Thermo Definition and 299 Threads

Thermo Fisher Scientific is an American provisioner of scientific instrumentation, reagents and consumables, and software and services to healthcare, life science, and other laboratories in academia, government, and industry (including in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors). Based in Waltham, Massachusetts, Thermo Fisher was created in 2006 by the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific, to form a company with US$ 9 billion in combined revenues.
The combined company has acquired other reagent, consumable, instrumentation, and service providers, including Life Technologies Corporation in 2013 (for US$ 13.6 billion, for probe reagents and advanced DNA sequencing services), Advanced Scientifics (US$ 300 million, for bioprocessing technologies) and Alfa Aesar (US$ 405 million, for research chemicals), both in 2015; Affymetrix (US$ 1.3 billion, for gene chip technologies) and MTI-GlobalStem (amount unknown, for cell transfection and neurobiology), both in 2016; FEI Company (US$ 4.2 billion, an electron microscope manufacturer), Finesse Solutions (amount unknown, for bioproduction control systems and software), Core Informatics (amount unknown, for cloud-based scientific data management), and Patheon (US$ 7.2 billion, for its contract development and manufacturing services), all in 2017; Becton, Dickinson's Advanced Bioprocessing business in 2018 (amount unknown, for further bioprocessing products); and Brammer Bio in 2019 (US$ 1.7 billion, for gene therapy manufacturing capabilities).
As of 2017, the company had revenues of $21 billion and was a Fortune 500 company. As of 2018, the company employed on the order of 70,000 workers, and was reporting $US 24 billion in annual revenues.
In March 2020, Thermo Fisher received emergency use authorization from the FDA for a test for SARS-CoV-2 to help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.

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  1. yecko

    Question about Partial Differentials from my Thermo homework

    From the solution of my thermodynamics homework, $$ ({\frac{\partial h_{fg}/T}{\partial T}})_P \\ = ({\frac{\partial h_{g}/T}{\partial T}})_P - ({\frac{\partial h_{f}/T}{\partial T}})_P = \frac{1}{T} ({\frac{\partial h_{g}}{\partial T}})_P - \frac {h_g}{T^2} - \frac{1}{T} ({\frac{\partial...
  2. Twigg

    Kelvin-Planck 2nd Law of Thermo & a Syringe Steam Engine

    So I found this steam engine on the youtubes: Consider the system not including the candles, only including the can that makes up the boiler shell and the piston, flywheel, etc. The boiler can acts as a hot reservoir; however, the Kelvin-Planck statement of the 2nd law says you can't have an...
  3. L

    How hard is the maths for Mechanical Principles and Thermo in ME studies?

    i going to do the online HNC mechanical engineering. its has 2 units mechanical principles and thermo. i was wonder how hard is it to learn those units and the maths online or with online tutor. i can do the maths if its inperson in class but learn on line I am not sure.
  4. J

    Question about the derivation of Exact Differentials in thermo

    What I don't understand is why ##dS## is expanded in only the two differentials ##dV## and ##dT.## Why doesn't it look more like: $$dS = \left(\dfrac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)_{T,P,U} \ dV + \left(\dfrac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)_{V,P,U} \ dT + \left(\dfrac{\partial S}{\partial...
  5. Anon_Miner

    Where do I put this Server Room's air exhaust?

    Hey guys. I have a room which i want to use as a server room. the devices need to work 24/7 and they get pretty hot. so it is imperative to keep the room cool otherwise the devices will be damaged. I have an air vent to bring cold air into the room for the devices so their fans can suck in cold...
  6. Y

    Entropy change when melting ice then refreezing the water

    ##dmL_f= Q \; \; ##,##∆T=\frac{T(v_l-v_s)∆P}{L} \; \;##,##\frac{dmL_f}{T_0}= dS_2 \; \;##,##\frac{dmL_f}{T_1}= dS_1 ##
  7. Y

    Temperature change in a gas expansion

    1- ##\delta P_V =(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T} )_V \delta T_V## 2-##\delta V =(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P \delta T+(\frac{\partial V}{\partial P})_T \delta P## so ##C_v \delta T=-P\delta V=-P((\frac{\partial V}{\partial T})_P \delta T+(\frac{\partial V}{\partial P})_T \delta P)## I can...
  8. WienerProcess

    Courses Any advice for doing well in thermo?

    Hello. I'm a Senior in high school taking a 200-level thermodynamics course at a local university, and it's turned out to be much more difficult than I had anticipated. I had already taken and done well in quite a few college courses (including double-listed 400/500-level PDEs last year), so I...
  9. Magellanic

    Thermo: Calculating the temperature drop from gas leaving a system

    Hi PF! I have a tricky problem that I'm trying to model, and none of the typical textbook examples cover this--or they only cover it tangentially--so I was hoping to get some insight here. (Couldn't find a "Thermodynamics" section of the forums so if there's a better place to post this, please...
  10. Jacob Daniel

    Derive an expression from the Gibbs-Thompson relation

    Homework Statement The Gibbs-Thompson relation provides a correlation between solubility and radius of curvature. Consider two spherical particles of radius r and R present in a solvent, with R >> r. The rate of dissolution of the smaller particles (the rate of decrease in its radius with time)...
  11. L

    Thermo - Difference between Potential and P/rho

    Ok, I am stuck on understanding when to use a part of an equation and when not to. e = (P/rho) + (Ke/m) + (Pe/m) where P is pressure, Ke and Pe are Kinetic and potential energy divided by mass. Ok, if we look at P/rho and P is defined as rho(g)(h) then the rho's divide out and we are left...
  12. Screwed

    How to calculate a coefficient of performance (COP)

    Homework Statement Homework Equations [/B][/B] 3. The Attempt at a Solution Here's my solution attempt: NOTE: Evolution 2 to 3 is really an isothermic process, but in the diagram shows as an politropic process. 4. Further Questions But it isn't giving me logical values of COP...
  13. A

    Classical Searching for Challenging Physics Problems: E&M, Optics, Thermo & Mechanics

    Hi! As the title suggests, I am searching for some good problem books with really challenging problems for classical physics, more precisely on the topics of electricity and elecromagnetism, geometrical optics and wave optics, thermodynamics and analytical mechanics. When I say challenging I...
  14. L

    Partial Thermo analysis of a Crower engine

    Hi everyone. Some years ago I read about the Crower six cycle engine. Always wanted to understand it better. And now is the time to follow up on that desire. I’m trying to calculate what happens during the water injection. The goal is to determine the conditions (pressure, temperature)...
  15. G

    Help on a thermodynamics problem -- Power from a steam turbine

    Homework Statement Homework Equations P=F*V, dU=Q-W?, W=m(h1-h2) The Attempt at a Solution I have the initial conditions and final conditions written out. For W=m(h1-h2), I have W=9.48(h1-h2). I am having problems with the h values, which can be found in the steam tables.
  16. K

    (thermo) how to calculate the temperature of a coal furnace (applied)

    I am an new EE with my FE, but my thermo knowledge is lacking in many areas. Its one area where i would like to become an expert. So i try to find ways of applying thermo analysis on my free time to imprve my skills. where here is one and I have no idea where to even start. a youtuber with a...
  17. BillTre

    Thermo Activation of Individual Neurons in Live Vertebrates

    A very cool new molecular neuro trick Here's some background and a loose summary. Here is the main reference (surprisingly openly available!). In recent years, neurobiologists have been able to get neurons to make particular proteins by various means (such as filling the cells or in someway...
  18. Ahmed Abdalla

    Schools Is a C grade in thermo really bad?

    Hey all, I'm currently studying for my thermo final and it's really kicking my butt. My average has been a C and if I do EXTREMELY well on my final I'll be REALLY pushing for a B. I'm not sure how thermo is taught in other universities, but I'm learning it through statistical mechanics with...
  19. alfab

    What math to take alongside Physics 3 Thermo and Waves

    I am enrolling for classes for next semester and I have the option to take either differential Equations or Linear algebra or both next semester. I have completed Calc 1, 2, and I am completing multivariable this semester. I am a physics major and going into thermo and waves next semester so I...
  20. M

    Thermodynamics: Compression of an Adiabatic Gas

    Homework Statement Assume 1.500 mol of a monatomic ideal gas is compressed from 3.00 L to 1.00 L. a. If the initial and final temperature is 10.0 °C, what are the initial and final pressures (in atm)? b. How much work input (in kJ) is required if a reversible isothermal path at 10.0 °C is...
  21. L

    Final temperature real gas behaving ideally

    Homework Statement Please consider a mixture of oxygen (1 mole), nitrogen (4 mole), and carbon dioxide (3 mole). The mixture was heated in a well - insulated vessel with 753 kJ. Determine the final temperature if the mixture is composed of real gases behaving ideally as described by Eq. 3.48...
  22. L

    Thermodynamics Compressibility Factor

    Homework Statement Please consider ethylene at 152oF and 126 atm. Please determine the molar volume (ft3/lbmole) if Z is determined by Corresponding States Theory. Homework Equations Z=PVm/RmT Vm= Molar volume R=Rm/M M= molecular weight Rm=1545(ft*lbf)/(lbmol*oR) Zc=(Pcvc)/(R*Tc) Tc=283 K...
  23. C

    How to find mass given pressure and temperature

    Homework Statement A 3-m3 rigid vessel contains steam at 10 MPa and 500 degC. The mass of the steam is? I know this question involves using a thermo-table, I'm just very confused on how to find mass from the given information. Homework Equations Maybe PV=nRT The Attempt at a Solution I...
  24. L

    Thermodynamics Work from pressure

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  25. FQVBSina_Jesse

    Finding mass of working fluid needed in a thermo cycle

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  26. LGS1970

    What is the Time Required to Boil Away 1.0kg of Ice Using 900W of Power?

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  27. Ryaners

    Thermo: isothermal, reversible expansion of ideal gas

    Homework Statement Two moles of a monatomic ideal gas are at a temperature of 300K. The gas expands reversibly and isothermally to twice its original volume. Calculate the work done by the gas, the heat supplied and the change in internal energy. So: T = 300K; ΔT = 0 n = 2; R = 8.314 J K-1...
  28. Z

    Classical How good is this Thermo textbook?

    Thermodynamics (Yunus Cengel Michael Boles , 8) I'm taking Thermodynamics right now at my community college and if you saw my last post about my physics teacher, you know I have the right to be paranoid about not learning enough in my classes. I've always heard Thermo for mechanical engineers...
  29. saybrook1

    Seeking formal derivation for common thermo equation

    Hi guys, I was hoping that someone might be able to help me out with a formal derivation of this common thermodynamic equation regarding the change in entropy during an isothermal change of state. The first equation is what I would like to derive, and the second is where the book tells me to...
  30. grassstrip1

    Temperature Limits in Heat Conducting Piston Problem with Friction

    Homework Statement Air in an insulated cylinder is separated by a piston into two equal valves. When the pin is removed, the system comes to a new equilibrium position. There is friction between the piston and the cylinder walls but friction does not influence the mechanical equilibrium...
  31. Z

    I How do you find Z when the temperature line ends on the compressibility chart?

    How do you find a value for Z using the compressibility chart when the temperature line you're trying to use ends? For example, if you look at the compressibility chart and try to find a value for z with P_r = .75 and T_r = .96, you will notice that the line for T_r = .95 ends well before the...
  32. Z

    Why isn't the temperature of this vapor T_sat?

    A rigid tank with a volume of 2.00m3 contains 5.77 kg of saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 75 deg C. Now the water is slowly heated. Determine the temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized. Why isn't the temperature just 75C? If it is already a mixture in...
  33. Elvis 123456789

    Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas

    Homework Statement An ideal monatomic gas has initial pressure Po and occupies initial volume Vo. The gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion in which the volume is doubled. Calculate in terms of Po and Vo a) the final pressure of the gas b) the change in its enthalpy during the...
  34. Z

    Programs What type of engineering uses a lot of thermo?

    I'm taking mechanical engineering thermodynamics right now and it's awesome. We just got into enthalpy and stuff like that and it's so interesting. It has me thinking that maybe I want to do something that has a lot of thermo or subjects that are similar.
  35. A

    Thermo: Principles behind temperature drop across a valve

    Hi everyone Would like some help here. If I draw a control volume across a valve that I can control the flow area to, and I know the temperature and pressure upstream of the valve, I will know its enthalpy:in. High temperature liquid going through this valve supposedly changes to steam due...
  36. D

    Entropy Thermodynamics: Calculate ∆S for 1 Mol of Diatomic Gas

    Homework Statement A sample consisting of 1 mol of a diatomic perfect gas with Cv,m = 3/2 R is heated from 100 ºC to 300 ºC at constant pressure. Calculate ∆S for the system. Homework Equations Cv,m = 3/2 R The Attempt at a Solution Cpm=Cvm +r because we want cp right isobaric ∆S= Cp ln...
  37. H

    2nd law of thermodynamics heat pump problem

    Homework Statement Here is the problem: An inventor claims to have developed a heat pump that provides a 180 kW heating effect for a 293 K household while only consuming 70 kW of power and using a heat source at 273 K. Can this claim be possible? Homework Equations COP of heat pump = Qh/W COP...
  38. N

    Confusion about 2nd law of thermo

    Entropy has units of kJ/kg K and energy has units of kJ. So my question is if entropy is not conserved how is energy conserved when there is a unit of energy within entropy?
  39. U

    Thermo - double Vrms, find heat required

    Homework Statement n moles of a diatomic gas with CV =5/2 R has initial pressure pi and volume Vi. The gas undergoes a process in which the pressure is directly proportional to the volume until the rms speed of the molecules has doubled. a. Show this process on a pV diagram. b. How much heat...
  40. R

    What's the nature of a force acting on this gas? (Thermo)

    Homework Statement A gas in equilibrium has distribution function: f(p,r) = C0*(1+y*x)(2*pi*m*k*T)-3/2*exp(-p2/(2*m*k*T)) where x is the distance along an axis with fixed origin, and y is a constant. What's the nature of the force acting on this gas? Homework Equations Maxwell bolztmann...
  41. R

    Applying first law of thermo to a closed spring piston

    Homework Statement A cylinder having a piston restrained by a linear spring (of spring constant 15 kN/m) contains 0.5 kg of saturated vapor water at 120ºC. Heat is transferred to the water causing piston to rise. If the piston’s cross sectional area is 0.05 m2 and the pressure varies linearly...
  42. H

    Thermodynamics pure substances problem

    Homework Statement Hellooo, so this is the question that i have: A 0.5-m3 rigid tank initially contained a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 140 °C is now heated until the mixture reaches the critical state. Determine the mass and the volume of liquid before the heating process...
  43. O

    How Do You Calculate Work and Entropy Generation for Reversible Processes?

    Homework Statement Atmospheric air at 300K and 100kPa is to be delivered to a line at 600K, 200kPa. Two possible schemes for doing this are suggested. The first scheme involves reversible adiabatic compression and then internally reversible isobaric heating. .The second scheme involves...
  44. G

    Would an Eternal Universe Violate the Second Law of Thermo?

    http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html Some people claim that universe has existed for eternity to get around the Big Bang theory. However wouldn't this violate either the 1st of 2nd laws of Thermodynamics which forbid perpetual motion of the 1st and 2nd kind...
  45. B

    Open System, Heat Transfer & Thermo I

    1. Homework Statement We want to heat up 200 liters of water in a bathtub from 15 ◦C to 30 ◦C. The temperature is increased by adding marble stones to the water. The initial temperature of the marble stones is 773, 15 K. Assume that the marble is rigid, with the heat capacity cm = 0.88 J ·K−1...
  46. Lagraaaange

    (Thermo) Radiation in Cavity. Work and Compression?

    Homework Statement U = u(T)V; P=u(T)/3 a. Find (ds/dt)v and (ds/dv)T in terms of u. Ans. (ds/dt)v = 1/T[du/dt] and (ds/dv)T = 1/T[du/dv + P]...Correct b. Show that u(T) = Const*T^4 equate partials above and integrate...Correct c. Find a Relation between V and T during adiabatic compression or...
  47. MexChemE

    Exploring Thermo in Batman: Arkham Origins

    Hello, PF! Days ago, while playing Batman: Arkham Origins, I was wandering through the Batcave when I noticed something that caught my eye immediately. There's a nice, cozy lab in there which includes a blackboard where Bruce Wayne apparently did some kind of thermodynamic calculations, which...
  48. Lagraaaange

    Thermo: Show that the internal energy at constant entropy and volume decrease

    Homework Statement Show that the internal energy at constant entropy and volume decrease for a spontaneous process Homework Equations F = U-TS The Attempt at a Solution Use Clausius: dS-dQ/dT > 0 Assume constant volume: TdS > dU assume constant entropy this becomes 0>dU Since dU is...
  49. Ariel Jo

    Supercooled Steam Homework: Solving for Tf, Condensation Fraction & ΔS

    Homework Statement You have 0.50 mol of steam which has been supercooled to 95˚C at 1 atm. Since the steam is below the boiling/condensation point, it proceeds to partially condense into liquid water. This happens in a thermally-insulated vessel at constant pressure. (a) When the system...
  50. leafjerky

    [Thermo] One m^3 of an ideal gas expands in an isothermal

    Homework Statement One m3 of an ideal gas expands in an isothermal process from 760 to 350 kPa. Determine the specific work done by the gas. Homework Equations ω=W/m 1W2=mRTln(P1/P2) = P1V1ln(P1/P2) P1V1=P2V2 The Attempt at a Solution P1V1ln(P1/P2) = (760)(1)ln(760/350) = 589.29kJ...
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