Weak Definition and 503 Threads

Sorry it's my first time posting so I am not sure if latex works here... I have been trying to understand the proof of WLLN using Chebychev's inequalities, and here are my problems: I know for the Strong Law of Large Numbers, if n→∞, Ʃ(1 to n) σi ^2 / i^2 < ∞ => SLLN is satisfied...

Weak eigenstates d', s', b' are a mixture of mass eigenstates. For example, s'=V_cd*d+V_cs*s+V_cb*b This doesn't seem to be the case for u, c, t quarks. For example, there is no c'=V_su*u+V_sc*c+V_st*t Why is that?

Homework Statement Prove that the sequence \{sin(kx)\} converges weakly to 0 in L^2(0,1). Homework Equations A sequence of elements \{f_k\} in a Banach space X is to converge weakly to an element x\in X if L(f_k)→L(f) as k→∞ for each L in the dual of X. The Attempt at a Solution...

I seem to have read something once that suggested that gravity may be leaking into other dimensions/branes, this could explain why this force is so weak. I've been left thinking that it makes sense as a possibility. If it turns out to be the case, could Dark Energy then be leaked gravitational...

Hello. I'm trying to grasp the notation for the definition of something called the weak q-norm, defined as \|x\|_{q,w}^q = \sup\limits_{\epsilon > 0} \epsilon^q \left| \Big\{i \,|\, |x_i| > \epsilon \Big\} \right| I don't come from a pure math background so I've never seen this...

In the limit of weak coupling, G\overline{ρ}<<1, the BCS pairing gap equation gives that Δ \propto exp(-1/G\overline{ρ}). \overline{ρ} is the level density.This cannot be developed as a power series in the interaction strength G. Does this imply that there is a phase transition between a...

I have a question about Feynman Diagrams: let's say we have a process: up antidown -> W+ -> up antidown... the first vertex is like V_CKM G PL ( mixing, gamma, projector) the second is the same..only with the complex conjugate CKM matrix... but why?... If I compute the M* I have to...

Hello everyone, I'm new to this forum and this is my first post. I hope this is the right place to ask the following. I've been reading up a little on PDE theory lately, and the following point has been causing me a bit of confusion. In the definition of the weak solution of a parabolic...

Two Questions: 1. I am new to electrical engineering but I want to know how I would Invert a signal. By this I mean, how do I turn a weak signal from, let's say a walkie-talkie, and turn that "weakening" signal into a "strengthening" signal. I would like for the signals to be inverted, in...

Strong or weak force?? Homework Statement So all I want to know is how you tell if it is a strong or weak force interaction. e.g. K^+ = pi^0 + pi^0 + pi^+ (all mesons) So i determined that the energy was concerved: 493.7-135-135-139.6=84.1MeV baryon and Lepton numbers are also...

Dear Physics Forum, I am a little confused about conservation of charge vs. charge conjugation. I'm reading David Griffith's book "Intro. to Elementary Particles"... pg. 81 "All three interactions (weak, strong, EM), of course, conserve electric charge. In the case of weak interactions...

Relevant equations: V = I*R ε = I*(R+r) Then, V = {ε/(R+r)}*r V = potential difference, ε = electromotive force, R = resistance of external load resistor, r = internal resistance of the battery. So say the external load resistor's resistance is a constant for two batteries of the...

Hello, I am struggling to understand why L1 is not weakly compact, while Lp, p>1, is. The example I have seen put forward is the function u_n (x) = n if x belongs to (0, 1/n), 0 otherwise, the function being defined on (0,1). It is shown this u_n converging to the Dirac measure, and...

Hi, I am hoping someone could clear up a few things about neutrinos oscillations for me. For the sake of this dicussion let's set up the neutrino mixing equations in such a way that the flavor eigenstates are a superposition of mass eigenstates. So now for example we have...

how can boric acid be a weak monobasic acid?i thought it was tribasic.

I am currently reading E=Mc^2 and have a quick question regarding some of the nuclear fusion they describe that takes place in stars: When proton fusion occurs, one of the protons decays into a neutron + positron + neutrino – due to the weak interaction. And the proton and neutron , acted...

Please teach me this: Why is CP symmetry violated in electro-weak interaction? Is it correct that because of the mass of neutrino is zero(so that the left and righ neutrinos do not mix with each other)? Thank you very much in advance.

So, I've found the result that orthonormal sequences in Hilbert spaces always converge weakly to zero. I've only found wikipedia's "small proof" of this statement, though I have found the statement itself in many places, textbooks and such. I've come to understand that this property follows...

Homework Statement I need a thorough proof of the weak law of large numbers and it must use moment generating functions as below. Homework Equations The weak law of large numbers states that given X1...Xn independent and identically distributed random variables with mean μ and...

Homework Statement Show that the principle of mathematical induction and strong induction are equivalent; that is, each can be shown to be valid from the other. Homework Equations Weak induction: (P(1) \wedge \forall k (P(k) \rightarrow P(k+1))) \rightarrow \forall n(P(n)) Strong...

Hi guys, Problem: Let {Xn},{Yn} - real-valued random variables. {Xn}-->{X} - weakly; {Yn}-->{Y} weakly. Assume that Xn and Yn - independent for all n and that X and Y - are independent. Fact that {Xn+Yn}-->{X+Y} weakly, can be shown using characteristic functions and Levy's theorem...

Please teach me this: How can we unify electromagnetic and weak interactions?Is it correct that the SU(2) symmetry(flavor symmetry of fermions) is spontaniously broken(by Higgs Field) and the symmetry(be broken) ''become'' U(1)xSU(2) symmetry that is the symmetry of electroweak interaction...

The notations are: W^+, W^-, and Z^0. I'm assuming the W stands for Weak. But, why Z for the neutral one? Is there even a reason?

Firstly: Does anyone know at our current level of technology what "small enough not to detect tidal forces" equates to? Near the surface of the earth(as it probably depends on the amount of curvature of space). Secondly: Does anyone know at out current level of technology what the minimum...

Is a weak acids concentration determined from when it is in equilibrium, or if it hasn't dissociated at all? i.e. 0.100M CH3COOH. Would this be the concentration of CH3COOH during it's equilibrium: CH3COOH <-|-> CH3COO- + H+ Or just by itself? Thanks!

Homework Statement A satellite is in circular polar orbit radius r around Earth (radius R, mass M). Clocks C on satellite and C0 on south pole of earth. Show the ratio of the rate of C to C0 is approximately 1 +\dfrac{GM}{Rc^2} - \dfrac{3GM}{2rc^2} Homework Equations d\tau =...

Hi all, Im an EE major and am getting ready to pick spring classes tomorrow. My only option for Calc 3 which will fit into my schedule seems to be the easiest professor possible (aka they give over 30% A's, which I found from the rating website, I have also heard from other students that it is...

i can understand the weak large number law however, what does strong large number law mean? i cannot see the difference between the two ps: i do physics, not maths

Hi physics forum, I have been reading David Griffith's book "intro to elementary particles" and he describes the decay of the pi-meson as "pure axial vector" Can someone tell me what this means, in terms of the weak force vertex consisting of this factor γu(1-γ5) Thanks, Mark

Hi forum, The weak force vertex factor is γu(1-γ5). Am I right that the axial component only couples to left handed fermions? Does the vector component couple to both left and right-handed fermions? Thanks, Mark

Hi I don't understand my textbook 100% when it comes to this: Weak nuclear force: The force that affects leptons and quarks. Uhm, how? They tried to illustrate this with an example of a beta-decay, but I didn't get it. Some W- particle was created when an d quark went over to an u quark...

How do you determine in a particle interaction which force is responsible? For example a K- meson is found to decay into three charged pi mesons what force is involved? The answer here is a weak interaction but why?

My first question, so sorry if it's in the wrong forum. I'm trying to understand the Newtonian weak field approximations to general relativity. I can't see why, if the Schwarzschild metric (which can describe the gravitational field around the Sun) is a vacuum solution (T_{\mu\nu}=0 ) , do...

say we have a sequence of probability measures on R, such that each one is abs. continuous wrt the Lebesgue measure... is it possible that these measures converge weakly to a measure which is _not_ abs. continuous wrt the Lebesgue measure?

Does this ever happen? p + \gamma \rightarrow n + e+ + \nu_e It seems possible, if the \gamma has enough energy, but I wonder if anyone can confirm that it happens.

I have started with the space-time metric in a weak gravitational field (with the assumption of low velocity): ds^2=-(1+2\phi)dt^2+(1-2\phi)(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2) Where \phi<<1 is the gravitational potential. Using the standard form for the Christoffel symbols have found: \Gamma^0_{00}=\phi_{,0}...

Why is gravity thought to be a week force? I would agree that at the surface of our Earth it would appear to be week, after all we can stand on the surface of the Earth without risk of being pulled into it core. But a black hole is another kettle of fish altogether, it's almost an atomic...

I have started with the space-time metric in a weak gravitational field (with the assumption of low velocity): ds^2=-(1+2\phi)dt^2+(1-2\phi)(dx^2+dy^2+dz^2) Where \phi<<1 is the gravitational potential. Using the standard form for the Christoffel symbols have found...

Say I have a primal LOP K and a dual LOP D If D is bounded, which means it is feasible, does that mean P is also bounded? Because if P is unbounded, then D is infeasible Likewise if D is unbounded, P is infeasible So D is bounded, P is feasible? Make sense?

Homework Statement Prove that weak induction is equivalent to strong induction. Homework Equations To prove this...we assume weak induction. That is (i) 1 \in S (ii) n\in S \Rightarrow n+1 \in S for all n in N The Attempt at a Solution So to prove strong induction we...

Yeah, desk shook a little and everything. It kinda freaked me out. Was there a big earthquake somewhere else in the world just now?

Hi, If the weak interaction obeys CP symmetry but violates P symmetry does that mean that it must also violate C symmetry? John

Hi PF I was wondering today about the origin of the fundamental forces. Now gravity comes from mass (lets call this massive charge), electromagnetism comes from electrical charge and the strong force comes from color charge. These are all kinds of "charges", but what kind of "charge" gives...

Hi guys How can we correct week metalization in PCB plating? please help me

I've been writing a lot recently about whether the reason for the increase of entropy over time (i.e. the second law of thermodynamics) is the time irreversibility of the weak nuclear force. I would like to get some people's thoughts on this topic (perhaps links to important papers on this...

Are there any W^\pm or Z^0 interactions that change lepton flavor? For example, turn an electron into a muon or vice versa? Thanks!

Hello all, I received my PhD in a physical science field in December, and am currently 6 months into a 1-year (renewable) post-doc. I am unsure if I will remain in my current position at the end of this year, and am looking critically at my future career prospects. I find myself in the...

Weak measurement show that you can get "partial/probabilistic" which-way info and get a "partial" interference pattern. Deduction 1: Does this mean that weak measurements prove that we can control the degree of randomness? (either of individual photons or average of a thousands of photons)...

Does it explain what occur during strong measurement or "approximately" solve the measurement problem? I'm asking because below it is mentioned that "it is this uncertainty that creates the uncontrollable, irreversible disturbance associated with measurement". Does it mean that measurement...

i'm trying to dissolve an unknown acid salt and it is not soluble in water at stp. it does dissolve, however, when it undergoes heat and some stirring. is this property representative of most weak acids, that they are not easily miscible in water?