\\ \sin(\theta)& \cos(\theta)\\ \end{array} \right) \in O(2)## represent a rotation through angle ##\theta##, and ##X(\theta) = \left( \begin{array}{cc} \cos(\theta) & \sin(\theta)\\ \sin(\theta)&...

Hi, I have recently began studying quantum field theory and have just seen how the quantization of the complex scalar field, noting that there is invariance of the action under a phase rotation shows the existence of antiparticles. I just have a couple of questions, apologies in advance if...

This was off-topic in the thread on vacuum fluctuations where the quote appeared, so I opened a new one. I didn't know the paper before, so first need to read it...