I Need help solving this Existence Algorithm for truth

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The discussion revolves around a complex equation involving existential quantifiers and logical operations. The user is uncertain about the solvability of the expression (x ¬ | ∃x) and its implications regarding the existence of x independent of its reference. The equation presented is (x ¬ | ∃x) = ∅ ⊕ {∅}) ⊕ ∅. The user expresses confusion about whether there are scenarios where x can exist independently. The thread is currently closed for mentor review.
ollieha
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Need help solving algorithm for truth
I have an equation that I need some serious help with. I’m using a “not such that”, and I don’t know if the critical component (x ¬ | ∃x) is solvable!

Well here it is:

(x ¬ | ∃x) = ∅ ⊕ {∅}) ⊕ ∅

So if x exists independently from the reference of x, the first bit is true, but is there ever a time when that is the case?

So confused-
Oliver
 
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Thread is closed temporarily for Mentor review...
 
I was reading a Bachelor thesis on Peano Arithmetic (PA). PA has the following axioms (not including the induction schema): $$\begin{align} & (A1) ~~~~ \forall x \neg (x + 1 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A2) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + 1 =y + 1 \to x = y) \nonumber \\ & (A3) ~~~~ \forall x (x + 0 = x) \nonumber \\ & (A4) ~~~~ \forall xy (x + (y +1) = (x + y ) + 1) \nonumber \\ & (A5) ~~~~ \forall x (x \cdot 0 = 0) \nonumber \\ & (A6) ~~~~ \forall xy (x \cdot (y + 1) = (x \cdot y) + x) \nonumber...

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