In summary, turbulence is a type of atmospheric disturbance that can affect airplane flight in various ways. It is caused by changes in wind speed and direction, and can be caused by a number of factors such as weather patterns, mountain ranges, and temperature differentials. Turbulence can make the ride uncomfortable for passengers, but it is not typically dangerous for the aircraft itself. Pilots are trained to avoid areas of turbulence and can also use techniques such as changing altitude or speed to minimize its effects. Overall, while turbulence can be unsettling, it is a normal occurrence in air travel and does not pose a significant threat to the safety of the flight.