Oxygen dip in ionization energy trend

In summary, the oxygen dip in ionization energy trend refers to the observed decrease in ionization energy between nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) in the periodic table. This anomaly is attributed to the electron configuration of oxygen, where the presence of paired electrons in the 2p subshell leads to increased electron-electron repulsion, making it easier to remove an electron compared to nitrogen, where electrons are unpaired. This dip highlights the influence of electron interactions on ionization energy trends across periods.
  • #1
adf89812
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TL;DR Summary
I want a better answer than these three ones I found.
How does spin-orbit splitting also affect this or anomalous zeeman effect or decrease in spin when you move from Nitrogen to Oxygen?

Bad Teacher: The addition of the second electron into an already occupied orbital introduces repulsion between the electrons, thus it is easier to remove. that is why there is a dip in the ionization energy.

Bad Teacher: In oxygen, the last electron shares a doubly occupied p-orbital with an electron of opposing spin. The two electrons in the same orbital are closer together on average than two electrons in different orbitals, so that they shield each other from the nucleus more effectively and it is easier to remove one electron, resulting in a lower ionization energy.[2][14]

The problem is then you can't use the same explanation to explain Fluorine is higher ionization energy than Oxygen because you're also adding repulsions.

Bad Teacher:Stability of half-filled orbitals or completely filled orbitals.

This quote is using is arguing a point not building evidence for it.

I've tried studying spin and that doesn't explain it.

I tried using term symbols. Can you compare ionization energies of different atoms using that via Highest spin highest J?
 
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  • #2
It appears that you are looking for a simple explanation where one doesn't exist.

Electronic configuration of multi-electron atoms is complex. While in many cases, one can come up with simple heuristics to explain what is observed, there are anomalous configurations that don't fit the pattern.

Going from N to O to F, you are not simply changing the number of electrons, but also the charge of the nucleus.
 

FAQ: Oxygen dip in ionization energy trend

What is the oxygen dip in ionization energy?

The oxygen dip in ionization energy refers to the observed decrease in the ionization energy of oxygen compared to its neighboring elements in the periodic table, specifically nitrogen and fluorine. This phenomenon occurs due to the electron configuration of oxygen, which has a higher electron-electron repulsion in its p-orbitals, leading to a lower energy requirement to remove an electron.

Why does the oxygen dip occur in the periodic table?

The oxygen dip occurs because of the unique electron configuration of oxygen (1s² 2s² 2p⁴). In the p-orbitals, there are four electrons, which leads to increased repulsion among the paired and unpaired electrons. This repulsion makes it easier to remove one of the electrons, resulting in a lower ionization energy compared to nitrogen (with a half-filled p subshell) and fluorine (with a nearly filled p subshell).

How does the oxygen dip compare to other elements in the same period?

In the second period of the periodic table, the ionization energies generally increase from left to right. However, the oxygen dip is notable because the ionization energy of oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen, which is unexpected given nitrogen's position. Additionally, while fluorine has a higher ionization energy than oxygen, the dip highlights the complexities of electron interactions in multi-electron atoms.

What are the implications of the oxygen dip for chemical reactivity?

The lower ionization energy of oxygen compared to its neighbors affects its chemical reactivity. Oxygen's ability to lose an electron more easily than nitrogen or fluorine makes it more reactive in certain chemical reactions, particularly in forming compounds where it can participate in oxidation-reduction processes. This reactivity is significant in biological systems and various industrial applications.

Can the oxygen dip be observed in other periods of the periodic table?

While the oxygen dip is most commonly discussed in the context of the second period, similar trends can be observed in other periods where electron-electron repulsion plays a significant role in determining ionization energies. However, the specific characteristics of the dip may vary depending on the electron configurations and the number of electrons involved in the outer shells of the elements in question.

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