How do evolutionists construct descendency trees from fossils?

In summary, through numerous fossil expeditions, it is possible to reconstruct the skeletons of various animals and identify distinct bones. However, determining the descent of these animals can be a challenge, as multiple species could have existed at the same time and past anthropologists have made mistakes in this regard. Currently, the best methods for determining descent include cladistics, a complex subject that can be applied to both physical and molecular traits of both extinct and living species.
  • #1
Al-Layth
21
4
Looking at the result of a great number of fossil expeditions, I understand how you can construct the full or partial skeletons of a number of different animals, you would be able to certainly identify certain bones as belonging to a distinct animal. That's great. you now know there were these very similair looking animals with slight variations and you have a collection of their skeletal models.

My problem is, how do you know which animal descended from which?
Determining the age of the bones cannot be enough because its possible multiple species existed at the same time.

And from what i've read, the anthropologists of the past have made many mistakes as regards to determining descendancy as well.

So what actually are the current best methods for determining the correct descendancy tree from a collection of animal skeleton you constructed from the discoveries from a number of fossil expeditions?
 
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  • #2
There several methods for doing this.
Cladistics is one of the better known methods.
It is a fairly large complex subject.
Here is a wikipedia article on cladistics you might want to read.
These methods can be used for physical traits as well as molecular traits and can be applied to current as well as extinct species.
 
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Related to How do evolutionists construct descendency trees from fossils?

How do evolutionists determine the age of fossils used in constructing descendency trees?

Evolutionists determine the age of fossils using various dating methods, primarily radiometric dating techniques like carbon dating for younger fossils and uranium-lead dating for older specimens. These methods rely on the known decay rates of radioactive isotopes within the fossils or the surrounding rocks.

What criteria do evolutionists use to classify fossils into different species?

Evolutionists classify fossils into different species based on morphological characteristics, such as bone structure, size, and shape. They also consider the fossil's stratigraphic context and any available genetic data. Comparative anatomy with existing species helps in making these classifications.

How do scientists deal with incomplete or fragmented fossil records when constructing descendency trees?

Scientists use a combination of available fossil evidence, comparative anatomy, and statistical models to infer evolutionary relationships. They often employ cladistics, which groups organisms based on shared derived characteristics, to fill in gaps and construct plausible descendency trees despite incomplete records.

What role does genetic data play in constructing descendency trees from fossils?

Genetic data, when available, provides a powerful tool for constructing descendency trees. Ancient DNA extracted from well-preserved fossils can be compared with the genomes of living species to establish evolutionary relationships. This genetic information often corroborates or refines the morphological data derived from fossil analysis.

How do scientists validate the accuracy of the constructed descendency trees?

Scientists validate descendency trees by cross-referencing multiple lines of evidence, including fossil morphology, stratigraphy, and genetic data. They also use computer algorithms to test different tree configurations for consistency with the observed data. Peer review and replication of studies by independent researchers further ensure the accuracy of these trees.

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