A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of power. Often the term 5-speed transmission refers simply to the gearbox, that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device.The term transmission properly refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive vehicles), differential, and final drive shafts. In America the term is sometimes used in casual speech to refer more specifically to the gearbox alone, and detailed usage differs.
The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted.
Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios (or simply "gears") with the ability to switch between them as the speed varies. This switching may be done manually (by the operator) or automatically (by a control unit). Directional (forward and reverse) control may also be provided. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output.
In motor vehicles, the transmission generally is connected to the engine crankshaft via a flywheel or clutch or fluid coupling, partly because internal combustion engines cannot run below a particular speed. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, which drive the wheels. While a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on turns) as it changes the direction of rotation.
Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the only mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation (e.g. diesel-electric transmission and hydraulic drive system). Hybrid configurations also exist. Automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in response to engine RPM, speed, and throttle input.
Homework Statement
i was wondering why would high-voltage transmission cables disturb a car's radio reception with static?Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Could it be because of the frequency of the voltage? Or something in terms of frequency?
Thanks :smile:
I want to verify the theory of TEM mode tx lines how the signal travel. Please correct me if I am wrong. This mainly refer to stripline, microstrip( assume TEM) etc.
1) The signal is transmited as EM wave through the dielectric between the two lines, not actually current through the...
hi there.
can anybody advise with this one please?
a short 3 phase 11kv line delivers a load of 4.1 mw,2.6 mvar lag if the series impedance of the line is (7.2 +j12.1 ) calculate the sending end voltage and load angle.
the thing which is confusing me is the 2.6mvar lag bit,i know i...
wireless power transmission: a new method
I was having an idea that if i can somehow reverse the operation of Voltage controlled oscillator i.e if i can make the circuit to input high frequency(e.g radio wave) and give output in proportional amplitude(or voltage) then if i can glow even a small...
Homework Statement
Estimate the transmission of light with \lambda=1\mu m that is transmitted through 20nm thick gold film at 77k where
The DC conductivity:
\sigma_{DC}=2*10^8 \Omega^{-1} m^{-1})
The carrier density:
n=5.9*10^28 m^{-3})
and the plasmon frequency...
I have two questions about Tx lines
1. Can we think of the Tx line in terms of just LC ladder. If yes, why can't this be thought of as a LC filter. In that case, the tx line would be a low pass filter. Increasing C would make the cut off freq even lower.
2. If I don't terminate at the load...
I am building an algae scrubber for a reef tank and am trying to decide what material transmitts the largest percentage of PAR. My choices are to place the lights an inch or so from the algae with a clear shield, or move the lights at least 12" away to avoid salt spray/creep. I don't know a lot...
"Transmission lines are specialized cables and other media designed to carry alternating current and electromagnetic waves of high frequency (radio frequency or higher), high enough that its wave nature must be taken into account. Transmission lines are used for purposes such as connecting...
In order for us to see something, the light photon needs to be reflected, not absorbed or transmitted? Then is it that the same frequency of visible light keeps falling on something, an apple is always red in white light, why does it reflect red?
The high-speed (USB 2.0) protocol is capable of 480 Mbit/s.
How can I send data at these speeds!?
This seems like a simple question, but I cannot seem to find a simple answer.
Cheers,
JoAr
I would like to know if Transposition on Transmission Lines could affect the basis and the way the power system is evaluated to set up the protection for the Transmission line? as compared to the non-transposed Transmission Lines.
Thanks in advance,
Regards,
If a source which has internal impedance 20 ohms is connected to multiple transmission lines of impedance somewhat equal to 20 ohms, which vary in length(maybe from 1" thru 8").
How do I analyze the reflections/draw the bounce diagrams.
According to a patent -...
Hi,
I'm learning something on circuit QED, which has a part called transmission line resonator (TLR). It plays the role of a cavity. However, I don't get how it works that way.
Can anyone give some help ?
Thanks in advance !
Homework Statement
A typical power station produces 1000MW of electrical energy. Seven percent of the power is lost in a 500kV transmission line. Whats the lines resistance?
Homework Equations
P=I2R
The Attempt at a Solution
Thought this problem was simple but I keep getting it wrong.
P=I2R...
Hi,
I've been mulling over an idea (you know how it is, just to keep the grey matter ticking) on how to build a device for tracking...well anything... from hunting dogs to humans.
The device would include a GPS (lat, long, altitude, vert & horz accuracy, UTC time) to give bearing over time...
Homework Statement
A 69 kW single-phase load with a power factor of 0.68 lagging is fed by a long cable with an impedance of 0.011+j0.005 Ω per phase. The voltage across the load is 230 V RMS. Calculate the heat loss in the cable in Watt [W].
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a...
Hi,
I have written MATLAB code for Transmission coeficient for a one-dimensional photonic crystal,but i have problems with it.it does not result the right answer!:confused:
could anyone help me about this?
i use Transfer matrix method:
An example:
an ENG-DPS structure:
%Transmission...
Homework Statement
This is not a HW problem. Just refreshing Tx line theory(reflections).
I have a pulse of 3.3v, period 36nsecs. (Ton=18ns, Toff=18ns) with a source impedance of 50 ohms, connected to a tx line of impedance 50 ohms. The load is high impedance or infinity.
So reflection at...
okay guys i have a small problem relating to network data transmission
i have two cables
cable 1 :- Bandwidth = B1 and SNR = S1
cable 2 :- Bandwidth = B2 and SNR = S2
Assume that B2 > B1
Cant i connect these two cables together and take advantage of lower SNR ratio requirements of...
This is from How Stuff Works:
The power company essentially uses the Earth as one of the wires in the power system. The Earth is a pretty good conductor and it is huge, so it makes a good return path for electrons. "Ground" in the power distribution grid is literally "the ground" that's all...
I am at a loss on how to apply transmission line theory when a probe is connected to a high speed bus or for a matched RF line.
For example, a signal going from a PCI clock to a bufffer which has a very short trace(so no termination is required). Now, if I connect a logic analyzer probe to this...
Am getting actually puzzled about some facts from telecommunication. When signal are transmitted from two mobile phones, the signal which is converted at the sending end from analogue by the speaker into digital on the mobile phone, does the transmitted signal actually wirelessly i mean is in...
I am currently building a solar panel. I have sheets of glass that I collected, some is saftey glass and some are tempered (probably the same). I have read that Low Iron Tempered glass has 91% light transmission. How do I test the glass that I have for its light transmission?
Thanks
Homework Statement
If I have a coaxial transmission line, with a resistor halfway through, and another resistor at the end, how do I calculate the reflection coefficient for the spot where the resistor is halfway?
Here is a diagram of what I mean. Dashes and dots are are the lines, and }...
Homework Statement
In modelling the transmission line, usually we use R1L1G1C1. But if considering the ground plane, yet another set of R2L2 will appear. How to construct the 6 parameter of transmission line model?
Homework Equations
\gamma^2=(R+j\omega L)(G+j\omega C)
The Attempt...
Homework Statement
a transmission line has a length l of 0.4lambda. find the phase change Bl that occurs down the line.
Homework Equations
B x lambda= 2pi
The Attempt at a Solution
now here is my problem i am genuinely not sure where to go with this.i don't want this answered for...
I have taken data for the transmission vs. wavelength for several types of glasses in the IR. I want to convert this to absorbance so that I can generalize transmission to different thickness glasses.
I found an equation online that stated A = 2-Log(T%) (where Log is base 10). But I do not...
So, the common high school physics example of a transverse wave is a "stadium wave" ... but, I'm wondering if this is actually longitudinal in terms of particle transmission. Each particle (audience member) is only standing up/down. The particles/audience stay in place and don't propagate/run...
Homework Statement
What is transmission probability (T), when the incident particle energy (E) is equal to the energy of the barrier (U)?
Homework Equations
Equations to transmission and reflection probabilities.
http://i950.photobucket.com/albums/ad348/gs5720/img099.png?t=1278212132...
Hello all,
I'm now working on the 2.45GHz frequency transmission line layout on the PCB.
I would like to know whether there is a design guideline for the
1) minimum length of the transmission line. how do I know or calculate? I can calculate the width of the TL to get the 50ohm impedance...
Homework Statement
In Fig a line is used to produce a short rectangular pulse of width 12ns and peak value 800V. With S-2 open. S-1 is closed to charge the line to Vdc; after charging, S-1 is opened. Then, at t = 0, S-2 is closed to discharge the line through RR and form the pulse. Find the...
A friend and I are planning to build a remote controlled vehicle, probably 4 wheeled. We want to be able to operate over the distance of about a block, which isn't incredibly far. The tricky part is that we need it to be able to send us back audio and video, along with being able to receive...
When I was younger I drove stick shift cars. Reverse gear was always all the way over to the right and down in the cars I drove (MGB and Jetta).
I'm car shopping now and thinking about getting a car with manual transmission again. I noticed that some have reverse gear down and right, but...
Why is it that AC is superior to DC in long distance power transmisson. I was thinking it has something to do with the resistance of copper wire but if this is the reason then why is that? Or, why is copper loss not a factor with AC current? Thank you!
Hi
In UV spectrscopy, is the definition of absorbance (A = ecl) derived from the definition of transmission (T = It/Io) where It is the transmitted light and Io is the incident light, or is the definition of transmission defined from absorbance.
Also A = -log(T) and T = 10^-A = 10-ecl...
How legit is the claim? I believe it as Tesla was unimaginably coolest inventor ever been on earth. Just imagine he is though to be responsible for 1908 Tunguska Event, though it is a rubbish theory but such a man, blamed for an explosion equal to the power 1000 times of the bomb that was...
HI ALL
Well i want to know the power electronics required to transmit signals for sensors,limit switches ,push buttons up to PLC, and if analog device signals like potentiometer could be transmit tted with these ,how can i do this .
i am using Plastic Optical Fibre and please help me with the...
I had a question about power generation that was confusing me for awhile, I hope someone can clear it up.
A specific amount of power is generated by the power plant. If I am not using all the power that I can use, where does it go?
is all the power always in use?
if it is not in...
Evolution is the greatest nano-engineer that ever existed. I always assumed that if anything was physically possible at everyday Earth temperatures, forces and velocities then it would have emerged naturally from evolution, since the evolutionary benefits are clearly enormous.
eg that's why...
Studying from Love's Treatise on elasticity I am having some difficulties.
For an isotropic body under the influence of a force within a finite volume T equiations of equillibrium via Hooke's law are given by :
(\lambda + \mu )(\frac{\partial}{\partial x},\frac{\partial}{\partial...
Here's a scenario about which I have doubt. Consider a transmission line which has a length λ/4 and which has open circuit at load end. The source resistance is zero. The source voltage be Vs and the source frequency is sufficiently high to be considered as high frequency application . The line...
Homework Statement
Consider a transmission circuit of 1600 km, 500 kV unitary parameters z1=j0.2 ohms/km and y1=j10 microsiemens/km. Evaluate the series reactor and the derivation capacitor necessaries to take the electric length of the circuit to 1.05*pi rad. Suppose the compensation is...
Homework Statement
Homework Equations
N/A
The Attempt at a Solution
I have been struggling with these questions for the past week, with not much result at all. I have to study at home, through the use of various textbooks, and with no teacher to guide me through the process...
Hi
I have a tutorial problem involving determining the ideal methods for identifying material properties of a layered semiconductor structure. The problem states to use either scanning or transmission electron microscopy. THe structure consists of several monolayers (around 5nm) of AlGaAs...
Two very large parallel conducting plates of very large length l, and width w are separated by a distance d. A current I=Jw flows to the right in the lower plate and to the left in the upper plate. Each of the two currents produces a magnetic field \frac{B}{2} between the two plates.
(a)...
Two very large parallel conducting plates of very large length l, and width w are separated by a distance d. A current I=Jw flows to the right in the lower plate and to the left in the upper plate. Each of the two currents produces a magnetic field \frac{B}{2} between the two plates.
(a)...
Two questions I am a bit stuck on, any kind of help would be appreciated :)
1 - In a belt drive the angle of lap on the small pulley is 150°. With a belt speed of 20m/s and a max tension of 1400N, the greatest power that can be transmitted is 10kW. What power could be transmitted for the same...
Homework Statement
Explain why A.C. is used instead of D.C. to transfer electrical power from the generating station to the consumer.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
To reduce the energy lost in long distance transmission. To reduce costs involved in transferring...
Homework Statement
Consider the potential:
V(x)
=0 x<0
=V1 0<x<a
=V2 x>a
Where 0<V1<V2 and E>V2
Evaluate the transmission coefficient for the incident wave into the region x>a
Homework Equations
T= 4k0k1/((k0+k1)^2)
The Attempt at a Solution
I have not attempted this. It...