Is an infinite series of random numbers possible?

[chiro]

A cosmologist observing his self-inclusive universe -- I believe this could be modeled by your staircase algorithm, chiro, where observation cycles to the event horizon and back, and as speculated by early relativists, observers could see themselves gravitationally imaged about the circumference.

The staircase algorithm was just an example to show how you could use entropy measures to deduce an order or pattern of some sort and this was always the intention.

I've heard about the nature of cyclic structures in physics like cyclic time and so on, but I can't really comment on the specifics.

 

[Loren Booda]

Cosmological entropy -- The blackbody spectrum is accurate to the finite number of radiating bodies which compose it. Heat exchange toward equilibrium moves the measured cosmic background radiation emissions to the perfect thermal curve, driving an increase in surrounding order. This balance avoids the "heat death" of the universe by limiting the blackbody radiation to countable radiators -- i.e. spacetime never realizes a maximally symmetric, boundless and randomized state approaching infinite entropy, but one which exhibits gains of statistical anentropy.

Microscopic entropy -- Vacuum mass-energy is paradoxically empowered by the action of observations - from the Copenhagen interpretation, I believe. (Without observers, would Maxwell's Demon work?) The likelihood of population by virtual quanta increases with more constant entropy density, assured by a random thermal distribution. Entropy density bounds are determined by their divergence there from the blackbody spectrum as ω/2∏ approaches 0, or ∞. You brought up that quantum energy being zero in space-time does not intuit comfortably, as I put it:

ΔE: E≠0.

Is this reminiscent of quantum number rules?

 

[chiro]

One thing I want to comment on in general so it may help you understand why I am even spending many posts talking about this topic.

Scientists study nature in the hope that they understand something at whatever level which at a minimum usually relates to figuring out how 'something works'.

If a scientist figures out some particular thing, they have found an order in that context. The larger the pattern applies to, the larger the order. It might be a small order like figuring out a particular cell or virus always acts the same way or it might be a large order like describing the general conditions or approximate conditions that gravity or electromagnetism follows. Both examples are types of orders but the more general one applies to a state-space much more broadly than the prior one.

When you keep this in mind, it becomes a lot more obvious that statistical methods are necessary because they can see things that any kind of local deterministic analysis would not and in fact unsurprisingly in many contexts, they do just this when you look at how these things are applied in data mining applications. Also you'll find that these kinds of statistical techniques and analysis are found when you have to analyze data from say the Large Hadron Collider or some other really highly data-intense scenario like you would find in astrophysics or even in miltary applications (think of all the people who use the really powerful supercomputers and then find out why they use them).

If you lose sight of this above aspect, then you have only constrained yourself to representations that give a very narrow local viewpoint, although albeit still a very important one but if you can not free your mind from this mental prison then you will be missing out on all the other things out there and not connecting all of the other isolated orders that have been discovered (like all the the other physical formulas and so on) and treat them largely as separate instead of as connected.

 

[chiro]

Cosmological entropy -- The blackbody spectrum is accurate to the finite number of radiating bodies which compose it. Heat exchange toward equilibrium moves the measured cosmic background radiation emissions to the perfect thermal curve, driving an increase in surrounding order. This balance avoids the "heat death" of the universe by limiting the blackbody radiation to countable radiators -- i.e. spacetime never realizes a maximally symmetric, boundless and randomized state approaching infinite entropy, but one which exhibits gains of statistical anentropy.

Microscopic entropy -- Vacuum mass-energy is paradoxically empowered by the action of observations - from the Copenhagen interpretation, I believe. (Without observers, would Maxwell's Demon work?) The likelihood of population by virtual quanta increases with more constant entropy density, assured by a random thermal distribution. Entropy density bounds are determined by their divergence there from the blackbody spectrum as ω/2∏ approaches 0, or ∞. You brought up that quantum energy being zero in space-time does not intuit comfortably, as I put it:

ΔE: E≠0.

Is this reminiscent of quantum number rules?

Taking a look at this:

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch6/quantum.html#quantum

It seems to indicate that the energy of the electron requires x amount of energy in accordance with some mathematical constraints to go between orbitals and that it can never go below the orbital corresponding to n = 1. I have to point out that I am someone with mathematical training who has not studied physics specifically enough to put a lot of this into context in a specific way.

It seems that from this fact there is indeed a minimum energy level that is non-zero and in the context of what you are saying I am inclined to agree if this quantum number accurately reflects the attribute of the magnitude of the energy present.

For the cosmological part, again I am going to base my agreement on the line that if there were infinite entropy then there would be absolute chaos. Chaos in this kind of context is not good for anything especially life because for many things to function, orders of different kinds must be present. Imagine for example if gravity was just an ad hoc thing that decided when to be +9.8m/s^2 or when it decided to be -1000m/s^2. Think about what this would do to life: IMO it wouldn't exist.

There is also an argument by physicists that say that if the constant G were outside of a very narrow range then life including us would cease to exist. I don't know if its true or not but the kind of argument has a lot of important implications for science because what it does is brings up the issue of how order is so important for possibly not only us humans to exist or even all plant and animal life to exist, but possibly even for the universe as we see it to even exist.

It's not to say however that there do not exist finite subsystems with maximal or close to maximal energy for that subsystem. High levels of entropy in given situations are important IMO because a high level of entropy induces disorder which in a statistical sense equates to non-determinism or randomness. That element of randomness allows us to have the antithesis of what we could consider a 'Newtonian Universe' where a universal clock and absolute rules dictated the complete evolution of the system. If this were the case then we would be able to exhaust every possibility down to some conditional order and we would get a minimal entropy characteristic for the system just like the stair-case example I posted earlier but maybe in a more complicated manner.

So again the reason why I agree with you about having bounded entropy as a general property for all possible conditional distributions but for still having appropriate situations where entropy is maximal with respect to some sub-space is that it allows for things to still work (like life) but it also allows the case where there is 'real' evolution and for lack of a better word 'choice' at any kind of level for any scale given appropriate constraints (which we are in the process as human beings, trying to figure out).

If the above doesn't make sense to you, imagine the broken plate scenario happening with gravity, electromagnetism, the strong force, and even something more macroscopic like biological interactions. Imagine for an instant that people were splitting in half randomly and people's heads were dissappearing into outer space and then back again like a game of russian roulette. Imagine you picking up a gun unloading the chamber and then you fire the pistol and a bullet comes out.

To me, this is the above reason why there are constraints and understanding what these constraints are will probably give us humongous hints about why we even exist.

 

[Loren Booda]

Parallel Universes, Max Tegmark -- http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/PDF/multiverse_sciam.pdf. What is not physically possible in an infinite universe? Can a finite universe have infinite possibilities? Do universal event horizons repeat without bound?

Are observers physically immortal?

A truly unified theory might transform the existing order in maximal ways, including entropy/anentropy reversal.

Thermal disequilibrium moves toward equilibrium by absorbed or emitted correspondent photons, with a decrease in entropy.

What is the most ordered universal structure possible? Is an empty universe interpretable as having both maximum and minimum entropy density? Can a maximally entropic universe have the same "complexity" as one of minimum entropy? Does an observer always impose order upon a more random universe? Can two or more disordered universes interfering together (e.g. through branes) reduce entropy overall?

Entropy, being scale dependent, sees an object like the Moon as being more ordered on many levels relative to the Earth.

Probability zero regions, found near atomic orbitals, are located in singular spacetime structures but quantum mechanically can be considered P>1, as they can not accommodate finite particles.

The cosmic background radiation -- containing the microwave background radiation -- includes photons, gravitons, WIMPS (like neutrinos) and perhaps Higgs particles which impinge anentropically (focused) from the event horizon upon an observer. The accelerating cosmos, with possible inflation, linear expansion, and dark energy provide an outward entropic divergence of energy.

 

[chiro]

Are observers physically immortal?

This is an interesting question.

Frank Tipler has written a book trying to flesh out ideas about the physics of immortality. Just in case you are wondering, he has written pretty extensively about topics involved in General Relativity and even to some extent Time Travel with respect to space-times that allow theoretical paths to time travel.

But if I wanted to give a specific question for this, I would be asking this important question: what energy is involved for consciousness, what kind is it, where is it stored (in some kind of field for example) and how can it be transformed?

In my view, answering those questions will give a specific way to start thinking about this question in depth from a viewpoint that I think both scientific communities and religious communities can both appreciate and agree on as a basis for exploring this topic further.

Personally (IMO disclaimer), I think that there is some kind of other field that is not part of the known fields like EM, the nuclear forces and gravity that contains something that compromises of what we call 'consciousness'.

I am not saying that things like EM and the other forces don't play a role in how we behave, what we think, and so on, but I don't think that it is the whole story.

With the above aside in terms of immortality, if the energy that makes up consciousness can not be destroyed, and also can not be transformed away to something that loses or wipes information about conscious awareness then I would say that yes physical observers are indeed immortal on that argument.

But in order to argue the above you have to first define what consciousness actually is in terms of energy and also what kinds of energy forms they actually are and unfortunately I have a feeling it's going to take a while to even get close to even defining the specifics of this, let alone doing an experiment or having discussions about the veracity of whether the claim is wrong, right, or somewhere in between.

Parallel Universes, Max Tegmark -- http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/PDF/multiverse_sciam.pdf. What is not physically possible in an infinite universe? Can a finite universe have infinite possibilities? Do universal event horizons repeat without bound?

In terms of the infinite possibilities question, again this comes down to the discussion we had before about whether you can always construct a joint distribution that has random entropy for all conditional distributions for 'prior' events. In other words the entropy of each possible conditional distribution has maximal entropy. If this is always the case, then you should have infinite possibilities.

Also remember that the above is framed in terms of a finite state space. Think about it like constructing a process where no matter how you construct any conditional distribution for the next roll given every permutation of the previous rolls, all distributions will have maximal entropy. This means that you can construct a completely random system. If you can't do that but can do something in between minimal and maximal entropy then it is semi-random. If you can only construct a zero entropy distribution, then it means your system has become deterministic.

For the infinite universe question (what is not possible in an infinite universe), this will have to do with not only physical arguments but with philosophical arguments as well.

You see the reason that plates just don't assemble themselves from broken states and that gravity acts in a uniform way and even that quantum behaviour and all other physical interaction mechanisms work the way they work says to me at least that there is a reason why you can't just do 'anything you want', at least not currently.

Again my thought experiment would be to consider if people just randomly dematerialized and gravity just decided when it wanted to 'work' and 'not work' and the kind of chaos that would create for life in general. This tells me that there is a reason for the constraints at least in the context that you want an environment that supports and promotes the situation for living organisms in any form.

In terms of possibilities, this can be formed if you have a clearer idea of the nature of the different joint distributions. The big caveat though is that we don't have these yet. Science is very young for earthlings in the current state it is in and the amount of data we have and also the tools to effectively analyze it are not mature enough to really make all of these connections.

It's not just actually having the data: it's also having the computational hardware and technology, the algorithms, the mathematical techniques, and all of this to actually do all of this. These areas are evolving quite rapidly, but it's going to be a little while at least before it gets to a stage where we can give a more specific quantifiable answer using the above to answer 'what's really possible'.

For now we have to rely on experimental results, theoretical ideas and discussions, and the inquisition of scientists to help push this boundary and thankfully this is happening on a scale that probably never would have been imagined even a hundred years ago.

A truly unified theory might transform the existing order in maximal ways, including entropy/anentropy reversal.

The ironic thing about humans is that we crave certainty.

While I don't think this is necessarily a bad thing, the effect that it can have is that in a scientific perspective, we want as much certainty as possible both in its predictive power and subsequently in the mathematical representations that are used to both describe and predict things.

Quantum mechanics has come along and destroyed this notion and I think it's a thing that we should embrace at least in the idea that at some level, things will not be able to be predicted.

Here is one idea I have about why this kind of thing is good.

Consider that you have the complete set of laws that allow you to take the state of the complete system and engineer it in such a way that you can create whatever state you want at a future point of time.

Now consider what the above would do to the stability of the system. This situation creates situations where the stability of the system itself can be for lack of a better word, destroyed.

If situations exist like this, then what this would mean is that you would get all these possibilities where you would get these situations where things just literally blow up and create a situation where the evolution of a system is essentially jeopardized.

In a situation where this doesn't happen, you would need some kind of non-zero minimal entropy for all conditional permutations to avoid this very scenario which means you need to resort to a statistical theory of reality and not a deterministic one.

A situation where levels of stability in different contexts are 'gauranteed' or at least probabilistically high enough to warrant enough confidence would result in a kind of collective design so that this kind of thing would either not happen, or at least happen with a tiny enough probability so that it can be managed.

In fact if things had some kind of entanglement, then this mechanism could be used to ensure some kind of stability of the entire system and localize instabilities of the system if they do occur as to ensure that the system as a whole doesn't for lack of a better word 'blow up'.

The real question then if the above has any merit, is to figure out how you balance this kind of stability with the system both locally and globally having the ability to evolve itself in a way that is fair?

Thermal disequilibrium moves toward equilibrium by absorbed or emitted correspondent photons, with a decrease in entropy.

I don't know the specifics, but in the context of what I've been saying in this thread it would not be good for system stability to move towards a state of either maximal entropy or complete minimal entropy for reasons discussed above.

What is the most ordered universal structure possible? Is an empty universe interpretable as having both maximum and minimum entropy density? Can a maximally entropic universe have the same "complexity" as one of minimum entropy? Does an observer always impose order upon a more random universe? Can two or more disordered universes interfering together (e.g. through branes) reduce entropy overall?

To me, the situation where you have the most ordered universe is where all conscious forms work together in a way that doesn't create instability.

Some might see this as a religious theme or some kind of 'new age' comment, but an ordered system would look more like something that works in unison for each and every element rather than having elements working against one another.

If I had to characterize it, I would characterize it as every conscious form working with another to create the scenario where everything would be supplementing everything else in a way that creates a system where the energy ends up being directed in a way that everything works together as a whole which results in a kind of unification of all conscious beings which means that everything becomes a unified system which in terms of information means that it can be described as such which results in a decrease of entropy.

Remember entropy in this context is synonymous with not only order but also with the amount of information to describe something.

Remember that if you have a collective system that reaches some set of unified goals or constraints, then instead of having all these separate set of constraints to describe something, you end up having a situation where they end up merging which will result in requiring less information to describe the system. This lessening in the amount of information to describe the system translates in a reduction of entropy including the overall measures for all conditional entropies.

To me, the observer has the choice to either decrease or increase the entropies that end up contributing to the system as a whole but I would estimate that for a collective system to evolve in a positive manner, you would always want a system to at the very least decrease it's entropy over its evolution within any sub-region and collectively to find some kind of order for the system as a whole that reduces it's entropy from a previous state.

In terms of what that actual order is, I can't say but I imagine that there are many different kinds orders that could be formed just like there are many different functions that can be described once you have a dictionary and language structure that is minimal enough to describe a complicated system in a minimal form.

If this sounds like BS or foreign you should note that these ideas are a huge part of information theory including the area known as algorithmic information theory. If you want more information about this you should look up Kolmogorov complexity: it's not something that has been clarified in terms of algorithmic methods but the idea has been clarified to some respect.

Entropy, being scale dependent, sees an object like the Moon as being more ordered on many levels relative to the Earth.

A very good observation.

The thing is however, you need to define the order being used and this is really the heart of what makes language interesting.

The nature of the order could be to do with geometry and color variation. Describing a filled circle with a color spectrum that has little variation in one language is ordered.

But in another language it is not ordered. In another language something like the Mandelbrot set is highly ordered, but describing the moon in that language is highly disordered and requires a tonne of information.

This is why we have so many languages, jargon, structures, codings and so on. They all have a purpose in a given context. One language will represent something with minimal order but when you convert it to something else, it would take a ridiculuous amount of information to represent that same thing.

The question then becomes, how do we create languages in the best way possible? This is not an easy question and it is something that we are doing both consciously and unconsciously every single day.

The ultimate thing is that there are many different orders and not just one which makes it very interesting because we as scientists want to find 'the universal order' but my guess is that there are many orders that are just as valid as any other at the scope that they are presented at (i.e. the actual state space that these orders correspond to: think in terms of cardinality of the set).

Probability zero regions, found near atomic orbitals, are located in singular spacetime structures but quantum mechanically can be considered P>1, as they can not accommodate finite particles.

I don't know what this means, can you give me a link to a page that describes this?

The cosmic background radiation -- containing the microwave background radiation -- includes photons, gravitons, WIMPS (like neutrinos) and perhaps Higgs particles which impinge anentropically (focused) from the event horizon upon an observer. The accelerating cosmos, with possible inflation, linear expansion, and dark energy provide an outward entropic divergence of energy.

Can you point somewhere where this is described mathematically (and possibly in summary in english)? I'm for most purposes a mathematician/statistician and not a physicist.

 

[chiro]

By the way I haven't read the article for multiverses so I'll read that shortly.

 

[Loren Booda]

The (quantum) wavefunction condition ψ(x)=0 holds continuously only when it is everywhere continuous.

Hypothesis: at a given x, the probability P(x)=ψ*ψ (assumed continuous and smooth) of locating a singular particle is assumed zero at the singular point ψ(x)=0. So ψ_min(x₀)=0 implies (dψ/dx)_min(x₀)=0, unless ψ=0 for all x.

__________

If ψ_min(x)=A(exp(2∏i(xp/h)))_(x=0)=A(cos(2∏(xp/h))+isin(2∏(xp/h)))_(x=0)=0

Eigenvalues: x=(N+1/2)h/2p

and (dψ/dx)_min=-2∏(p/h) A(-sin(2∏i(xp/h)))+icosA(exp(2∏i(xp/h)))=0

Eigenvalues: x=N(N+1/2)(h/2p)²

__________

P=probability=ψ*ψ

x=spatial dimension

A=constant

N=integer

h=Planck's constant

p=momentum

Conclusion: if ψ_min(x₀)=0, its first derivative derives a singular, local maximum or minimum there, but its neighboring points do not, unless ψ(x)=0 for all x.

 

[chiro]

Geez Loren Booda, you'll really stretching me! I love it! :) I'll give an answer shortly.

 

[chiro]

The (quantum) wavefunction condition ψ(x)=0 holds continuously only when it is everywhere continuous.

Hypothesis: at a given x, the probability P(x)=ψ*ψ (assumed continuous and smooth) of locating a singular particle is assumed zero at the singular point ψ(x)=0. So ψ_min(x₀)=0 implies (dψ/dx)_min(x₀)=0, unless ψ=0 for all x.

__________

If ψ_min(x)=A(exp(2∏i(xp/h)))_(x=0)=A(cos(2∏(xp/h))+isin(2∏(xp/h)))_(x=0)=0

Eigenvalues: x=(N+1/2)h/2p

and (dψ/dx)_min=-2∏(p/h) A(-sin(2∏i(xp/h)))+icosA(exp(2∏i(xp/h)))=0

Eigenvalues: x=N(N+1/2)(h/2p)²

__________

P=probability=ψ*ψ

x=spatial dimension

A=constant

N=integer

h=Planck's constant

p=momentum

Conclusion: if ψ_min(x₀)=0, its first derivative derives a singular, local maximum or minimum there, but its neighboring points do not, unless ψ(x)=0 for all x.

The thing though is that with physics, the discussion is about what to do with regards to the issue of having one theory in continuous space (General Relativity) and another in discrete space (Quantum Field Theory).

Now I've been reading a little bit about this lately and one approach that is being used is to 'quantize' GR in which you basically get the field of Quantum Gravity.

This approach in my mind makes more sense than trying to make QFT continuous. My reasons for thinking this way is that we already know that all of the interactions and subsequently all the energy calculations work in a quantize way so at least to me it doesn't make sense to have an embedded set that describes the space to be continuous either.

For the above, it's like for example taking a Diophantine system and then describing the sets for describing the domain and codomain to be real numbers. This is completely un-necessary because you know that for this kind of thing you are only going to deal with finite numbers of states when you look at a finite subregion of the entire state-space for that particular process.

So based on this line of reasoning (which may be right or wrong and I'd love to hear your comments), then the next thing to do is to find a quantization scheme for space-time which is what many people are working on currently in many ways.

What this will do is essentially force the probability distribution to be non-continuous, but the real question lies in the way that it will be discontinuous.

See the thing is that you can't just quantize the space in the regular way that you would say quantize a 3D cartesian geometry by quantizing each axis individually. The problem with doing that is that not only are dealing with non-euclidean space-times, but we are also dealing with quite a number of interactions that ultimately will define the actual quantization procedure of space-time itself.

Personally one way I would approach this quantization is from a number-theoretic viewpoint because if a quantization scheme had to exist for a completely quantized system, then it means that for this quantization scheme the solutions to the Diophantine equations that specify that system would have to make sense in the way that all the solutions that are meant to exist corresponding to results in this physical reality actually do exist and also just as equally important, all the results that do not exist also don't exist in the Diophantine system.

So if you were to go this route, then the first thing would be to think about ways of expressing a Diophantine form of the system (it will have probabilistic properties of course) and then through the probabilistic description of the Diophantine system, then generate some useful probability definitions of a specific part of the system, like a particle like an electron.

One of the tricks to model the kind of behaviour you find in Diophantine systems that take place in continuous systems is to use the Dirac Delta function. This 'infinite-spike' allows you to model the behaviour of a finite field when you are dealing with a continuous state-space. When you have a natural space that is discrete, this isn't needed and you can get all the kinds of discrete behaviours when you consider something like a Diophantine system to model a process (and it's important to note that it can be made probabilistic).

So my question to you is, will you continue to work in a continuous framework meaning that you have to deal with all these issues related to Dirac-Delta spikes, discontinuities of every sort and the consequences of such, or are you willing to go the other way and assume a completely discrete framework and as a result use number theory (and it's probabilistic variant) to do physics instead?

 

[Loren Booda]

Special relativity imposes a relative speed limit of light speed c. General relativity, Georges Lemaître posited, has no relative speed limit for the universe. Particle horizons proceed toward us from a theoretical big bang in reverse order of their creation. The singular big bang, relative to us, may actually stretch across the celestial sphere. The distance of the singularity from us could well determine our physical universe. Whether the big bang is now out to infinity or at a finite horizon has affected particle creation, the evolution of forces, physical constants and the (local) geometry of our spacetime.

Think of cars accelerating from a stop. The cars behave much like galaxies moving according to the Hubble distance expansion, approximately r=c/H₀, where r is the relative distance a galaxy is from us, c the speed of light and H₀ the Hubble constant, about 70 (km/s)/Mpc. (That is, kilometers per second per megaparsec.) The farther one travels outward, the faster one expands relative to home base. If the law holds, eventually the traveler reaches the event horizon, where, like a black hole, Earth-light does not have the energy to continue (but there the traveler might find himself in a sea of Hawking radiation thanks to his investment).

Close to home we observe some rotational, then somewhat peculiar (random) expansion of the galaxies, farther on the moderate "Hubble law" escape, then the many named accelerative outward expansion, first found by supernova measurements. While our universe rushes away from us (and does so wherever we happen to be) the big bang remnant, singular as ever, has rained particles (albeit diminished) upon us. The microwave background is one remnant -- recombination of electrons and protons to create hydrogen. This happens in the lab at 3000K, which when divided by 2.7K, just happens to yield the redshift (Z≈1000) of the MBR.

The question remains, how does the ultimate outward cosmic background radiation (CBR, not just from microwave horns) correspond to the inner one of particle accelerators? When we look to the sky we see a rain of photons, when we look to the ground we feel the pull of gravitons. What might be interesting to measure is the entropy of the outer flow against that of the inner. Pointing our telescopes farther unravels earliest times; nearer do our microscopes enable uncertainty. We learn that out of high energy condense the quanta of fundamental forces.

 

[chiro]

Special relativity imposes a relative speed limit of light speed c. General relativity, Georges Lemaître posited, has no relative speed limit for the universe. Particle horizons proceed toward us from a theoretical big bang in reverse order of their creation. The singular big bang, relative to us, may actually stretch across the celestial sphere. The distance of the singularity from us could well determine our physical universe. Whether the big bang is now out to infinity or at a finite horizon has affected particle creation, the evolution of forces, physical constants and the (local) geometry of our spacetime.

Think of cars accelerating from a stop. The cars behave much like galaxies moving according to the Hubble distance expansion, approximately r=c/H₀, where r is the relative distance a galaxy is from us, c the speed of light and H₀ the Hubble constant, about 70 (km/s)/Mpc. (That is, kilometers per second per megaparsec.) The farther one travels outward, the faster one expands relative to home base. If the law holds, eventually the traveler reaches the event horizon, where, like a black hole, Earth-light does not have the energy to continue (but there the traveler might find himself in a sea of Hawking radiation thanks to his investment).

Close to home we observe some rotational, then somewhat peculiar (random) expansion of the galaxies, farther on the moderate "Hubble law" escape, then the many named accelerative outward expansion, first found by supernova measurements. While our universe rushes away from us (and does so wherever we happen to be) the big bang remnant, singular as ever, has rained particles (albeit diminished) upon us. The microwave background is one remnant -- recombination of electrons and protons to create hydrogen. This happens in the lab at 3000K, which when divided by 2.7K, just happens to yield the redshift (Z≈1000) of the MBR.

The question remains, how does the ultimate outward cosmic background radiation (CBR, not just from microwave horns) correspond to the inner one of particle accelerators? When we look to the sky we see a rain of photons, when we look to the ground we feel the pull of gravitons. What might be interesting to measure is the entropy of the outer flow against that of the inner. Pointing our telescopes farther unravels earliest times; nearer do our microscopes enable uncertainty. We learn that out of high energy condense the quanta of fundamental forces.

Can you give me some specific equations to look at?

Again I am not a physicist, but I do know a little bit about mathematics.

One thing that is interesting is that there is an idea that the universe is actually holographic. Now if this is the case structurally (like the interference pattern you get when you look at a real holographic film itself), then this has huge consequences for entropy.

In order for a hologram to retain its structural integrity (in terms of the actual information it represents), what this means is that there is basically a form of global entanglement. The effects on entropy are very big since if we are able to reduce some or all of the information for some finite sub-region of our state-space, then it means that changes will propagate through the entire system in both microscopic and macroscopic manners.

Now again, I have to point out that I am not a physicist you will have to give me equations and if possible, also a bit of extra context behind your question to give me some physical intuition.

Also the holographic nature if it exists in a kind of 'space-time' manner also means that the entanglement is not prevalent for things at one 'slice' of time, but rather across space-time as a whole. The effects of this kind of entanglement, if it existed, would mean that not only would it be seen in entropy calculations, but also that if it had the properties of a hologram information packet, that you could experimentally check whether the entropy pattern matches that of a hologram as well. This would be a nice physics experiment ;)

With regard to the evolution of forces, to put this into context of entropy, again you have to see where conditional entropies are minimized not only under the raw data, but also under transformations as well.

The thing is that if there is an order that is being created (remember there can be many many different orders in a highly complex system with many interactions going on) then what you would do is to extract a significant order and make an inference about what is happening. You would want to extract orders that minimize entropy in a maximized state-space for the highest conditional order possible (when I say conditional order I mean with respect to a joint distributions that has a higher number of initial states with respect to the rest of the states.)

In terms of the evolution of not only the physical state itself in space-time but also the forces, again you have to see where the order is.

If you want to conjecture why a particular set of 'forces' have been chosen, then again relate these to state-space in terms of the best orders that can be obtained. If it turns out that the orders vanish, or if the system 'blows up' and becomes 'unstable' with respect to existing orders that are extrapolated from the current system, then you have a way of contextually describing when you interpret what the orders mean 'in english' from their mathematical counterparts why the forces 'are what they are' vs 'are what they could be'. This kind of thing would strengthen what you know as the 'Anthropic Principle' and other ideas similar to it.

For the Hubble stuff, it would be helpful to give some equations and if possible some extra context to what you are saying. Again I'm not a physicist.

Finally with respect to your last statement, again I don't see things in terms of gravitons, or other force communicators required to make physical intuition: I see things mathematically in the most general non-local manner possible. In terms of physical intuition, it is not preferrable to do it this way because physics is a very specific endeavor that is rich of complexity at even the smallest scales and for specificity and clarification, requires one usually to see things in a local context.

Now the above might sound arrogant, but the reason I say this is because with my background and experiences, do not for whatever reason see things this way. I see things from a different perspective which can be beneficial and not so beneficial, just as every perspective has its benefits and limitations.

It would be interested to also get your feedback as well on my responses if you don't mind just to get some relativity for my comments. :)

 

[AntiPhysics]

Is an infinite series of [nonrepeating] random numbers possible?

That is, can the term "random" apply to a [nonrepeating] infinite series?

It seems to me that Cantor's logic might not allow the operation of [nonrepeating] randomization on a number line approaching infinity.

Technically, no. Eventually, if it is truly infinite, after all the googolplexes of combinations of numbers, it will repeat. Randomness is only based on the time that you study it for. If you have 0.1256627773728172818918268162, that obviously doesn't repeat. But if you let it continue, it will repeat eventually.

 

[chiro]

Technically, no. Eventually, if it is truly infinite, after all the googolplexes of combinations of numbers, it will repeat. Randomness is only based on the time that you study it for. If you have 0.1256627773728172818918268162, that obviously doesn't repeat. But if you let it continue, it will repeat eventually.

What about a number like the decimal expansion of pi?

 

[micromass]

Technically, no. Eventually, if it is truly infinite, after all the googolplexes of combinations of numbers, it will repeat. Randomness is only based on the time that you study it for. If you have 0.1256627773728172818918268162, that obviously doesn't repeat. But if you let it continue, it will repeat eventually.

That is NOT true. Only rational numbers repeat eventually.

 

[Loren Booda]

chiro,

I respect that this is a mathematical forum, so I will try to remain conscious about the topic of this thread. My apologies for the lack of hard equations. Such relations below will often be expressed in "English." I struggle to provide the best descriptions possible. Coding is an area which I am not familiar with. Do you feel that our exchange is productive? I appreciate your contributions.

__________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle -- Black hole entropy
The holographic principle was inspired by black hole thermodynamics, which implies that the maximal entropy in any region scales with the radius squared, and not cubed as might be expected. In the case of a black hole, the insight was that the informational content of all the objects which have fallen into the hole can be entirely contained in surface fluctuations of the event horizon. The holographic principle resolves the black hole information paradox within the framework of string theory.
. . .
An object with entropy is microscopically random, like a hot gas. A known configuration of classical fields has zero entropy: there is nothing random about electric and magnetic fields, or gravitational waves. Since black holes are exact solutions of Einstein's equations, they were thought not to have any entropy either.

But Jacob Bekenstein noted that this leads to a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. If one throws a hot gas with entropy into a black hole, once it crosses the horizon, the entropy would disappear. The random properties of the gas would no longer be seen once the black hole had absorbed the gas and settled down. The second law can only be salvaged if black holes are in fact random objects, with an enormous entropy whose increase is greater than the entropy carried by the gas.

Bekenstein argued that black holes are maximum entropy objects—that they have more entropy than anything else in the same volume. In a sphere of radius R, the entropy in a relativistic gas increases as the energy increases. The only limit is gravitational; when there is too much energy the gas collapses into a black hole. Bekenstein used this to put an upper bound on the entropy in a region of space, and the bound was proportional to the area of the region. He concluded that the black hole entropy is directly proportional to the area of the event horizon.

Stephen Hawking had shown earlier that the total horizon area of a collection of black holes always increases with time. The horizon is a boundary defined by lightlike geodesics; it is those light rays that are just barely unable to escape. If neighboring geodesics start moving toward each other they eventually collide, at which point their extension is inside the black hole. So the geodesics are always moving apart, and the number of geodesics which generate the boundary, the area of the horizon, always increases. Hawking's result was called the second law of black hole thermodynamics, by analogy with the law of entropy increase, but at first, he did not take the analogy too seriously.

Hawking knew that if the horizon area were an actual entropy, black holes would have to radiate. When heat is added to a thermal system, the change in entropy is the increase in mass-energy divided by temperature:

dS = dM/T

If black holes have a finite entropy, they should also have a finite temperature. In particular, they would come to equilibrium with a thermal gas of photons. This means that black holes would not only absorb photons, but they would also have to emit them in the right amount to maintain detailed balance.

Time independent solutions to field equations don't emit radiation, because a time independent background conserves energy. Based on this principle, Hawking set out to show that black holes do not radiate. But, to his surprise, a careful analysis convinced him that they do, and in just the right way to come to equilibrium with a gas at a finite temperature. Hawking's calculation fixed the constant of proportionality at 1/4; the entropy of a black hole is one quarter its horizon area in Planck units.

The entropy is proportional to the logarithm of the number of microstates, the ways a system can be configured microscopically while leaving the macroscopic description unchanged. Black hole entropy is deeply puzzling — it says that the logarithm of the number of states of a black hole is proportional to the area of the horizon, not the volume in the interior.

__________

[Speculation]: Regarding the "black hole information paradox," a black hole's "singularity" may be a composite of quantum black holes. Information about the "singularity" would manifest at the black hole horizon as the only variables we may know about a black hole: mass, spin, and charge (and derivations thereof). The extreme symmetry of the Schwarzschild black hole transfers coherently (much like an "isotropic laser" or "holograph") such information that is allowed about the singularity.

__________

Remember the Heisenberg uncertainty principle applies for all quanta: a very small mass complements a very large radius: ΔrΔp≥h, or ΔrΔcm≥h. In other words, small measurements relate to large ones through their action, or units of Planck's constant.

r=radius of action, p=momentum of action, c=speed of light in vacuo, m=mass of quantum, h=Planck's constant.

_________

[Speculation]: M* is the characteristic mass of quantum gravity. This Planck mass demarcates exclusively black hole masses above from those of quanta below. Symmetry between these regions implies a duality for the two classes of entities. The Planck (quantum) black hole, with its mass M*, itself shares and interrelates properties of black holes and quanta. Since inverting the mass scale around M* compares black holes and quanta one-to-one, a black hole could be a real quantum "inside-out" - in terms of that scale - and vice versa:

(M_{black hole}·M_quantum)^1/2=M_Planck, where M is mass.

__________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_velocityIn physical cosmology, the term peculiar velocity (or peculiar motion) refers to the components of a receding galaxy's velocity that cannot be explained by Hubble's law.

According to Hubble, and as verified by many astronomers, a galaxy is receding from us at a speed proportional to its distance. The Hubble distance expansion, approximately r=c/H₀, where r is the relative distance a galaxy is from us, c the speed of light and H₀ the Hubble constant, about 70 (km/s)/Mpc. (That is, kilometers per second per megaparsec.)

Galaxies are not distributed evenly throughout observable space, but typically found in groups or clusters, ranging in size from fewer than a dozen to several thousands. All these nearby galaxies have a gravitational effect, to the extent that the original galaxy can have a velocity of over 1,000 km/s in an apparently random direction. This ["peculiar"] velocity will therefore add, or subtract, from the radial velocity that one would expect from Hubble's law.

The main consequence is that, in determining the distance of a single galaxy, a possible error must be assumed. This error becomes smaller, relative to the total speed, as the distance increases.

A more accurate estimate can be made by taking the average velocity of a group of galaxies: the peculiar velocities, assumed to be essentially random, will cancel each other, leaving a much more accurate measurement.

Models attempting to explain accelerating expansion include some form of dark energy. The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or vacuum energy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant -- The cosmological constant Λ appears in Einstein's modified field equation in the form of

R_μν -(1/2)Rg_μν + Λg_μν = 8∏G/c⁴T_μν

where R and g pertain to the structure of spacetime, T pertains to matter and energy (thought of as affecting that structure), and G and c are conversion factors that arise from using traditional units of measurement. When Λ is zero, this reduces to the original field equation of general relativity. When T is zero, the field equation describes empty space (the vacuum).

The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum, ρ_vac (and an associated pressure). In this context it is commonly defined with a proportionality factor of 8∏ Λ = 8∏ρ_vac, where unit conventions of general relativity are used (otherwise factors of G and c would also appear). It is common to quote values of energy density directly, though still using the name "cosmological constant".

A positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative pressure, and vice versa. If the energy density is positive, the associated negative pressure will drive an accelerated expansion of empty space.

__________

Thus the expansion "ladder" is largely determined by peculiar velocity, the Hubble expansion and a parameter like the cosmological constant.

__________

[Speculation]: Entropy of a black hole is proportional to its surface area. Entropy of conventional matter is proportional to its volume. I assume entropy of a concave spherical cosmological horizon, of reciprocal geometry, to be that of an inverted Schwarzschild black hole -- thus differing in their sign of curvature -- that is, with geodesics converging rather than diverging.

Aside: a simple dimensional argument considering conventional entropy (three dimensional) and black hole entropy (two dimensional) yields individual quanta having entropy proportional (one dimensional) to their propagation.

[Question]: A Schwarzschild black hole of radius R_B has entropy proportional to its surface area. Consider it within a closed ("Schwarzschild") universe of radius R_H>R_B. What is their relative entropy? Remember the universe as having radiating curvature relatively negative to that of the inner black hole.

 

[chiro]

chiro,

I respect that this is a mathematical forum, so I will try to remain conscious about the topic of this thread. My apologies for the lack of hard equations. Such relations below will often be expressed in "English." I struggle to provide the best descriptions possible. Coding is an area which I am not familiar with. Do you feel that our exchange is productive? I appreciate your contributions.

Thankyou Loren Booda. I'm actually learning a lot myself and you've motivated me to look at a few things as a result of this discussion.

I'll attack this question in a few parts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle -- Black hole entropy The holographic principle was inspired by black hole thermodynamics, which implies that the maximal entropy in any region scales with the radius squared, and not cubed as might be expected. In the case of a black hole, the insight was that the informational content of all the objects which have fallen into the hole can be entirely contained in surface fluctuations of the event horizon. The holographic principle resolves the black hole information paradox within the framework of string theory.
. . .
An object with entropy is microscopically random, like a hot gas. A known configuration of classical fields has zero entropy: there is nothing random about electric and magnetic fields, or gravitational waves. Since black holes are exact solutions of Einstein's equations, they were thought not to have any entropy either.

But Jacob Bekenstein noted that this leads to a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. If one throws a hot gas with entropy into a black hole, once it crosses the horizon, the entropy would disappear. The random properties of the gas would no longer be seen once the black hole had absorbed the gas and settled down. The second law can only be salvaged if black holes are in fact random objects, with an enormous entropy whose increase is greater than the entropy carried by the gas.

Bekenstein argued that black holes are maximum entropy objects—that they have more entropy than anything else in the same volume. In a sphere of radius R, the entropy in a relativistic gas increases as the energy increases. The only limit is gravitational; when there is too much energy the gas collapses into a black hole. Bekenstein used this to put an upper bound on the entropy in a region of space, and the bound was proportional to the area of the region. He concluded that the black hole entropy is directly proportional to the area of the event horizon.

Stephen Hawking had shown earlier that the total horizon area of a collection of black holes always increases with time. The horizon is a boundary defined by lightlike geodesics; it is those light rays that are just barely unable to escape. If neighboring geodesics start moving toward each other they eventually collide, at which point their extension is inside the black hole. So the geodesics are always moving apart, and the number of geodesics which generate the boundary, the area of the horizon, always increases. Hawking's result was called the second law of black hole thermodynamics, by analogy with the law of entropy increase, but at first, he did not take the analogy too seriously.

Hawking knew that if the horizon area were an actual entropy, black holes would have to radiate. When heat is added to a thermal system, the change in entropy is the increase in mass-energy divided by temperature:

dS = dM/T

If black holes have a finite entropy, they should also have a finite temperature. In particular, they would come to equilibrium with a thermal gas of photons. This means that black holes would not only absorb photons, but they would also have to emit them in the right amount to maintain detailed balance.

Time independent solutions to field equations don't emit radiation, because a time independent background conserves energy. Based on this principle, Hawking set out to show that black holes do not radiate. But, to his surprise, a careful analysis convinced him that they do, and in just the right way to come to equilibrium with a gas at a finite temperature. Hawking's calculation fixed the constant of proportionality at 1/4; the entropy of a black hole is one quarter its horizon area in Planck units.

The entropy is proportional to the logarithm of the number of microstates, the ways a system can be configured microscopically while leaving the macroscopic description unchanged. Black hole entropy is deeply puzzling — it says that the logarithm of the number of states of a black hole is proportional to the area of the horizon, not the volume in the interior.

I wanted to comment specifically on something first before I attack the rest of your post.

If this result is true, then the fact that the entropy is bounded for any finite sub-region tells us that there is indeed a mechanism used to make sure things don't get too disorderly and as a conjecture I imagine that the nature of gravity with regards to the black hole phenomena helps create this form of stabilization.

In terms of what we have talked about before regarding the idea of bounding entropy for a finite-subregion so that at the minimum you don't get a level of unmanageable chaos, this idea of a mechanism to make sure that this doesn't happen makes sense at least from this perspective. I'm not saying that it's necessarily the only reason for the result of these interactions, but I do think it is one plausible thing that could be used to analyze exactly why this is happening.

I have a few books on this kind of thing tucked away somewhere but I haven't really had the motivation to go into it in detail, so I'm considered looking at these results at a later date.

The interesting thing to take note of is how the radiation (from the black hole) varies not only with the area of the event horizon, but also with the temperature.

The reason for the above inquiry is that if you know roughly how the entropy of the information exchange is happening (not necessarily in an atomic way but in a macroscopic way), then what you can do is you can look at that exchange and understand what happens in the most chaotic circumstances.

Also with regards to the idea of it being based on area and not to do with volume, I am going to go make a wild speculation and say that because the black hole represents the situation with the most entropy for that particular region, then what you are looking at is a situation where for a given volume, the entropy has reached a maximum and therefore if a black hole maintains this entropy characteristic, the entropy itself will not change despite what is going on inside the black-hole, if indeed the black-hole scenario represents the situation of a maximum-entropy.

With regard to the area problem, what I would say for this is that if a black-hole has to have a spherical volume, then if the projection of the black-hole volume onto the surface where the horizon is measured is strictly proportional to the area, then it is no surprise that the entropy is in fact proportional to the area. If the region enclosed by the event horizon is circular, and the volume itself relates to a sphere, then you can see that the area is indeed proportional to the volume of the region that the black hole is enclosed in.

In fact, intuitively we would expect something that had the characteristics of a black-hole (i.e. if it was under a gravitational force so big where every part of the object would be accelerated towards the very centre of the body), that the black hole itself would be a spherical object. The only thing that remains is to see whether the event horizon is itself a circular object and if this is the case, then it is not surprising that the entropy is proportional to the area.

Also if the black-hole represents the state of maximum entropy for that particular configuration within that given space, then the entropy would be the maximum allowed.

Now the really interesting thing to take note of is how the entropy changes over time. The thing that I would pay attention to, is exactly how the area of the event horizon changes, how the radiation emission from the black hole changes, and also how the temperature changes under certain configurations.

The reason I say the above is that if the black-hole really is the state of maximum entropy, then understanding what happens in this case will tell you essentially how things become 're-ordered' again.

Again the motivation for this line of reasoning is the example of a system that is allowed to become too disordered and as a result so chaotic that it ends up destabilizing the whole system if it is allowed to propagate willy nilly. If the black-hole at least in part helps stop this situation from occurring, then what this phenomena will tell you is how for lack of a better word, God deals with this situation: in other words, how stability is maintained of the entire system.

In fact, the energy conservation rules for black-holes will tell an awful lot about how orders of all kinds are actually maintained.

 

[chiro]

[Speculation]: Regarding the "black hole information paradox," a black hole's "singularity" may be a composite of quantum black holes. Information about the "singularity" would manifest at the black hole horizon as the only variables we may know about a black hole: mass, spin, and charge (and derivations thereof). The extreme symmetry of the Schwarzschild black hole transfers coherently (much like an "isotropic laser" or "holograph") such information that is allowed about the singularity.

The only comment I have on this is that if the radiation (or any other information exchange between the black hole and other regions regardless of how it happens) gives us information about the entropy, temperature or other characteristics then I imagine this would give a lot of information about the black hole.

In terms of mass, if the radiation corresponds to containing temperature information, then mass information would be communicated. In terms of spin and charge, I don't know enough about these characteristics to answer this currently.

Remember the Heisenberg uncertainty principle applies for all quanta: a very small mass complements a very large radius: ΔrΔp≥h, or ΔrΔcm≥h. In other words, small measurements relate to large ones through their action, or units of Planck's constant.

r=radius of action, p=momentum of action, c=speed of light in vacuo, m=mass of quantum, h=Planck's constant.

I'm going to take a look at this later.

[Speculation]: M* is the characteristic mass of quantum gravity. This Planck mass demarcates exclusively black hole masses above from those of quanta below. Symmetry between these regions implies a duality for the two classes of entities. The Planck (quantum) black hole, with its mass M*, itself shares and interrelates properties of black holes and quanta. Since inverting the mass scale around M* compares black holes and quanta one-to-one, a black hole could be a real quantum "inside-out" - in terms of that scale - and vice versa:

(M_{black hole}·M_quantum)^1/2=M_Planck, where M is mass.

Before I comment on this can you point me to either a paper or an article (or something along those lines) that gives me a bit more background for what you are saying?

Doesn't have to be absolutely formal: I just need a bit of context and background.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_velocityIn physical cosmology, the term peculiar velocity (or peculiar motion) refers to the components of a receding galaxy's velocity that cannot be explained by Hubble's law.

According to Hubble, and as verified by many astronomers, a galaxy is receding from us at a speed proportional to its distance. The Hubble distance expansion, approximately r=c/H₀, where r is the relative distance a galaxy is from us, c the speed of light and H₀ the Hubble constant, about 70 (km/s)/Mpc. (That is, kilometers per second per megaparsec.)

Galaxies are not distributed evenly throughout observable space, but typically found in groups or clusters, ranging in size from fewer than a dozen to several thousands. All these nearby galaxies have a gravitational effect, to the extent that the original galaxy can have a velocity of over 1,000 km/s in an apparently random direction. This ["peculiar"] velocity will therefore add, or subtract, from the radial velocity that one would expect from Hubble's law.

The main consequence is that, in determining the distance of a single galaxy, a possible error must be assumed. This error becomes smaller, relative to the total speed, as the distance increases.

A more accurate estimate can be made by taking the average velocity of a group of galaxies: the peculiar velocities, assumed to be essentially random, will cancel each other, leaving a much more accurate measurement.

Models attempting to explain accelerating expansion include some form of dark energy. The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or vacuum energy.

One comment I have with this is the idea of 'random speeds'. Again this is from a computational perspective.

I would go further than what you have done and consider every entity relative to everything else and then draw conclusions from that rather than from just a measure of what you are saying.

The thing is, if there is some kind of interaction going on, then there will exist a transformation of your raw data with minimal entropy and if that entropy under a particular transformation is 0 then this describes your interaction in a completely deterministic manner. Even if it is not exactly zero, it's still good enough for most practical purposes to be useful.

Again I don't see things in a physical context: I don't see things in terms of particles, forces, electrons, space-time surfaces and so on: to me it's just information with various orders and also I am not completely aquainted with all of the definitions used in physics (I know some though). I would look at a system in a general way, try and extract various orders and then interpret what those mean in the context of the interpretation of the information presented. Personally, in my view, trying to understand something in a fixed constraint whether that's in terms of human sensory perception to me is not how I look at things: All I see is information.

If this conversation goes deeper that it is now (which is fine by me), then I will have to get acquainted with these definitions and constraints that are being talked about and I hope you bear with me if this is required.

Also finally with regards to 'random speeds'. I will mention this later in this post but the idea of things being 'completely random' doesn't make sense in terms of stability and enforced variability: I will talk about these soon.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant -- The cosmological constant Λ appears in Einstein's modified field equation in the form of

R_μν -(1/2)Rg_μν + Λg_μν = 8∏G/c⁴T_μν

where R and g pertain to the structure of spacetime, T pertains to matter and energy (thought of as affecting that structure), and G and c are conversion factors that arise from using traditional units of measurement. When Λ is zero, this reduces to the original field equation of general relativity. When T is zero, the field equation describes empty space (the vacuum).

The cosmological constant has the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of the vacuum, ρ_vac (and an associated pressure). In this context it is commonly defined with a proportionality factor of 8∏ Λ = 8∏ρ_vac, where unit conventions of general relativity are used (otherwise factors of G and c would also appear). It is common to quote values of energy density directly, though still using the name "cosmological constant".

A positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative pressure, and vice versa. If the energy density is positive, the associated negative pressure will drive an accelerated expansion of empty space.

The thing about this analysis is that if you look at this in isolated macroscopic context, then you will probably miss it's role in the context of looking at it with respect to the other mechanisms that exist (in other words, the other forces besides gravity).

With regard to the first issue, I speculated that the behaviour of a black-hole might be the mechanism to not only control entropy for a given finite sub-region for a particular space-time configuration, but also to 'deal' with this situation by creating a situation that effectively either re-directs information in a manner that it can be become more stable or perhaps even to isolate this from other systems as to stop things from going haywire.

Now the thing is that in an accelerating universe where space for a lack of a better word becomes 'stretched', again this could well be designed relative to all other forces to make sure things either 'don't get haywire' or 'don't come to a halt'.

When I say 'don't get haywire' I am talking about a situation where things become too chaotic causes an overall system-wide chaos that is irreversible. The halting problem is the exact opposite: by this I mean that you want to have some kind of minimal gauranteed variation or evolution constraints that allow things to remain dynamic.

Both of the above issues need to be addressed and I also want to say that it is a better way to analyze not only systems in general, but also scientific systems like physics and so on.

The thing is, by comparing the complement of certain models and systems relative to the data and actual models that have been formulated, you can actually give a reason why a particular model is either better or even exists at all with respect to another model simply on the basis of whether one model is sustainable over its evolution vs one that is not.

To do this you need to consider the system as a whole and not as a separate isolated system of its parts and by considering say an accelerating phenomenon without the other things that give a reason why this occurs, then the speculation will be ill-founded with regards to the primary motivation of such a phenomena.

You might see me saying this again and again, but the reason I say this is because without looking at things in terms of both stability and gauranteed evolution constraints (i.e. the same doesn't become static enough to prevent proper evolution), then many things will either be missed or understood. Any system that has the properties of one that evolves properly must have these attributes.

For this reason, I think scientific investigation needs to undertake a major shift from how it currently is going to something more aligned to the above way of thinking. A system that is prone to any kind of unfair arbitrage in any way is something that is not well designed in my opinion and it wouldn't make sense to analyze a system in the context of where you have a situation of unfair arbitrage.

What this non-arbitrage situation corresponds to is something that will need to discussed, debated, clarified and tested against experimentally and otherwise, but in terms of system design I see it as critical that this be used in the most basic of analyses.

Ironically however science is formulated to try and create some kind of certainty out of the uncertainty that we face in which we investigate things more or less to control our surroundings. If a system has been specifically designed to enable a system wide level of non-arbitrage, then it means that this has already been considered in the system design. This philosophically raises an important question and if it holds any water, might make quite a few people depressed.

In fact you could use the above form of analyses to make an inference on whether a particular system has been 'purposely designed' for lack of a better word in comparison to something that has been 'randomly chosen'. This kind of thing would support evidence of whether we really are 'just an accident' or whether this whole thing has been engineered on purpose.

This is speculation, but I don't think this whole thing was random, but rather engineered on purpose due to the amount of evidence for stability in all forms and how everything just naturally 'works together' in many kinds of orders. If I wanted to provide evidence mathematically I would do it from a stability analysis using some of the concepts above, but for now I'm going to base it on observation and anecdotal inference.

[Speculation]: Entropy of a black hole is proportional to its surface area. Entropy of conventional matter is proportional to its volume. I assume entropy of a concave spherical cosmological horizon, of reciprocal geometry, to be that of an inverted Schwarzschild black hole -- thus differing in their sign of curvature -- that is, with geodesics converging rather than diverging.

Aside: a simple dimensional argument considering conventional entropy (three dimensional) and black hole entropy (two dimensional) yields individual quanta having entropy proportional (one dimensional) to their propagation.

Could you elaborate on this please? What do you mean by propagation?

[Question]: A Schwarzschild black hole of radius R_B has entropy proportional to its surface area. Consider it within a closed ("Schwarzschild") universe of radius R_H>R_B. What is their relative entropy? Remember the universe as having radiating curvature relatively negative to that of the inner black hole.

For this particular question, what I would like to know is can you have a black-hole inside a black-hole where there is any freedom for the configuration of the inner-most black-hole inside the outer-most black hole.

If the entropy conditions are fixed for 'any' black-hole with regards to characteristics like temperature and subsequently entropy, then the thing that I would ask is 'does every sub-region of any black-hole contain entropy corresponding to the volume of that sub-region?'

If the answer is yes, then the answer would be simply be equal to the ratio of the inner object with respect to the volume of the entire object.

The reason why I would say the above is that if a black hole is the realization of something with maximum entropy, then in terms of the conditional distributions, all of these would also have to yield maximum entropy (remember our conversation before on this).

As a result of this, if it is true, it means that every sub-region of the black-hole also has maximal entropy for that region: This means that we should get the proportional characteristic I have mentioned.

Now if for some reason there was a deviation of the maximum entropy principle for any sub-region of the space, this would mean that a black-hole with this particular configuration would not have maximal entropy which to me is a contradiction.

If for some reason this could happen, what this means is that in a black-hole you could pretty much create order in any way you saw fit if you understood the mechanism because the fact that there is a decrease in entropy for some sub-region in a maximal outer black-hole means that you can engineer directly everything if you understand how to lower entropy in various ways. This would correspond to the ability to create any kind of order that you wanted to if you knew how to do it.

 

[chiro]

Do you feel that our exchange is productive? I appreciate your contributions.

I do feel that our exchange is productive, but I would be interested in more feedback from you if you could please. I don't want to end up doing all the talking: I appreciate any kind of feedback whether you think I'm out of my mind or making sense.

 

[AntiPhysics]

That is NOT true. Only rational numbers repeat eventually.

Just think about it in more abstract terms, this is only textbook knowledge. If a number is random, that means there is an infinite amount of possibilities, and if there is an infinite amount of possibilities, you have the chance of it repeating at one point, be it after 10 digits or after a googolplex of digits. Sometimes you are only limited by which what shows up on a calculator display before cutting off.

 

[AntiPhysics]

What about a number like the decimal expansion of pi?

Pi is a great example of my hypothesis. From what we have studied, pi is 3.1415926535. Or it could be 3.14159265358979323. Or even 1 million digits. In those 1 million digits, it doesn't repeat. Pi is a non terminating decimal, so who's to say that it will never reapeat? It has the "opportunity" to, so to speak. If someone could live forever, but in just one time period, let's say just today, they would eventually do everything possible and go everywhere possible in the world.

 

[HallsofIvy]

Yes, you have that possibility- you said earlier it must happen.

But I think the reason chiro responded as he did is the interpretation of "repeat". If you mean some "pattern" of digits will repeat at least once further down the list of digits, that is pretty obvious- there are only 10 digits so obviously digits must repeat a lot! There are only $10^n$ possible n digit patterns so obviously some such must eventually repeat. But Chiro was interpreting "repeat" as meaning that at some point the digits become "AAAAAA..." where A is a specific finite sequence of digits that keeps repeating and there are no other digits. That is true only for rational numbers- and "almost all" real numbers are NOT rational.

 

[micromass]

Just think about it in more abstract terms, this is only textbook knowledge. If a number is random, that means there is an infinite amount of possibilities, and if there is an infinite amount of possibilities, you have the chance of it repeating at one point, be it after 10 digits or after a googolplex of digits. Sometimes you are only limited by which what shows up on a calculator display before cutting off.

Pi is a great example of my hypothesis. From what we have studied, pi is 3.1415926535. Or it could be 3.14159265358979323. Or even 1 million digits. In those 1 million digits, it doesn't repeat. Pi is a non terminating decimal, so who's to say that it will never reapeat? It has the "opportunity" to, so to speak. If someone could live forever, but in just one time period, let's say just today, they would eventually do everything possible and go everywhere possible in the world.

Pi has been PROVEN not to repeat ever. The only repeating numbers are rational numbers.

Please don't talk about something you know nothing about.

 

[micromass]

Try to read this: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeating_decimal

 

[AntiPhysics]

Pi has been PROVEN not to repeat ever. The only repeating numbers are rational numbers.

Please don't talk about something you know nothing about.

Give me some scientific evidence proving pi doesn't repeat. And no, not a Wikipedia page simply stating it doesn't. And sometimes, as I said before, you are only limited by the technology you are using. If someone calculates pi to the quintillionth digit, and it doesn't reapeat in that string of numbers, how do you know it doesn't start repeating later on, where you don't even know anything about the rest?

 

[micromass]

Give me some scientific evidence proving pi doesn't repeat. And no, not a Wikipedia page simply stating it doesn't. And sometimes, as I said before, you are only limited by the technology you are using. If someone calculates pi to the quintillionth digit, and it doesn't reapeat in that string of numbers, how do you know it doesn't start repeating later on, where you don't even know anything about the rest?

Here are several proofs that pi is irrational: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_π_is_irrational

 

[micromass]

And calculators have nothing to do with the problem. You are right that by checking a calculator, that it could still repeat after a while. But the proofs do NOT use calculators, but rather they use mathematical reasoning.

 

[Loren Booda]

chiro,

[Speculation]Part of the "mechanism" you mention is the extreme symmetry of the Schwarzschild black hole, that it can be described in terms of just mass, radius, speed of light and gravitational constant: m/r=c²/G. This linear mass density manifests that Schwarzschild black holes -- cosmological, galactic, stellar and quantum -- all share an entropy proportional to their surface area or to their mass squared. (Does the universal black hole entropy differ due to its negative relative curvature?)

__________http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation -- Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

Hawking radiation reduces the mass and the energy of the black hole and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish. Micro black holes (MBHs) are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes and should shrink and dissipate faster.

So a field theory defined on a black hole background is in a thermal state whose temperature at infinity is:

T_H =1/8M

which can be expressed more cleanly in terms of the surface gravity of the black hole, the parameter that determines the acceleration of a near-horizon observer.

T_H = κ/2π

in natural units with G, c, \hbar and k equal to 1, and where \kappa is the surface gravity of the horizon. So a black hole can only be in equilibrium with a gas of radiation at a finite temperature. Since radiation incident on the black hole is absorbed, the black hole must emit an equal amount to maintain detailed balance. The black hole acts as a perfect blackbody radiating at this temperature.

In engineering units, the radiation from a Schwarzschild black hole is black-body radiation with temperature:

T = hc³/16π²GMk≈(1.227 x 10²³ kg/M K)

where h is the reduced Planck constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, G is the gravitational constant, and M is the mass of the black hole. When particles escape, the black hole loses a small amount of its energy and therefore of its mass (mass and energy are related by Einstein's equation E = mc²).

The power emitted by a black hole in the form of Hawking radiation can easily be estimated for the simplest case of a nonrotating, non-charged Schwarzschild black hole of mass M. Combining the formulas for the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole, the Stefan–Boltzmann law of black-body radiation, the above formula for the temperature of the radiation, and the formula for the surface area of a sphere (the black hole's event horizon), equation derivation:

Stefan–Boltzmann constant:

σ=8∏⁵κ⁴/60h³c²

Schwarzschild radius:

r_s =2GM/c²

Black hole surface gravity at the horizon:

g =GM/r_s² =c⁴/4GM

Hawking radiation has a black-body (Planck) spectrum with a temperature T given by:

E = kT =hg/4∏²c= h/4∏²c(c⁴/4GM)=hc³/16∏²GM

Hawking radiation temperature:

T_H=hc³/16∏²GMk

__________[Speculation]The black hole horizon may have a Planck length width. Since entropy compares to the horizon area (and is relative to this width), this geometry could contain the information of the black hole. Otherwise, black hole entropy may reside in a "nucleus" of Planckian quantum black holes which quantize their identities enough to represent an entropic state. Thus M_B∝ R_B³) -- an order greater than the conventional horizon.

__________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox -- In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein showed that black holes should slowly radiate away energy, which poses a problem. From the no hair theorem, one would expect the Hawking radiation to be completely independent of the material entering the black hole. Nevertheless, if the material entering the black hole were a pure quantum state, the transformation of that state into the mixed state of Hawking radiation would destroy information about the original quantum state. This violates Liouville's theorem and presents a physical paradox.

More precisely, if there is an entangled pure state, and one part of the entangled system is thrown into the black hole while keeping the other part outside, the result is a mixed state after the partial trace is taken over the interior of the black hole. But since everything within the interior of the black hole will hit the singularity within a finite time, the part which is traced over partially might disappear completely from the physical system.

__________

[Speculation]The "No-Hair" Theorem states that we may obtain only that information belonging to mass, charge and angular momentum of a black hole. However, a black hole is a maximally entropic entity. To correlate these theories, the black hole must have a physical and continuous (as opposed to an nonphysical and discontinuous) boundary which allows one dimensional isotropic propagators (electromagnetic and gravitational quanta) to escape. A black hole may be a unique entropic entity -- bounded by only one surface.

__________

(M_{black hole}·M_quantum)^1/2=M_Planck, where M is mass.
M_Planck=(hc/G)^1/2
M_{black hole}=c²R/G
M_quantum=h/cr

__________

[Speculation]Celestial objects tend toward sphericity (with the exception of angular momentum and charge) due to gravity primarily acting upon them as they freeze, coalesce or collapse. The entropy density of conventional objects lies between that of a black hole and that of the universe limit. Black holes are so symmetric that their horizon area is minimal, their interior entropy maximal and that their quantum fluctuations approach both.

__________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose–Hawking_singularity_theorems

are a set of results in general relativity which attempt to answer the question of when gravitation produces singularities.

A singularity in solutions of the Einstein field equations is one of two things:

1. a situation where matter is forced to be compressed to a point (a space-like singularity)
2. a situation where certain light rays come from a region with infinite curvature (time-like singularity).

__________

[Speculation]I believe that Hawking said the equivalent to a black hole is a white hole, i.e. the one which Hawking-radiates more than its infall of matter. If that is the equivalent, what is the inverse? Might it be that the concave universe is the relative inversion of each convex black hole?
__________

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law

The zeroth law is analogous to the zeroth law of thermodynamics which states that the temperature is constant throughout a body in thermal equilibrium. It suggests that the surface gravity is analogous to temperature. T constant for thermal equilibrium for a normal system is analogous to κ constant over the horizon of a stationary black hole.
The First Law

The left hand side, dM, is the change in mass/energy. Although the first term does not have an immediately obvious physical interpretation, the second and third terms on the right hand side represent changes in energy due to rotation and electromagnetism. Analogously, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation, which contains on its right hand side the term T dS.
The Second Law

The second law is the statement of Hawking's area theorem. Analogously, the second law of thermodynamics states that the change in entropy an isolated system will be greater than or equal to 0 for a spontaneous process, suggesting a link between entropy and the area of a black hole horizon. However, this version violates the second law of thermodynamics by matter losing (its) entropy as it falls in, giving a decrease in entropy. Generalized second law introduced as total entropy = black hole entropy + outside entropy.
The Third Law

Extremal black holes have vanishing surface gravity. Stating that κ cannot go to zero is analogous to the third law of thermodynamics which states, the entropy of a system at absolute zero is a well-defined constant. This is because a system at zero temperature exists in its ground state. Furthermore, ΔS will reach zero at 0 kelvins, but S itself will also reach zero, at least for perfect crystalline substances. No experimentally verified violations of the laws of thermodynamics are known.
Interpretation of the laws

The four laws of black hole mechanics suggest that one should identify the surface gravity of a black hole with temperature and the area of the event horizon with entropy, at least up to some multiplicative constants. If one only considers black holes classically, then they have zero temperature and, by the no hair theorem zero entropy, and the laws of black hole mechanics remain an analogy. However, when quantum mechanical effects are taken into account, one finds that black holes emit thermal radiation (Hawking radiation).

 

[chiro]

Hey Loren Booda.

I have read your post and I will give my answers shortly as I am occupied with other things, but I will try and get back to you very soon.

 

[chiro]

chiro,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation -- Hawking radiation is black body radiation that is predicted to be emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

Hawking radiation reduces the mass and the energy of the black hole and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish. Micro black holes (MBHs) are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes and should shrink and dissipate faster.

So a field theory defined on a black hole background is in a thermal state whose temperature at infinity is:

T_H =1/8M

which can be expressed more cleanly in terms of the surface gravity of the black hole, the parameter that determines the acceleration of a near-horizon observer.

T_H = κ/2π

in natural units with G, c, \hbar and k equal to 1, and where \kappa is the surface gravity of the horizon. So a black hole can only be in equilibrium with a gas of radiation at a finite temperature. Since radiation incident on the black hole is absorbed, the black hole must emit an equal amount to maintain detailed balance. The black hole acts as a perfect blackbody radiating at this temperature.

In engineering units, the radiation from a Schwarzschild black hole is black-body radiation with temperature:

T = hc³/16π²GMk≈(1.227 x 10²³ kg/M K)

where h is the reduced Planck constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, G is the gravitational constant, and M is the mass of the black hole.

When particles escape, the black hole loses a small amount of its energy and therefore of its mass (mass and energy are related by Einstein's equation E = mc²).

The power emitted by a black hole in the form of Hawking radiation can easily be estimated for the simplest case of a nonrotating, non-charged Schwarzschild black hole of mass M. Combining the formulas for the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole, the Stefan–Boltzmann law of black-body radiation, the above formula for the temperature of the radiation, and the formula for the surface area of a sphere (the black hole's event horizon), equation derivation:

Stefan–Boltzmann constant:

σ=8∏⁵κ⁴/60h³c²

Schwarzschild radius:

r_s =2GM/c²

Black hole surface gravity at the horizon:

g =GM/r_s² =c⁴/4GM

Hawking radiation has a black-body (Planck) spectrum with a temperature T given by:

E = kT =hg/4∏²c= h/4∏²c(c⁴/4GM)=hc³/16∏²GM

Hawking radiation temperature:

T_H=hc³/16∏²GMk
__________

[Speculation]The black hole horizon may have a Planck length width. Since entropy compares to the horizon area (and is relative to this width), this geometry could contain the information of the black hole. Otherwise, black hole entropy may reside in a "nucleus" of Planckian quantum black holes which quantize their identities enough to represent an entropic state. Thus M_B∝ R_B³) -- an order greater than the conventional horizon.

I just want to make a few comments based on your latest post.

You implied a connection between black holes and black-bodies in that the black hole acts like a black body in how it emits radiation.

I don't know if I interpreted this right, but if a black-hole actually emits like a black-body then what I am interpreting to happen is that the black-hole is taking a chaotic situation and turning into something that is more ordered in an analogy of 'energy recycling'.

In terms of your speculation with regards to entropy, the big thing you would need to answer your question is to identify the information exchange between the region bound by the black-hole (whatever kind of geometry that may be) and anything else.

If you assume that the black-hole has its majority of information exchange with its surroundings (i.e. from its event horizon onward), then if you could measure the properties of the radiation and also the properties of the event horizon itself, then I would agree with your speculation.

Again this is from an information theoretic context but it still applies to physical systems.

One thing that needs to be asked is if the black-hole itself can only have one entropy measure in which this measure is always the maximum for the black hole with respect to its a) mass b) charge and c) spin.

If the entropy is always unique as a function of the above in the way that it is always maximal, then in terms of the information, you will have to first construct a distribution that given an internal state-space inside the whole (if things are quantized then you will have to take in the quantization mechanism into account which will probably initially come from various quantum gravity/unified theories that also quantizy gravitational effects and the space-time associated with the region) and from this you will be able to get the realizations of this distribution.

Remember that because the entropy is maximized, this corresponds to a kind of uncertainty or unpredictability of the system as a whole inside the black hole.

But the important thing will have to do with what is emitted: if the black-body emits radiation in some kind of 'white-noise' signal, then this would make a lot more sense if you had maximal entropy inside the region bound by the actual event horizon.

By seeing how the information changes over time (the radiation and the area of the hole), then it seems very probable that if you measured the signal in a kind of markovian manner over the duration of radiation emittance, then if the radiation was done in a way that it radiated information corresponding to the actual information inside the whole on a kind of 'rate of change' basis, then yes I would think that the information could be obtained if this was the case.

To know this though, you would have to actually measure the radiation and use statistical techniques to check if this was the case.

Also the other thing that is required before you answer this is to actually be able to describe the information in terms of your quantized structures for your different forces or other interactions.

My guess is that you could perhaps infer this structure based on a variety of techniques that are based on statistical theory, but if there are already developed quantization techniques that have some kind of inuitive argument for them (like for example the gauge invariance situation in string theory to yield the SO(32) representation) then it would preferential to use these.

This way you can actually say what the structure of the information 'is' and based on the radiation (if it exists) then you can measure this (over the frequency spectrum) and with the structure and quantization scheme in mind, actually see if your speculation holds water.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox -- In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Jacob Bekenstein showed that black holes should slowly radiate away energy, which poses a problem. From the no hair theorem, one would expect the Hawking radiation to be completely independent of the material entering the black hole. Nevertheless, if the material entering the black hole were a pure quantum state, the transformation of that state into the mixed state of Hawking radiation would destroy information about the original quantum state. This violates Liouville's theorem and presents a physical paradox.

More precisely, if there is an entangled pure state, and one part of the entangled system is thrown into the black hole while keeping the other part outside, the result is a mixed state after the partial trace is taken over the interior of the black hole. But since everything within the interior of the black hole will hit the singularity within a finite time, the part which is traced over partially might disappear completely from the physical system.
__________
[Speculation]The "No-Hair" Theorem states that we may obtain only that information belonging to mass, charge and angular momentum of a black hole. However, a black hole is a maximally entropic entity. To correlate these theories, the black hole must have a physical and continuous (as opposed to an nonphysical and discontinuous) boundary which allows one dimensional isotropic propagators (electromagnetic and gravitational quanta) to escape. A black hole may be a unique entropic entity -- bounded by only one surface.

This is a very interesting question.

In the above I assumed that all information in the black-hole was not entangled, (or at most only entangled with other information in the region of the hole).

With regard also to the above question (which I want to say while it's on my mind) I want to say that you should consider the situation where at one point you have entangled states for say two particles in the black hole and then later radiated information where the information radiated is 'entangled' with information inside the event horizon boundary.

In the context of the above, if this is the case, then it needs to taken into account when analyzing not only the mechanism for radiation, but the information encoded in the radiation. Also one should also identify how information could get entangled in a black hole to identify how to also identify entangled states in terms of their detection (and also to identify the information inside the black-hole region itself).

Now with regard to the first of this question, understanding the above would also help you understand the situation you posted for the first part.

As for the second part, again assuming a continuous boundary needs to be referenced to the quantization procedure if you assume one must exist.

A quantization scheme for quantizing space-time can allow continuous surfaces, but the nature of the quantization itself says that you can only have a finite number of different realizations with respect to some subset of the configuration space.

If we assume that a finite-sub region (in terms of a volume measure) must have a bounded entropy, then this specifically implies a bounded configuration space which implies a requirement for quantization.

The nature of the actual quantization can be many things (i.e. space doesn't have to be 'jagged' like we would imagine it), but again the requirement doesn't change.

In terms of your entangled states in the context of entropy, then I don't see why this is really an issue.

The region bounded by the event horizon can be bounded even in the case of an entangled state and what I imagine would happen is something similar to a kind of 'action at a distance', which although Einstein called 'spooky' is something that you would expect to happen if entanglement still held for two information elements regardless of whether they were separated by space-time boundaries like the one you would have in the situation for a black-hole.

Physically I can understand that this might be hard to accept, even as something to be initially considered as opposed to accepted, but we know that this phenomenon exists in normal situations and I imagine that you could test it given the right conditions to see if it holds in the above kind of conditions.

Again I see things as information: the physical interpretation of the processes is not something I worry about. If you can show a mathematical argument (statistical or otherwise) to show that this kind of entanglement can happen even between situations like the inside of a black-hole and something beyond the event horizon, then it is what it is.

I understand that because light can't escape a black-hole that since this is EM information and it can't escape then it wouldn't make sense to consider that a situation can be possible and violates 'physical intuition'. But again, I don't care about trying to appeal always to physical intuition if there is a mathematical argument for 'spooky action at a distance' or some other kind of similar phenomenon.

Also one must wonder whether anything that travels at c can be at 'all points' at once instead of as opposed to something which 'needs to propagate through space' like you would expect with your intuition like a 'cricket ball being hit into the air' or something else.

(M_{black hole}·M_quantum)^1/2=M_Planck, where M is mass. M_Planck=(hc/G)^1/2
M_{black hole}=c²R/G
M_quantum=h/cr
__________
[Speculation]Celestial objects tend toward sphericity (with the exception of angular momentum and charge) due to gravity primarily acting upon them as they freeze, coalesce or collapse. The entropy density of conventional objects lies between that of a black hole and that of the universe limit. Black holes are so symmetric that their horizon area is minimal, their interior entropy maximal and that their quantum fluctuations approach both.

I kind of assumed that this was the case where the object itself would be symmetric in the form of a compressed sphere and this was based on an intuitive understanding of how gravity works if the actual force mechanism is largely that everything gets drawn to the centre of the mass.

I can't comment on quantum fluctuations though.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose–Hawking_singularity_theorems

are a set of results in general relativity which attempt to answer the question of when gravitation produces singularities.

A singularity in solutions of the Einstein field equations is one of two things:

1. a situation where matter is forced to be compressed to a point (a space-like singularity)
2. a situation where certain light rays come from a region with infinite curvature (time-like singularity).
__________
[Speculation]I believe that Hawking said the equivalent to a black hole is a white hole, i.e. the one which Hawking-radiates more than its infall of matter. If that is the equivalent, what is the inverse? Might it be that the concave universe is the relative inversion of each convex black hole?

Here are my thoughts on this:

If black-holes are a way to deal with situations of very high energy density for a finite region, then this should be seen to be a situation that is basically a 'stabilizer mechanism'.

Again I refer you to the previous conversation. For a system to be stable and also encourage variation, you want to take care of not only the 'spread of chaos' but also of the issue of staticity: in other words you don't want the system to have situations where they converge to some particular state and stay-there.

If you had no stabilization, then chaos would breed more chaos and the system would become so chaotic that nothing useful could be accomplished. But if the system converged in a way to promote staticity, then you would lose the dynamic behaviour intended for such a system.

So with regards to black-holes and 'white-holes' I would see a black-hole as a stabilizer. The white-hole for 'spitting stuff out' would at least to me be more of a process that takes a chaotic state and reorders the energy so that it can 'start again' so to speak. I know this is a very vague description, but the interpretation is that the energy is re-ordered so that it can be used in a context that is stable and not chaotic.

Now in terms of entropy if this is the case, the whole process if the black-hole scenario is a stabilizer. The reverse of a stabilizer would be a 'de-stabilizer'. But this doesn't make sense at least in the context of the argument of having a system that needs stability.

Being able to effectively 'manage' this situation would be able to control energy. If it ends up being the case that we get in this situation I really hope that we aren't stupid enough to realize the consequences of having this responsibility in terms of what it will actually mean.

 

[chiro]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law

The zeroth law is analogous to the zeroth law of thermodynamics which states that the temperature is constant throughout a body in thermal equilibrium. It suggests that the surface gravity is analogous to temperature. T constant for thermal equilibrium for a normal system is analogous to κ constant over the horizon of a stationary black hole.
The First Law

The left hand side, dM, is the change in mass/energy. Although the first term does not have an immediately obvious physical interpretation, the second and third terms on the right hand side represent changes in energy due to rotation and electromagnetism. Analogously, the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation, which contains on its right hand side the term T dS.
The Second Law

The second law is the statement of Hawking's area theorem. Analogously, the second law of thermodynamics states that the change in entropy an isolated system will be greater than or equal to 0 for a spontaneous process, suggesting a link between entropy and the area of a black hole horizon. However, this version violates the second law of thermodynamics by matter losing (its) entropy as it falls in, giving a decrease in entropy. Generalized second law introduced as total entropy = black hole entropy + outside entropy.
The Third Law

Extremal black holes have vanishing surface gravity. Stating that κ cannot go to zero is analogous to the third law of thermodynamics which states, the entropy of a system at absolute zero is a well-defined constant. This is because a system at zero temperature exists in its ground state. Furthermore, ΔS will reach zero at 0 kelvins, but S itself will also reach zero, at least for perfect crystalline substances. No experimentally verified violations of the laws of thermodynamics are known.
Interpretation of the laws

The four laws of black hole mechanics suggest that one should identify the surface gravity of a black hole with temperature and the area of the event horizon with entropy, at least up to some multiplicative constants. If one only considers black holes classically, then they have zero temperature and, by the no hair theorem zero entropy, and the laws of black hole mechanics remain an analogy. However, when quantum mechanical effects are taken into account, one finds that black holes emit thermal radiation (Hawking radiation).

I know this flies in the face of conventional wisdom, but again I am adament that there is a reason why you would not want a system to literally 'blow-up'.

Also for your violations, I point you to this:

http://rsc.anu.edu.au/~evans/papers/exptFT.pdf

Remember that if entropy always increased, things get more unpredictable, more disordered and for many things like life, become too unstable.

The fact that we are here today and that we have many harmonius processes working together with one another shows that there are orders that exist and we can see them if we open our eyes and collect data.

The fact physics can be described by equations shows we have order. Again it does not make sense to have things be allowed to get more chaotic as times passes, it's just crazy to have that if you want things like living creatures to exist.

Even if you didn't want living creatures to exist, why then do so many of the physics we know involved some kind of optimization condition? This tells me that things aren't just created willy nilly: there are constraints and more importantly there is a reason for them.

Here is how I see it: you have two extremes.

The first extreme is staticity: You don't want things to converge to static points under given constraints. To do this, one tool you can use are the things we see in thermodynamics. You can also uses minimal energy requirements as well to promote dynamic behaviour and of course you would use all kinds of mechanisms to promote this for a variety of situations.

But then you have the flip-side: you don't want things getting out of control. You want to have dynamic behaviour but not so dynamic that it is unstable.

To me these things help do the above and the argument can be made mathematical but the idea need not be.

The real understanding comes from seeing where these boundaries are in terms of the lower and upper bounds of dynamic behaviour and also with respect to what they mean in various situations.

The fact that we have everything working the way it is and for example black-holes not swallowing up the entire universe or trying to decide whether gravity is going to be +9.8m/s or -1000m/s or even trying to predict if we will get stuck in walls is a great testament to the design we know and experience as reality.

 

[Loren Booda]

You implied a connection between black holes and black-bodies in that the black hole acts like a black body in how it emits radiation.


I don't know if I interpreted this right, but if a black-hole actually emits like a black-body then what I am interpreting to happen is that the black-hole is taking a chaotic situation and turning into something that is more ordered in an analogy of 'energy recycling'.


In terms of your speculation with regards to entropy, the big thing you would need to answer your question is to identify the information exchange between the region bound by the black-hole (whatever kind of geometry that may be) and anything else.


If you assume that the black-hole has its majority of information exchange with its surroundings (i.e. from its event horizon onward), then if you could measure the properties of the radiation and also the properties of the event horizon itself, then I would agree with your speculation.


Again this is from an information theoretic context but it still applies to physical systems.

[Speculation]A black hole emits thermally, but has lost all of its infalling information except for "No-Hair" quantities. Thus Hawking radiation is a function of mass, angular momentum and charge (i.e., temperatures of a black body). All quantum numbers have been reprocessed into those three. It would be difficult to differentiate between any order from the black hole horizon itself and anomalies near it.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis "The weak cosmic censorship hypothesis asserts there can be no singularity visible from future null infinity. In other words, singularities need to be hidden from an observer at infinity by the event horizon of a black hole." If there were naked singularities, perhaps they would interact and share relative entropy between themselves, point-to-point. The calculated value of entropy for the black hole is actually the relative entropy bounded by the hole's event horizon and its singularity.

One thing that needs to be asked is if the black-hole itself can only have one entropy measure in which this measure is always the maximum for the black hole with respect to its a) mass b) charge and c) spin.


If the entropy is always unique as a function of the above in the way that it is always maximal, then in terms of the information, you will have to first construct a distribution that given an internal state-space inside the whole (if things are quantized then you will have to take in the quantization mechanism into account which will probably initially come from various quantum gravity/unified theories that also quantizy gravitational effects and the space-time associated with the region) and from this you will be able to get the realizations of this distribution.


Remember that because the entropy is maximized, this corresponds to a kind of uncertainty or unpredictability of the system as a whole inside the black hole.


But the important thing will have to do with what is emitted: if the black-body emits radiation in some kind of 'white-noise' signal, then this would make a lot more sense if you had maximal entropy inside the region bound by the actual event horizon.


By seeing how the information changes over time (the radiation and the area of the hole), then it seems very probable that if you measured the signal in a kind of markovian manner over the duration of radiation emittance, then if the radiation was done in a way that it radiated information corresponding to the actual information inside the whole on a kind of 'rate of change' basis, then yes I would think that the information could be obtained if this was the case.


To know this though, you would have to actually measure the radiation and use statistical techniques to check if this was the case.


Also the other thing that is required before you answer this is to actually be able to describe the information in terms of your quantized structures for your different forces or other interactions.


My guess is that you could perhaps infer this structure based on a variety of techniques that are based on statistical theory, but if there are already developed quantization techniques that have some kind of inuitive argument for them (like for example the gauge invariance situation in string theory to yield the SO(32) representation) then it would preferential to use these.


This way you can actually say what the structure of the information 'is' and based on the radiation (if it exists) then you can measure this (over the frequency spectrum) and with the structure and quantization scheme in mind, actually see if your speculation holds water.

[Speculation] At http://dieumsnh.qfb.umich.mx/archivoshistoricosMQ/ModernaHist/Hawking.pdf, Stephen Hawking includes the Hawking radiation spectrum (Equations 1-6) which is a "completely thermal" function of the "No-Hair" quantities, rather than a black body spectrum, which is just a function of temperature. I recall that random distributions (such as those of mass, angular momentum and charge) add to be random. Since angular momentum and charge distort the sphericity of the black hole, I believe that the event horizon area affects them when calculating entropy.


Quantum gravity does calculate the value of black hole entropy (i.e., on a 2-sided area). This area attempts to conserve symmetry in time. The Planck area composes the black hole area (entropy) but the Planck black hole is unique among quanta in not representing quantum numbers other than those "No Hair." Perhaps the Planck areas filter or re-radiate the "No Hair" quantities due to their Planck geometry.

This is a very interesting question.

In the above I assumed that all information in the black-hole was not entangled, (or at most only entangled with other information in the region of the hole).

With regard also to the above question (which I want to say while it's on my mind) I want to say that you should consider the situation where at one point you have entangled states for say two particles in the black hole and then later radiated information where the information radiated is 'entangled' with information inside the event horizon boundary.

In the context of the above, if this is the case, then it needs to taken into account when analyzing not only the mechanism for radiation, but the information encoded in the radiation. Also one should also identify how information could get entangled in a black hole to identify how to also identify entangled states in terms of their detection (and also to identify the information inside the black-hole region itself).

Now with regard to the first of this question, understanding the above would also help you understand the situation you posted for the first part.

As for the second part, again assuming a continuous boundary needs to be referenced to the quantization procedure if you assume one must exist.

A quantization scheme for quantizing space-time can allow continuous surfaces, but the nature of the quantization itself says that you can only have a finite number of different realizations with respect to some subset of the configuration space.

If we assume that a finite-sub region (in terms of a volume measure) must have a bounded entropy, then this specifically implies a bounded configuration space which implies a requirement for quantization.

The nature of the actual quantization can be many things (i.e. space doesn't have to be 'jagged' like we would imagine it), but again the requirement doesn't change.

In terms of your entangled states in the context of entropy, then I don't see why this is really an issue.

The region bounded by the event horizon can be bounded even in the case of an entangled state and what I imagine would happen is something similar to a kind of 'action at a distance', which although Einstein called 'spooky' is something that you would expect to happen if entanglement still held for two information elements regardless of whether they were separated by space-time boundaries like the one you would have in the situation for a black-hole.

Physically I can understand that this might be hard to accept, even as something to be initially considered as opposed to accepted, but we know that this phenomenon exists in normal situations and I imagine that you could test it given the right conditions to see if it holds in the above kind of conditions.

Again I see things as information: the physical interpretation of the processes is not something I worry about. If you can show a mathematical argument (statistical or otherwise) to show that this kind of entanglement can happen even between situations like the inside of a black-hole and something beyond the event horizon, then it is what it is.

I understand that because light can't escape a black-hole that since this is EM information and it can't escape then it wouldn't make sense to consider that a situation can be possible and violates 'physical intuition'. But again, I don't care about trying to appeal always to physical intuition if there is a mathematical argument for 'spooky action at a distance' or some other kind of similar phenomenon.

Also one must wonder whether anything that travels at c can be at 'all points' at once instead of as opposed to something which 'needs to propagate through space' like you would expect with your intuition like a 'cricket ball being hit into the air' or something else.

[Speculation]Statistics of quanta in black holes relies on a supersymmetry there between fermions and bosons:

Conventional black hole physics has sole extensive measurable quantities charge, mass, and angular momentum (the "No Hair" theorem). From these, the Hawking temperature, T, can be found. The statistical distribution n[B. H.] is a function of T, and predicts the occupation of the hole's internal quantum states with unobservable quanta:

n[B. H.]=n[F. D.]+n[B. E.]=csch(ε/κT)

where it is assumed that T is much greater than the T_F for this black hole.

The quantum within that normally designates Fermi-Dirac or Bose-Einstein statistics by its half- or whole-integer spin values has "lost its hair."

Note: Black hole equilibrium above requires the constraints put forth by Stephen Hawking in his seminal paper, Black Holes and Thermodynamics (Phys Rev D, 15 Jan 1976, p. 191-197).


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_variable_theory -- (regarding encoded information), Bell's theorem would suggest (in the opinion of most physicists and contrary to Einstein's assertion) that local hidden variables are impossible. Some have tried to apply this to entangled states straddling the black hole horizon.


Pair production at the black hole horizon entangles an infalling virtual particle with its infalling (or escaping) antiparticle. Is this the only instance of either two entangled virtual particles annihilating each other or a escaped particle divulging the quantum numbers (other than "No Hair" quantities) of the fallen partner? The pair production creates opposite spins which do not measurably correlate for either the infalling-infalling particles or the infalling-escaping particles. Spin is macroscopically conserved by the hole in either case.

Here are my thoughts on this:

If black-holes are a way to deal with situations of very high energy density for a finite region, then this should be seen to be a situation that is basically a 'stabilizer mechanism'.

Again I refer you to the previous conversation. For a system to be stable and also encourage variation, you want to take care of not only the 'spread of chaos' but also of the issue of staticity: in other words you don't want the system to have situations where they converge to some particular state and stay-there.

If you had no stabilization, then chaos would breed more chaos and the system would become so chaotic that nothing useful could be accomplished. But if the system converged in a way to promote staticity, then you would lose the dynamic behaviour intended for such a system.

So with regards to black-holes and 'white-holes' I would see a black-hole as a stabilizer. The white-hole for 'spitting stuff out' would at least to me be more of a process that takes a chaotic state and reorders the energy so that it can 'start again' so to speak. I know this is a very vague description, but the interpretation is that the energy is re-ordered so that it can be used in a context that is stable and not chaotic.

Now in terms of entropy if this is the case, the whole process if the black-hole scenario is a stabilizer. The reverse of a stabilizer would be a 'de-stabilizer'. But this doesn't make sense at least in the context of the argument of having a system that needs stability.

Being able to effectively 'manage' this situation would be able to control energy. If it ends up being the case that we get in this situation I really hope that we aren't stupid enough to realize the consequences of having this responsibility in terms of what it will actually mean.

[Speculation]The black hole acts as a stabilizer by virtue of its great symmetry. If you have a mass of "intermediate" symmetry (of "No Hair" variables) and collide it with a black hole, the symmetry of the black hole would at least temporarily decrease. If a "high" symmetry mass collides with another of "low" symmetry, their resultant symmetry would be "intermediate." Pure mass, angular momentum and charge are of "high" symmetry, whereas other quantum numbers would be of "intermediate" symmetry. So only the "No Hairs" impose their symmetry on the geometry of the hole, while others "can't get out of the hole." Thus a Schwarzschild black hole becomes more massive, rotating or charged.

I know this flies in the face of conventional wisdom, but again I am adament that there is a reason why you would not want a system to literally 'blow-up'.

Also for your violations, I point you to this:

http://rsc.anu.edu.au/~evans/papers/exptFT.pdf

Remember that if entropy always increased, things get more unpredictable, more disordered and for many things like life, become too unstable.

The fact that we are here today and that we have many harmonius processes working together with one another shows that there are orders that exist and we can see them if we open our eyes and collect data.

The fact physics can be described by equations shows we have order. Again it does not make sense to have things be allowed to get more chaotic as times passes, it's just crazy to have that if you want things like living creatures to exist.

Even if you didn't want living creatures to exist, why then do so many of the physics we know involved some kind of optimization condition? This tells me that things aren't just created willy nilly: there are constraints and more importantly there is a reason for them.

Here is how I see it: you have two extremes.

The first extreme is staticity: You don't want things to converge to static points under given constraints. To do this, one tool you can use are the things we see in thermodynamics. You can also uses minimal energy requirements as well to promote dynamic behaviour and of course you would use all kinds of mechanisms to promote this for a variety of situations.

But then you have the flip-side: you don't want things getting out of control. You want to have dynamic behaviour but not so dynamic that it is unstable.

To me these things help do the above and the argument can be made mathematical but the idea need not be.

The real understanding comes from seeing where these boundaries are in terms of the lower and upper bounds of dynamic behaviour and also with respect to what they mean in various situations.


The fact that we have everything working the way it is and for example black-holes not swallowing up the entire universe or trying to decide whether gravity is going to be +9.8m/s or -1000m/s or even trying to predict if we will get stuck in walls is a great testament to the design we know and experience as reality.

[Speculation](Referring to the paper you cited)Loschmidt's Paradox would apply to Newtonian dynamics, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and general relativity, all being time reversible. Thus the paradox seems trivial, and as stated "one cannot prove" it.


The Fluctuation Theorem appears more plausible. In the manner of familiar statistical mechanics, two simple probabilities (of entropies representing antisymmetric processes) in the system limit yield the Second Law. It remains unvalidated.


Asymmetric time seems to be the sticking point with establishing violation of the second law. Simply put, we need a universal theory which incorporates time asymmetry to begin with. Building from limited theories, I believe, is putting the cart before the horse.


Staticity or chaos? First assume an Anthropic Principle. Next to the big bang, possibly the most powerful, turbulent entity of the universe is a supernova -- which leaves behind a black hole remnant! The black hole rebounds the might of the supernova. There is a point at which the supernova and black hole are sharing physics, Hawking radiation counteracting free quarks. Mass is fed into the nascent black hole, compressing even more the horizon, which most likely started as a plurality of such surfaces. As black holes merged from Planck to stellar, their entropy, and thus their temperature, accelerated as the sum of their radii squared. Where there once was a fluid of black holes and extreme turbulence is now a relatively cold gravitationally collapsed object within a ghostly nebula.

 

[chiro]

I will answer your questions later on, I kinda want to chill out for a while since I had three exams in the past two days. I will also have to read the papers and get a bit of context for the things you are describing (although you have done a great job of putting in a conversational context which I really like).

Very good conversations going on here: I really enjoy it.

 

[Loren Booda]

chiro,

My computer's down. I hope to be in touch later this week. Thank you.

 

[Loren Booda]

chiro,

My computer's down. I hope to be in touch later this week. Thank you.

I'm back up. Would you like to proceed at a more leisurely pace?