How Do Stochastic Processes Apply to Real-World Events and Systems?

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Stochastic processes are applied to model real-world events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, where events occur at random intervals. The discussion includes calculating the probability of two earthquakes occurring before a volcanic eruption, and determining the expected time between detected radioactive decay events with a malfunctioning Geiger counter. It also questions the appropriateness of modeling human births as a Poisson process due to varying influencing factors. Additionally, a birth/death process is proposed to model an email queue for a stressed Core Math Director, considering the impact of message overload on response rates. Lastly, the probability of the next customer being a health inspector in a restaurant setting is analyzed, highlighting the intersection of probability and stochastic processes in real-world applications.
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1. Assume that earthquakes strike a certain region at random times that are exponentially distributed with mean 1 year. Volcanic eruptions take place at random times that are exponentially distributed with mean 2 years. What is the probability that there will be two earthquakes before the next volcanic eruption?

2. A certain geiger counter (an instrument that detects individual radioactive decay events) has not been well maintained, and hence after each one it detects, it will not detect another (no matter how many occur) until it has gone a full two seconds with no decays. (for example, if it detects one event at 3 seconds, and this is followed by events at 3.5, 4.5, 6 and 9 seconds, the counter will not detect those at 3.5, 4.5 and 6 seconds.) Assume decay events occur according to a Poisson process with rate 0.5. Find the expected value of the time between events detected by the counter.

3. Briefly explain why it would or would not be a good idea to model the births of humans on Earth over the next year as a Poisson process.

4. A poor soul who has the title of Core Math Director receives emails at exponentially distributed time intervals, with rate 1 per minute. the times required to respond to these are independent, exponentially distributed with rate 2 per minute. However, when the list of unanswered messages gets above 10, his stress level rises and his efficiency goes down, reducing the rate to 1 per minute. Set up a birth/death process that models the email queue for this beleaguered public servant. Specifically, describe the states, and list the birth rate λi and the death rate μi in each state.

5.Customers arrive at a certain restaurant according to a Poisson process with rate 3 per hour. a small percentage of the customers are actually undercover health inspectors (as well as being customers). they come to the restaurant according to a Poisson process with rate 0.01 per hour. if no customer has entered for 1/3 of an hour, what is the probability that the next customer is a health inspector?
 
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probability and stochastic process in Information theory. Solved examples.
 
Elllyan said:
probability and stochastic process in Information theory. Solved examples.

what do u mean probability and stochastic process in Information theory, where can I find it?
 
I'm taking a look at intuitionistic propositional logic (IPL). Basically it exclude Double Negation Elimination (DNE) from the set of axiom schemas replacing it with Ex falso quodlibet: ⊥ → p for any proposition p (including both atomic and composite propositions). In IPL, for instance, the Law of Excluded Middle (LEM) p ∨ ¬p is no longer a theorem. My question: aside from the logic formal perspective, is IPL supposed to model/address some specific "kind of world" ? Thanks.
I was reading a Bachelor thesis on Peano Arithmetic (PA). PA has the following axioms (not including the induction schema): $$\begin{align} & (A1) ~~~~ \forall x \neg (x + 1 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A2) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + 1 =y + 1 \to x = y) \nonumber \\ & (A3) ~~~~ \forall x (x + 0 = x) \nonumber \\ & (A4) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + (y +1) = (x + y ) + 1) \nonumber \\ & (A5) ~~~~ \forall x (x \cdot 0 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A6) ~~~~ \forall xy (x \cdot (y + 1) = (x \cdot y) + x) \nonumber...
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