Cosmic rays are primarily composed of protons, making up about 90% of their composition, along with electrons and heavier particles. They differ from electromagnetic rays, as cosmic rays are charged particles rather than electromagnetic radiation. The solar wind, which consists mainly of electrons and protons, is distinct from cosmic rays. Secondary radiations such as gamma and X-rays are produced when cosmic rays interact with atmospheric atoms and the Earth's magnetic field. Understanding cosmic rays involves recognizing their composition and the effects they have when entering the Earth's atmosphere.