Is Faster than Light travel impossible?

[Doc Al]

The key thing to realize is that clocks that are synchronized in one frame are not synchronized in another (moving) frame. Try this. Imagine that instead of a rod there is a huge train traveling along at high speed. Put two clocks on the train, one at the front and the other at the back. Have the people on the train synchronize the two clocks in the usual manner. For example, have a light bulb flash in the middle of the train. When the light reaches each clock, have the clocks set to read 1:00 pm. Since--as far as the train frame is concerned--the light flashes take the same time to reach the two clocks, the clocks are now synchronized.

But now view things from the frame of observers on the ground, who watch the train go by. From their point of view, the front of train moves away from the light flash while the rear of the train moves towards the light flash. Thus they observe that the light reaches the clock at the rear of the train first. So, from the ground observer's viewpoint, those clocks are not synchronized. Make sense?

 

[jmallett]

The key thing to realize is that clocks that are synchronized in one frame are not synchronized in another (moving) frame. Try this. Imagine that instead of a rod there is a huge train traveling along at high speed. Put two clocks on the train, one at the front and the other at the back. Have the people on the train synchronize the two clocks in the usual manner. For example, have a light bulb flash in the middle of the train. When the light reaches each clock, have the clocks set to read 1:00 pm. Since--as far as the train frame is concerned--the light flashes take the same time to reach the two clocks, the clocks are now synchronized.

But now view things from the frame of observers on the ground, who watch the train go by. From their point of view, the front of train moves away from the light flash while the rear of the train moves towards the light flash. Thus they observe that the light reaches the clock at the rear of the train first. So, from the ground observer's viewpoint, those clocks are not synchronized. Make sense?

Not complete sense (yet, at least) because surely what the observer saw was that they measured different distances because during the time they took to make the measurement the point they were measuring to moved, the observer sees that easily.
Using light, the measurement towards the rear of the train simply measured to a point where the end of the train is going to be when the measurement is completed, no ? That's certainly not the distance he intended to measure. It's not the position that the rear of the train was in when he started the measurement, therefore the two positions were calculated at different times. When you take time to make a measurement you are never going to accurately measure the length of that moving object.

Surely the reason the observer sees that the clocks are not synchronized is that it took a different length of time to reach each clock, and that's because the distances measured were different.

OK, what about the observers on the train. Do they actually see the clocks as synchronized ? and why ?

 

[Doc Al]

Not complete sense (yet, at least) because surely what the observer saw was that they measured different distances because during the time they took to make the measurement the point they were measuring to moved, the observer sees that easily.

You're talking about the ground observers. Of course they see the train moving.

Using light, the measurement towards the rear of the train simply measured to a point where the end of the train is going to be when the measurement is completed, no ? That's certainly not the distance he intended to measure.

The ground observers only care about the distance the light flashes travel as seen in their own ground-based frame. All they are interested in (in this thought experiment) is whether the moving clocks (on the train) are synchronized.

It's not the position that the rear of the train was in when he started the measurement, therefore the two positions were calculated at different times. When you take time to make a measurement you are never going to accurately measure the length of that moving object.

The ground observers are not measuring the length of the moving train. That's a different thought experiment. (To measure the length of the train, you'd need to measure the position of both train ends at the same time.)

Surely the reason the observer sees that the clocks are not synchronized is that it took a different length of time to reach each clock,

Of course!

and that's because the distances measured were different.

I would say that according to the ground observers the light hitting the front of the train had to travel a greater distance than the light hitting the rear of the train. So of course it takes a different time to reach each clock.

OK, what about the observers on the train. Do they actually see the clocks as synchronized ? and why ?

Of course. The light travels the same distance according to the train observers.

 

[jmallett]

Of course. The light travels the same distance according to the train observers.

If there are 2 observers, and they see the clocks as synchronized, then, by definition, they are not, because of the time taken to observe the clock. Let's put one at the front of the train and another at the back. Neither can see both clocks showing the same time.
Now let's revert to a single observer and put him midway between the clocks, which, not coincidentally, would be the source of the light flash. In this case he sees them synchronized, but doesn't realize that they are not synchronized because of the exact same problem.
In this case the moving observer sees precisely the same thing as the stationary observer, he just isn't able to detect it because it cancels itself out.

 

[Doc Al]

If there are 2 observers, and they see the clocks as synchronized, then, by definition, they are not, because of the time taken to observe the clock.

Don't get hung up on the word 'see'. Relativistic effects are what is left after taking into account light travel time.

When we say that the two clocks on the train are synchronized we mean that all observers on the train agree that they read the same time. Of course, if an observer at the front of the train were to literally 'see' the clock at the rear (through a telescope, perhaps), then he would have to add the time it took for the light to reach his eyes to figure out what that clock reads 'now'.

 

[darkhorror]

You seem to be taking humans into the equation but that doesn't have anything to do with it.

Lets say you have 2 clocks on a train that is moving close to the speed of light with respect to the train tracks. The two clocks are started by a beam of light being sent in both directions from the middle of the train. The clocks will be synchronized when compared to the train as the beam of light is moving the same distance in both directions. Relative to the train tracks the beam of light that moving forward takes long than the beam of light moving backwards to get to each end of the train. This is because the train is moving with respect to the train tracks. So with respect to the train tracks they are not synchronized.

 

[jmallett]

You seem to be taking humans into the equation but that doesn't have anything to do with it.

Lets say you have 2 clocks on a train that is moving close to the speed of light with respect to the train tracks. The two clocks are started by a beam of light being sent in both directions from the middle of the train. The clocks will be synchronized when compared to the train as the beam of light is moving the same distance in both directions. Relative to the train tracks the beam of light that moving forward takes long than the beam of light moving backwards to get to each end of the train. This is because the train is moving with respect to the train tracks. So with respect to the train tracks they are not synchronized.

I don't understand how can the beam of light be said to be moving the same distance ? Someone on the train believes that, because he is denied the knowledge of his speed, but in fact the light moving backwards, for example, is not moving to the position of the end of the train as it was when he started the measurement. He is simply measuring to a point in space which is where the end of the train is going to be when the end of the train gets there at some later time. The opposite is true for the front. Therefore the clocks are not synchronized. I think we agree and I think we have the same reasoning, right ?

However when they are observed (on the train) the time taken for the observation is the inverse, so it looks, to the observer on the train, that they are.

The observer who is not moving can see this and can determine the problem because he has an extra piece of information. He knows the speed of the train.

The clocks are, indeed, not synchronized. The "tracks" can see this, the train cannot because it is making 2 errors of measurement which cancel each other out.

 

[jmallett]

"Of course. The light travels the same distance according to the train observers."

because they made two errors in measurement which cancel each other out. It doesn't actually travel the same distance.

 

[Doc Al]

"Of course. The light travels the same distance according to the train observers."

because they made two errors in measurement which cancel each other out. It doesn't actually travel the same distance.

What errors? You're saying that the two halves of the train are different distances?

 

[jmallett]

What errors? You're saying that the two halves of the train are different distances?

No, not at all. We can easily agree on that. I am saying they didn't measure to the end of the train as it was at the time that the measurement was started.

 

[Doc Al]

No, not at all. We can easily agree on that. I am saying they didn't measure to the end of the train as it was at the time that the measurement was started.

What are you talking about? From the train's point of view, the train isn't moving. Who cares if the ground rushes by? All measurements are done inside the train.

 

[Doc Al]

I don't understand how can the beam of light be said to be moving the same distance ? Someone on the train believes that, because he is denied the knowledge of his speed, but in fact the light moving backwards, for example, is not moving to the position of the end of the train as it was when he started the measurement.

You still seem to be thinking that the train is 'really' moving and the ground is 'really' at rest. Perhaps if we replaced the ground observers by another long train it might be easier to understand. Now let there be two giant space trains floating in outer space. Train S (what we used to call the ground) sees train S' moving by. Of course, train S' also sees train S moving by. Who is really moving and who is really at rest? That's a meaningless question--only relative motion makes any sense. Either train is perfectly justified in treating themselves as being at rest. (For mechanical things, like moving trains, this was well known long before Einstein. This is called 'Galilean relativity', after Galileo, who used moving ships in his examples.)

 

[jmallett]

What are you talking about? From the train's point of view, the train isn't moving. Who cares if the ground rushes by? All measurements are done inside the train.

Yes, that's true. I agree. Now here comes the problem. Einstein cares (or cared anyway) so he placed an observer outside of the train. As soon as he does that he places them all in the same frame of reference and then proposes that light is traveling at two different speeds in this single frame of reference.

Is it possible, then, to derive Einstein's equations without the observer ? No it's not because the speed of the light in the train traveling at (c + v) is not possible when it is placed in the frame of reference of the observer.

Try deriving Einsteins equations without having light traveling at two different speeds in the same inertial frame.

 

[Doc Al]

Yes, that's true. I agree. Now here comes the problem. Einstein cares (or cared anyway) so he placed an observer outside of the train. As soon as he does that he places them all in the same frame of reference and then proposes that light is traveling at two different speeds in this single frame of reference.

Please show exactly where Einstein proposes that light travels with two different speeds in a single frame.

Is it possible, then, to derive Einstein's equations without the observer ? No it's not because the speed of the light in the train traveling at (c + v) is not possible when it is placed in the frame of reference of the observer.

You misunderstand the meaning of (c + v). In any given frame, the speed of light is c, as always. From the view of the outside observer, the speed of the train is v. "c + v" is the rate at which the light catches up with the oncoming train, as seen from the frame of the outside observer--it's not the speed of light in that frame.

Try deriving Einsteins equations without having light traveling at two different speeds in the same inertial frame.

Einstein doesn't do that. On the contrary, when viewing things from a particular frame the speed of light is always the same with respect to that frame. That's one of the premises used in deriving the relativistic effects.

 

[jmallett]

If the observer can see the train then the train must be in his frame of reference. In that case the light in the train is also in his frame of reference. Light in his frame of reference cannot travel at (c +v)

 

[Doc Al]

If the observer can see the train then the train must be in his frame of reference.

Not true. Anyone in any frame can see the train. If the train is seen as moving, then it clearly is not at rest in the observer's frame.

In that case the light in the train is also in his frame of reference. Light in his frame of reference cannot travel at (c +v)

As measured in any frame, the light travels at speed c. Not at speed "c + v".

Try this. Imagine a road with two cars separated by 100 miles. Let one car travel east at 50 mph as seen by observers at rest on the ground. Let the other car travel west at 50 mph as seen by observers at rest on the ground. In one hour, they will collide. Thus they close the distance between them at a rate of 100 mph--but they still only travel at 50 mph with respect to the ground.

The same logic applies to beams of light. If someone shines a beam of light to the east while someone else shines a beam of light to the west, the leading edge of those beams will close the distance between them at a rate of twice the speed of light according to an observer on the ground--yet the speed of each light beam is still just c with respect to the ground.

 

[darkhorror]

Look at it this way instead of a train and train tracks turn those into 2 space ships in an otherwise empty universe. Have the 2 spaceships approaching each other at close to the speed of light.

 

[jmallett]

Not true. Anyone in any frame can see the train. If the train is seen as moving, then it clearly is not at rest in the observer's frame.

As measured in any frame, the light travels at speed c. Not at speed "c + v".

Try this. Imagine a road with two cars separated by 100 miles. Let one car travel east at 50 mph as seen by observers at rest on the ground. Let the other car travel west at 50 mph as seen by observers at rest on the ground. In one hour, they will collide. Thus they close the distance between them at a rate of 100 mph--but they still only travel at 50 mph with respect to the ground.

The same logic applies to beams of light. If someone shines a beam of light to the east while someone else shines a beam of light to the west, the leading edge of those beams will close the distance between them at a rate of twice the speed of light according to an observer on the ground--yet the speed of each light beam is still just c with respect to the ground.

I tried it and concluded:
1. While you started out with good intentions by considering the purely relativistic mechanics this theory, within nano-seconds, reverted back to the observer on the ground. This theory apparently needs someone "on the ground", which is where exactly - sitting in the ether ? is it a go9d-like Einstein. Mitchelson Morely showed us that the place where that observer is situated simply doesn't exist.
The train and track, moving relatively towards each other, that I was looking for suddenly morphed into two cars (and we dismiss their relativistic mechanics quickly) and the tracks, which have simply been renamed as a road. This is not relativity. It considers only the relative motion of objects in an absolute space. Try using ony relativity to develop your theories.

2. Let the cars not collide, but pass each other very closely traveling along the same axis. The observer in Car A looks out his window and can see the light in the other car. At this point the light in car B, Car B and the observer in Car A are now all in the same frame of reference.
How fast is the light traveling - and remember that, by definition, it must be the same for both Observers A & B because they are in same same frame of reference.

Here's the bigt problem. No-one seems to be interested in developing theories which are acyually based on relativistic mechanics. It's like the whole community just gave up looking into the subject and worshipped at the altar of Einstein, the observer who can exist in a position we have proven does not exist, sees all, knows all and has no impact on the cosmos.

We can all repeat and explain Einstein's approach. That's not the point, and I don't believe he wanted inquiry to stop there and be studied o9n faith like some kind of holy book.

If we are truly interested then we need to develop the mathematics of relativity using only relative mechanics. Let's go back the road with the 2 cars and completely remove the road as a concept. Now how do we derive the laws of mechanics. I cannot, and so far I have not yet met anyone who can, without reverting back to Einstien's god-like observer.

I believe you are explaining Einsteins theory in the way he explained it, but the theory, and the math, just doesn't properly deal with relativity when it falls backn to the crutch of the stationary road, tracks, eatrth, universe.

Let's seek the mathematics of relativity by considering only relative motion.

 

[jmallett]

Please show exactly where Einstein proposes that light travels with two different speeds in a single frame.


You misunderstand the meaning of (c + v). In any given frame, the speed of light is c, as always. From the view of the outside observer, the speed of the train is v. "c + v" is the rate at which the light catches up with the oncoming train, as seen from the frame of the outside observer--it's not the speed of light in that frame.


Einstein doesn't do that. On the contrary, when viewing things from a particular frame the speed of light is always the same with respect to that frame. That's one of the premises used in deriving the relativistic effects.

in that case there is, by definition, no observer, because as soon as you place an observer in the picture he forces the light in his frame of reference to be the same in all the frames of reference he is observing.

 

[jmallett]

So let's try this from a purely relativistic point of view. All ye who enter here first abandon stationary observers, ether, gods, train tracks, roads or other devices created for the sole purpose of being independent of relative motion.

Two space ships are floating through the cosmos. Each has an undetermined speed both by themselves and by the other. for simplicity, and by sheer luck (for you and me but only because it simplifies our math), they are traveling along the same axis.

Both send out a beam of light of the same frequency in the forward direction. Will those beams synchronize and will they synchronize independently of the speed of the two ships and without knowing anything else about the ships ?

This is a simple, first step in relativistic mechanics and easily provable if we could just find light emission from bodies moving arbitrarily in a universe. Let's try some assumptions and then test them by the experiment of looking out the window.

I'll let you go first in making the first assumption.

 

[darkhorror]

I tried it and concluded:
1. While you started out with good intentions by considering the purely relativistic mechanics this theory, within nano-seconds, reverted back to the observer on the ground. This theory apparently needs someone "on the ground", which is where exactly - sitting in the ether ? is it a go9d-like Einstein. Mitchelson Morely showed us that the place where that observer is situated simply doesn't exist.
The train and track, moving relatively towards each other, that I was looking for suddenly morphed into two cars (and we dismiss their relativistic mechanics quickly) and the tracks, which have simply been renamed as a road. This is not relativity. It considers only the relative motion of objects in an absolute space. Try using ony relativity to develop your theories.

I can't really see what you are trying to say here.

2. Let the cars not collide, but pass each other very closely traveling along the same axis. The observer in Car A looks out his window and can see the light in the other car. At this point the light in car B, Car B and the observer in Car A are now all in the same frame of reference.
How fast is the light traveling - and remember that, by definition, it must be the same for both Observers A & B because they are in same same frame of reference.

ok you say the observer in car A looks out the window and can see the light in the other car. This does NOT put them in the same frame as Car B. Car A and Car B are the 2 frames, if you are in Car A you are in that frame. If you are in Car B you are in that frame. Observing doesn't change anything.

Here's the bigt problem. No-one seems to be interested in developing theories which are acyually based on relativistic mechanics. It's like the whole community just gave up looking into the subject and worshipped at the altar of Einstein, the observer who can exist in a position we have proven does not exist, sees all, knows all and has no impact on the cosmos.

We can all repeat and explain Einstein's approach. That's not the point, and I don't believe he wanted inquiry to stop there and be studied o9n faith like some kind of holy book.

If we are truly interested then we need to develop the mathematics of relativity using only relative mechanics. Let's go back the road with the 2 cars and completely remove the road as a concept. Now how do we derive the laws of mechanics. I cannot, and so far I have not yet met anyone who can, without reverting back to Einstien's god-like observer.

I believe you are explaining Einsteins theory in the way he explained it, but the theory, and the math, just doesn't properly deal with relativity when it falls backn to the crutch of the stationary road, tracks, eatrth, universe.

Let's seek the mathematics of relativity by considering only relative motion.

There is no god-like observer that is the very basic premise of relativity. Look at what I was trying to get with when I said there are only 2 space ships moving twards each other at close to the speed of light in an otherwise empty universe.

 

[matheinste]

in that case there is, by definition, no observer, because as soon as you place an observer in the picture he forces the light in his frame of reference to be the same in all the frames of reference he is observing.

What force does the observer use to do this, and what does the light do when no observer is observing it.

Matheinste.

 

[jmallett]

Look at it this way instead of a train and train tracks turn those into 2 space ships in an otherwise empty universe. Have the 2 spaceships approaching each other at close to the speed of light.

DarkHorror, I like this as place for starting to think, I don't feel adequate in stopping my explorations at that.
Please develop this idea further and consider the frequency (color) of the light emanating from those ships.

 

[Doc Al]

I tried it and concluded:
1. While you started out with good intentions by considering the purely relativistic mechanics this theory, within nano-seconds, reverted back to the observer on the ground. This theory apparently needs someone "on the ground", which is where exactly - sitting in the ether ? is it a go9d-like Einstein. Mitchelson Morely showed us that the place where that observer is situated simply doesn't exist.
The train and track, moving relatively towards each other, that I was looking for suddenly morphed into two cars (and we dismiss their relativistic mechanics quickly) and the tracks, which have simply been renamed as a road. This is not relativity. It considers only the relative motion of objects in an absolute space. Try using ony relativity to develop your theories.

There's nothing special about using the ground or anything other reference frame for describing the relative motion of things. Nothing 'god-like' or absolute about it.

2. Let the cars not collide, but pass each other very closely traveling along the same axis. The observer in Car A looks out his window and can see the light in the other car. At this point the light in car B, Car B and the observer in Car A are now all in the same frame of reference.

I don't know what you mean when you say that Car A and Car B are 'in the same reference frame'. They are certainly not moving together. From Car A's reference frame, Car B is moving. And vice versa.

How fast is the light traveling - and remember that, by definition, it must be the same for both Observers A & B because they are in same same frame of reference.

Measured from Car A's frame (meaning: from a frame in which Car A is at rest) the speed of light is c. And from Car B's frame (a different frame from Car A's frame) the speed of light is also c.

Here's the bigt problem. No-one seems to be interested in developing theories which are acyually based on relativistic mechanics. It's like the whole community just gave up looking into the subject and worshipped at the altar of Einstein, the observer who can exist in a position we have proven does not exist, sees all, knows all and has no impact on the cosmos.

We can all repeat and explain Einstein's approach. That's not the point, and I don't believe he wanted inquiry to stop there and be studied o9n faith like some kind of holy book.

If we are truly interested then we need to develop the mathematics of relativity using only relative mechanics. Let's go back the road with the 2 cars and completely remove the road as a concept. Now how do we derive the laws of mechanics. I cannot, and so far I have not yet met anyone who can, without reverting back to Einstien's god-like observer.

I believe you are explaining Einsteins theory in the way he explained it, but the theory, and the math, just doesn't properly deal with relativity when it falls backn to the crutch of the stationary road, tracks, eatrth, universe.

Let's seek the mathematics of relativity by considering only relative motion.

I have no idea what you are talking about here. The only motion considered in developing relativity--and certainly in the examples we've discussed here--is relative motion. The cars move relative to each other; the train moves relative to the tracks. What's the problem?

 

[Doc Al]

in that case there is, by definition, no observer, because as soon as you place an observer in the picture he forces the light in his frame of reference to be the same in all the frames of reference he is observing.

Now what are you talking about? Of course there is an observer--the one who measures the train as moving at speed v.

 

[jmallett]

What force does the observer use to do this, and what does the light do when no observer is observing it.

Matheinste.

Matheinste, Great questions, and this is something for the defenders of Einstein. By placing an observer in the picture they immediately specify that with, or without, force it must be so. The dictate is that light travels at a single and constant speed in any given frame of reference. It may, or may not, be true, but if it is true then you are right to ask - by what law, or force can the observer do this ?

The next part is the exciting part. No-one seems to be considering this, and Einstein certainly didn't, so you are beginning to think beyond the rote learning of the last 100 years.

 

[Doc Al]

So let's try this from a purely relativistic point of view. All ye who enter here first abandon stationary observers, ether, gods, train tracks, roads or other devices created for the sole purpose of being independent of relative motion.

There is nothing about train tracks or roads that makes them 'independent of relative motion'.

Two space ships are floating through the cosmos. Each has an undetermined speed both by themselves and by the other. for simplicity, and by sheer luck (for you and me but only because it simplifies our math), they are traveling along the same axis.

OK. I assume that they have some speed relative to each other.

Both send out a beam of light of the same frequency in the forward direction. Will those beams synchronize and will they synchronize independently of the speed of the two ships and without knowing anything else about the ships ?

What do you mean 'synchronize'? Note that relativity assumes that any frame of reference (each of the two ships, in this case) will measure the speed of any beam of light as moving with the same speed c with respect to that frame.

This is a simple, first step in relativistic mechanics and easily provable if we could just find light emission from bodies moving arbitrarily in a universe. Let's try some assumptions and then test them by the experiment of looking out the window.

I have no idea what you are looking for.

 

[jmallett]

Now what are you talking about? Of course there is an observer--the one who measures the train as moving at speed v.

Then by definition he sees the light in the train, and by seeing it and the train at the same time, then the speed of the light in the train is the same in the train as it is for him - (c + v) disappears and the observer in the train measures the train's length incorrectly.

 

[Doc Al]

Matheinste, Great questions, and this is something for the defenders of Einstein. By placing an observer in the picture they immediately specify that with, or without, force it must be so. The dictate is that light travels at a single and constant speed in any given frame of reference. It may, or may not, be true, but if it is true then you are right to ask - by what law, or force can the observer do this ?

The next part is the exciting part. No-one seems to be considering this, and Einstein certainly didn't, so you are beginning to think beyond the rote learning of the last 100 years.

I think it's becoming clear that you are not interesting in learning about relativity and that you have some sort of axe to grind. Please take a look at the sticky labeled "IMPORTANT! Read before posting" at the top of this forum before continuing.

 

[darkhorror]

Ok let's say they are space ships A and B moving twards each other close to the speed of light. On spaceship A a beam of light in the middle of the ship causes two clocks to start on both ends of the ship when the light hits them. In that frame both clocks are synchronized because the light travels the same distance to the back as it does to the front and light is traveling at the speed of light obviously.

With respect to spaceship B the beam of light in A has to travel different distances. This is because spaceship A is moving with respect to spaceship B. But you can do this on both spaceships and to A the B clocks are out of sync but to B they are in sync. Just as to A the A clocks are in sync, but to A the B clocks are out of sync.

I left out the word observer as it seems to be adding to confusion, having observers does nothing to change what is actually happening.

 

[jmallett]

There is nothing about train tracks or roads that makes them 'independent of relative motion'.


OK. I assume that they have some speed relative to each other.


What do you mean 'synchronize'? Note that relativity assumes that any frame of reference (each of the two ships, in this case) will measure the speed of any beam of light as moving with the same speed c with respect to that frame.


I have no idea what you are looking for.

OK, I'll step it back a little on the subject of synchronization.
Ship A creates white light.
Ship B creates white light

What color do they appear to be to each other ?

 

[matheinste]

Matheinste, Great questions, and this is something for the defenders of Einstein. By placing an observer in the picture they immediately specify that with, or without, force it must be so. The dictate is that light travels at a single and constant speed in any given frame of reference. It may, or may not, be true, but if it is true then you are right to ask - by what law, or force can the observer do this ?

The next part is the exciting part. No-one seems to be considering this, and Einstein certainly didn't, so you are beginning to think beyond the rote learning of the last 100 years.

I hope nobody else thought that was a serious question.

Matheinste.

 

[Doc Al]

Then by definition he sees the light in the train, and by seeing it and the train at the same time, then the speed of the light in the train is the same in the train as it is for him - (c + v) disappears and the observer in the train measures the train's length incorrectly.

Nothing magical happens when the observer 'sees the light'. The speed of light with respect to the outside observer is c. And the speed of light with respect to an observer on the train is also c.

(c + v) is not the speed of light. It's the rate at which the light and the train approach each other according to the outside observer. An observer on the train would describe things differently: he would say that the light approaches the train--his frame--at speed c.

Every frame sees the speed of light to be c with respect to their frame. (Not someone else's.) This is a tricky concept.

 

[matheinste]

OK, I'll step it back a little on the subject of synchronization.
Ship A creates white light.
Ship B creates white light

What color do they appear to be to each other ?

Isn't white light frequency shifted still white light.

Matheinste.

 

[Doc Al]

OK, I'll step it back a little on the subject of synchronization.
Ship A creates white light.
Ship B creates white light

What color do they appear to be to each other ?

"White" is not a good choice for a color, as it is a mix of frequencies. To understand how the frequency of light changes due to the relative speed of source and observer, look up the Doppler effect. I recommend you stick to one topic at a time.