Thermo Definition and 299 Threads

Thermo Fisher Scientific is an American provisioner of scientific instrumentation, reagents and consumables, and software and services to healthcare, life science, and other laboratories in academia, government, and industry (including in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors). Based in Waltham, Massachusetts, Thermo Fisher was created in 2006 by the merger of Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific, to form a company with US$ 9 billion in combined revenues.
The combined company has acquired other reagent, consumable, instrumentation, and service providers, including Life Technologies Corporation in 2013 (for US$ 13.6 billion, for probe reagents and advanced DNA sequencing services), Advanced Scientifics (US$ 300 million, for bioprocessing technologies) and Alfa Aesar (US$ 405 million, for research chemicals), both in 2015; Affymetrix (US$ 1.3 billion, for gene chip technologies) and MTI-GlobalStem (amount unknown, for cell transfection and neurobiology), both in 2016; FEI Company (US$ 4.2 billion, an electron microscope manufacturer), Finesse Solutions (amount unknown, for bioproduction control systems and software), Core Informatics (amount unknown, for cloud-based scientific data management), and Patheon (US$ 7.2 billion, for its contract development and manufacturing services), all in 2017; Becton, Dickinson's Advanced Bioprocessing business in 2018 (amount unknown, for further bioprocessing products); and Brammer Bio in 2019 (US$ 1.7 billion, for gene therapy manufacturing capabilities).
As of 2017, the company had revenues of $21 billion and was a Fortune 500 company. As of 2018, the company employed on the order of 70,000 workers, and was reporting $US 24 billion in annual revenues.
In March 2020, Thermo Fisher received emergency use authorization from the FDA for a test for SARS-CoV-2 to help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic.

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  1. E

    Thermo Question: The math behind systems in thermal contact

    Hi! I am reading Molecular Driving Forces, 2nd ed., by Dill & Bromberg. On page 53, example 3.9, we consider why energy exchanges between two systems from the point of view of the 2nd law. We consider two separate systems. Each has ten particles, and each particle has two possible energy...
  2. A

    Thermo: Dependence of pressure on entropy at a constant temperature

    Homework Statement I was asked to prove that (dP/dS)T (subscript T ie, at a constant temperature) equals κPV ("kappa"PV, or, isothermal compressibility x pressure x volume). By using the Maxwell relation -(dS/dP)T = (dT/dV)P I got an answer of -1/(alpha*volume) but cannot find out how to...
  3. Z

    (THERMO) - Adiabatic Expansion - known P1, P2, and T1

    Question: in a bicycle pump the preasure increases from [p1 = 10^5] to [p2 = 30^5]. If the process is adiabatic ant the air starts at [T1 = 293 K], find the maximum temperature of the air in the pump. (Assuming air can be treated as an ideal gas) Attempt: So using the 1st Law and given...
  4. S

    Max Work from 800 ıC Brick Cooling to 25 ıC

    Homework Statement A young engineer notices in her plant that 1-kg blocks of brick are routinely removed from a 800 ıC oven and are let to cool in air at 25 ıC. Conscious about cost-cutting and efficiency, she wonders whether some work could be recovered from this process. Calculate the...
  5. D

    Archived Thermo I Question: Two vessels coming to equilibrium. Finding final values.

    Hey, guys. I am currently in a Thermo I class and have ran into a problem that has me completely stumped. I have worked in numerous different ways and anything I come up with doesn't seem to make since or be realistic. Here's the question: Two rigid vessels are connected by a small valve and...
  6. P

    Solve Thermo Work Problem: Nitrogen Expansion

    I have this problem: Two (2) kilograms of Nitrogen gas at 600 K and 10 atm are allowed to expand such that they end up occupying three (3) times the initial volume and providing 50% of the isobaric work. mass = 2000 g temp1 = 600 K pressure1 = 1013250 Pa gasC = 8.3144621 n = mass/28.0134 =...
  7. M

    Thermo question (Compressor w/ cooling fluid)

    I attached the HW assignment. Its question number 2. I choose a control volume including the cooling stream from the lake and the fluid being condensed. I assumed with this CV that the heat generated was 0 and that the net Work was 0. Using these assumptions I solved for the mass...
  8. A

    (Thermo) Show that in a Reversible Adiabatic process

    Homework Statement Show that in a reversible adiabatic process, for 1 mole of ideal gas P1V1γ=P2V2γ Where, γ=CP/CVHomework Equations Listed above.The Attempt at a Solution Frankly, I don't really understand what I'm being asked to do.
  9. R

    Solve "2Cu+(aq) → Cu + Cu2+(aq)" Equation ΔrH | Exam Prep Help

    Hi, I have my exam in a couple of weeks. And I get the jist of it. However their is one question that I am completely stuck on. Any help would be appreciated. Looking over a last years practise text for exam and I am having trouble with this. Cu(s) → Cu+(aq) + e ΔH = 602 kJ mol-1 Cu(s)...
  10. S

    Basic thermo question: heat engine efficiency

    Is it strictly true that an engine will be more efficient if operating in a hotter environment... e.g. your car is more efficient in the summer than the winter? Just going through thermo 1, not a HW question, but it just seems to be true to me because the simple Newton's law of cooling says...
  11. D

    How Long Does It Take for an Aluminum Cube to Warm from 10°C to 20°C?

    Homework Statement A cube of Al (.1m x .1m x .1m with mass=.27kg) is placed on a large thermal mass maintained at constant 40 C (313 K).The cube is separated from the thermal mass by a .01m thick glass plate (.1m x .1m). If the Al block is initially at 10 C, how long does it take to reach a...
  12. D

    Thermo, Temperature profile of rod

    Homework Statement Consider a rod that is 1m long whose radius changes from 1cm at one end to 4cm at the other end in a uniform fashion. Assume that the end with r=1cm i kept at 0°C and that the end with r=4cm is kept at 100° C. Determine the temperature profile along the rod. One can assume...
  13. C

    Thermo: Need help finding T2 and V2 in an adiabat

    Homework Statement 1 mole of ideal gas initially at 294 K is compressed adiabatically and reversibly from 0.83 atm to 10.0 atm. Calculate the initial and …final volumes, the final temperature, \DeltaU; \DeltaH; Q; and W: Assume that Cv = (5/2)R Given: n = 1 mol T1 = 294 K P1 =...
  14. G

    Thermo question, two methods of changing volume/temp

    does this look right? for the quasistatic case you can use thermodynamics to find the temperature at any time, for the other case you have to use dU=dW and so on since its not quasistatic
  15. T

    1st Law of Thermo, work in a piston.

    Homework Statement Air is expanded in a piston-cylinder arrangement at a constant P of 200kPa from a volume of 0.1 m3 to a volume of 0.3m3. Then the temperature is held constant during an expansion to a volume of 0.5m3. Predict the total work done in the air. Homework Equations W = ∫PdV...
  16. R

    Thermo problem for a pressure vessel

    Homework Statement My question has to do with heating water to a superheated state inside a constant volume vessel. Given: A pressure vessel with a total volume of 36.77ft^3, is filled with 5 gal of water and heated from room temp. to a final temp. of 1100°F. Obvisouly the initial pressure...
  17. R

    Thermo problem for a pressure vessel

    My question has to do with heating water to a superheated state inside a constant volume vessel. Given: A pressure vessel with a total volume of 36.77ft^3, is filled with 5 gal of water and heated from room temp. to a final temp. of 1100°F. Obvisouly the initial pressure is atmospheric and...
  18. A

    Has the first law of thermo dynamics been broken?

    If : The total energy of a falling rock = G.P.E. (mass x gravity x height) + K.E. (0.5 x mass velocity^2) But if a rock reaches terminal velocity (i.e velocity remains the same) but height keep decreasing, then surely Kinetic energy is remaining constant and Gravitational potential energy is...
  19. B

    Thermo dynamics, energy calculations in a duct

    Homework Statement A duct of length 5 m at 38 Degrees inclination to horizon with a cross section dimensions of 0.3 m X 0.4 m is carrying 2 kg/s of a heavy gas at 10C and 1.2 bars and delivers the gas flow at 50C at the end of the duct to a horizontal pipe section. i) Calculate changes to...
  20. C

    Thermo physics degrees of freedom question

    Homework Statement Consider a sample containing 2.35 mol of an ideal diatomic gas. (a) Assuming the molecules rotate but do not vibrate, find the total heat capacity of the sample at constant volume. nCv.= (b) Assuming the molecules rotate but do not vibrate, find the total heat...
  21. S

    Thermo Intensive properties and const. vol. compression

    Hello. I need help with some thermo basics. I can't understand the concept of constant volume compression/expansion. Please help me understand how it occurs. Also, I am not clear on how pressure is an intensive property. To my understanding it IS a quantity dependent on system size (eg...
  22. M

    Thermo heat capacity proof: cp - cv

    Homework Statement Show that for a general (but simple) substance, c_{p}-c_{v}=-T(\frac{∂v*}{∂T})_{p}(\frac{∂p}{∂v*})_{T} where v* is the specific volume p is the pressure c_{p} is the heat capacity when p is const c_{v} is the heat capacity when v is const Q is heat T is temperature in...
  23. O

    What is the specific heat capacity of tap water?

    Hi Can anyone direct me to the correct Thermo formula to solve the following problem. What is the time for water to heat up from 25'c to 75'c when placed in a 1000'c oven? Tnx Ilan
  24. F

    A small, easy algebraic question about the First Law of Thermo for SISO

    O_o. I know this is a really stupid question, but how the heck did the Q - W get to the other side of the equation? Shouldn't it be W - Q? I'm going to feel really stupid when I hear the answer, I'm sure, and I'm already done with the class so it's ultimately irrelevant, but I'd love to know.
  25. M

    Confusion over intensive properties (Thermo)

    Disclosure: I am studying biochemistry so my thermodynamics education is lacking and I'm likely misinterpreting some of these concepts (that's why I'm here for help). I have always had trouble defining some properties as either intensive or extensive. I understand that extensive are...
  26. Z

    Thermo Questions: Final Pressure & Cooling Time

    Homework Statement 1.A gas increases in temperature from 40 C to 120 C while increasing in volume from 1 m3 to 1:3 m3. Find the nal pressure, if the initial pressure is atmospheric pressure. 2.Estimate the length of time it takes for a 0.1 m x 0.1 m x 0.1 m block of steel to cool from...
  27. JJBladester

    Thermo - Prove that a rapid chemical reaction is irreversible.

    Homework Statement Show that processes involving rapid chemical reactions are irreversible by considering the combustion of a natural gas (e.g. methane) and air mixture in a rigid container. Homework Equations Q_{in}+W_{e,in}-W_{b}=\Delta U+\Delta KE+ \Delta PE The Attempt at a Solution I...
  28. P

    Thermo Help for Exam: Textbook Examples & Problems

    Hey, i have a Thermo exam tomorrow, and I've been working through the textbook examples and problems, and i was wondering if anyone here had some helpful problems for me to work out or any general hints or anything. Our textbook is the 7th edition of moran shaprio thermo and the exam is...
  29. I

    2nd Law of Thermo: Specific entropy

    Homework Statement A parcel of dry air is lifted isothermally such that its pressure decreases from 1000 hPa to 850 hPa. Calculate the change in specific entropy of the parcel. Homework Equations ΔS=n*R*ln(p1/p2) The Attempt at a Solution Using R=8.314 J/mol K p1=1000hPa...
  30. B

    Thermo cycles with only T and mol

    Homework Statement A three-step cycle is undergone by 3.8 mol of an ideal diatomic gas: (1) the temperature of the gas is increased from 210 K to 550 K at constant volume; (2) the gas is then isothermally expanded to its original pressure; (3) the gas is then contracted at constant...
  31. W

    Thermodynamics Concept Questions | Free Energy, Heat, Entropy, Internal Energy

    Homework Statement Hey, I was wondering if I could get some help verifying my answers for these general thermodynamics concept questions. Thanks! 1. A reversible reaction is at equilibrium at constant pressure and temperature if the free energy of the system ______________. 2. Heat...
  32. G

    Thermo question on mean square of concentration

    This problem is from Callen. In the 1st edition it is 15.4-3. I am stuck on the last part of this problem. It also appears, in a slightly different form, in the second edition of Callen as problem 19.3-5. Homework Statement 15.4-3 Consider a small volume V within a two-component simple...
  33. A

    Thermo: Newtons law of cooling for radiation

    Homework Statement A cube of copper of mass 4 kg and initial temperature of 110 oC is set to radiatively cool in an environment of 100 oC. (Note: copper has an emissivity of about 0.05. Also, neglect conduction and convection as cooling agents in this problem.) The surface area of the...
  34. J

    Differentiate a thermo equation

    Homework Statement Air at 300K(=T_s) flows over a flat plate maintained at 400K(=T_f). At a particular location on the plate, the temperature distribution in the air measure from the plate surface is given by T(y)=(T_s-T_f)exp[-22,000*y(m)]+T_f Q.Determine the conduction heat flux through...
  35. M

    Combining thermo and mechanical design

    Hey everybody! I'm in my Junior year of undergraduate Mechanical Engineering and am trying to figure out what direction to focus my studies (mainly what industry to focus my pursuit for next job/internship)... Does anyone know of any fields/industries where an engineer can utilize...
  36. M

    Where am I going wrong? Thermo derivation

    Derive the fundamental equations of thermodynamics for an open system containing a onecomponent fluid in terms of the intensive internal energy U = U/N, the intensive Helmholtz free energy A, the intensive Gibbs free energy G, and the intensive enthalpy H. For each of the equations write the one...
  37. S

    Calculating Final Pressure in Isochoric Thermo Process

    I'm trying to calculate the final pressure. I was given initial and final temperatures as well as initial pressure, expansitivy and isothermal bulk modulus. I was also told the volume is constant. Since volume is constant I figured dV=0 so in the formula dV=VβdT - VKdP it reduces to...
  38. 2

    Thermo: Compressor-flowing system analysis

    Thermo: Compressor--flowing system analysis Homework Statement A compressor takes 90 kg/min of helium at 120 kPa and 310 K and compresses it to 700 kPa and 430K. A heat loss of 20 kJ/kg of helium flowing is noted. Determine: (a) the work required by the compressor (kJ/kg), and (b)...
  39. H

    Problem 13-10E (Intro to Thermo 7E)

    Hey I was given this problem: The moles of components of a gas mixture are given. The mole fractions and the apparent molecular weight are to be determined. The given properties are: The molar masses of He, O2, N2, and H2O are 4.0, 32.0, 28.0 and 18.0 lbm/lbmol respectively and there...
  40. O

    Thermo physics. Dealing with adding dQ to a system with P held constant.

    "Measured heat capacities of solids and liquids are almost always at constant pressure, not constant volume. To see why, estimate the pressure needed to keep V fixed as T increases, as follows. a)First imagine slightly increasing the temp of a material at constant pressure. Write the change...
  41. O

    Quickly Thermo Single-Component Adiabatic System Derive Energy Equation

    Homework Statement Show that if a single-component system is such that PVk is constant in an adiabatic process (k is a positive constant) the energy is U = [1/(k-1)]PV + Nf(PVk/Nk) where f is an arbitrary function.Homework Equations Fundamental relation: U = [1/(k-1)]PV + Nf(PVk/Nk). State...
  42. P

    At the vicinity of equilibrium (thermo)

    Hello everyone, Below is one paragraphe from my thermo textbook: Equilibrium for Ai but not for T (XiA = XiB but, for example : TA > TB). Thus, for U and S, we have a gap in relation to the equilibrium : UA = UAeq + \deltaUA,UB = UBeq + \deltaUB Ai is state variables such as V,l, ect. T...
  43. P

    Why Is Reversibility Essential for Using dS=δQ/T?

    Homework Statement In my book it says, "only if the transformation is reversible can we use dS=\frac{\delta Q}{T}", but I don't know why? I think even if it's not reversible we also use \delta Q=TdS to solve the thermo problems, don't we? I'm looking forward to your ideas, thanks.
  44. A

    How Is Thermo Efficiency Calculated in a Monatomic Gas Cycle?

    Thermo Efficiency question! Homework Statement Figure P22.53 represents n mol of an ideal monatomic gas being taken through a cycle that consists of two isothermal processes at temperatures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-volume processes. For each cycle, determine, in terms of n, R, and Ti ...
  45. P

    Is it true that fluid and thermo dynamic are difficult?

    i heard that fluid dynamics and thermo dynamics are the hardest subjects in mechanical engineering and physics, can somebody elaborate on this issue ?
  46. D

    Thermo problem: Two containers separated by stopcock

    Homework Statement Container 1 has a volume of 10 ft^3 and contains ideal gas at a pressure of a atm and temperature of 273 F. Container 2 has a bolume of 1 ft^3 and contains the same quantity of ideal gas at a pressure of 0.1 atm and temperature of 273 F. The two containers are separated...
  47. B

    How can I determine the steam properties in a rigid tank?

    Hi everybody, I've got a thermodynamics exam coming in a few weeks. I couldn't sit the exam when I took the subject 12 months ago because of work commitments so I'm sitting a deferred exam this semester. Trouble is I have forgotten most of it, and having difficulty getting help from lecturers...
  48. S

    Pressure relief question (thermo)

    suppose I have a pressurized container filled halfway with water and the rest filled with a noncondensible gas. In one case, I would open a valve at the top and relieve only gas, and in the other case I would open a valve at the bottom and relieve only liquid. If I relieve an equal amount of...
  49. Telemachus

    Clapeyron Equation and the triple point (Thermo)

    Homework Statement Hi there. I was trying to solve this problem from Callen. It says: In the vecinity of the triple point the vapor pressure of liquid ammonia (in Pascals) is rerpesented by: \ln P=24.38-\frac{3063}{T} This is the equation of the liquid-vapor boundary curve in a P-T...
  50. Q

    Quantum Thermo statistical physics

    Homework Statement rotational energy of diatomic gas (note : h = hbar) Er = h2/2I * r(r+1) , r = 0,1,2 ... it is (2r+1) fold degenerate find the partition function and hence the heat capacity at low temperatures. The Attempt at a Solution Z = ∑ g(Er) e-BEr = ∑ (2r+1) e-Bh2/2I *...
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