What Determines the Constant Speed of Light?

[Jack Martinelli]

If you really want to argue arbitrary units, how about the definition of a second...?

Why do that? Why not define a ruler in the general sense so that it can be used to measure intervals that are space-like or time-like.

 

[Integral]

This is also circular reasoning. You can say that c is constant because $$\mu_0$$ and $$\epsilon_0$$ are constant. But then, to make it non-circular, you are left with explaining the constancy of $$\mu_0$$ and $$\epsilon_0$$.

(and what do you have to do to get rid of that annoying undescore?)
(and how come I haven't been attacked yet?)

I do not see the circularity here. Yes, the question has changed but unless a measurement of c is involved in the experiment to find $$\epsilon_0$$ it is not circular.

 

[turin]

quoting Integral:

I do not care ... what defines what. The speed of light is a constant. The only thing that the definition of the meter in terms of the wave length of light does is make the number used to represent the speed of light in meters a rational. This is merely a matter of convince and does not effect the speed of light in any way.

It is not a matter of what, but how.




quoting Integral:

While dinosaurs were walking the Earth the speed of light was constant, it is the same constant now, ...

How do you know this? Compared to what?




quoting Integral:

The speed of light does not, and cannot double.

How do you know this? Compared to what?




quoting Creator:

...Someone get me off the floor!

Would that I could.




quoting Integral:

... the use of rods in Einsteins paper had no meaning other then a illustraion. The rods play no part in the theory.

Say WHAT?! How do you define a coordinate system? I admit there are other ways to define one, but there must be one. Or, in the words of DrMatrix:

... it is necessary to define a coordinate system.

quoting Integral:

It does not matter that the meter has been redefined in terms of wavelengths of light.

Of course it matters. It matters for the same reason that most of you seem to be saying it doesn't. If the speed of light is taken to be the standard, then it is a constant by definition, which answers the original post, unless, by "speed of light," the original poster meant something other than "c."




quoting jdavel:

If you make two measurements of the speed of light and calibrate the lengths of your apparatus before each measurement using the light speed method, ...
...
... you'd never do that.

What do you mean, "you'd never do that"? That is exactly what would be done. How else would you calibrate length?




quoting russ_watters:

... due to environmental factors, the distance between those two scratch marks wasn't even constant. The meter had to be re-defined in terms of something more constant/precise ...

That's the point. Except, I would replace "constant/precise" with "universal;" the length of a rod is almost as constant and just as precise as the consant in the wave equation before we impose a scale on it. There isn't a rod for calibrating the meter locked in a vault and held at strict environmental conditions on Mars, but it is believed that Maxwell's equations can be found on Mars. Thus, they give us the standard, but it is still just a standard. I'm not saying that the equations are merely a standard (they are physical law), but the numerical value that we infer from the wave equation is defined as a standard universal constant. It is a constant because we have defined it that way. We have defined it that way because it is believed to be universal, and therefore more convenient than using a bar.

 

[Integral]

The length of the meter would change compared to what? The standard of length is the meter. Rigid rods might change length, but the length of the meter would remain one meter.

Since the definition of the meter is tied to the speed of light, if the speed of light were to change, the length of the standard would change. This means that if I were to use the standard meter to measure a known distance, I would come up with a different distance after the change in c. It would now be 60km to London it was 50km before

Those are some right pretty equations y'all got there,

I find this comment very interesting. What "fancy" equations are we talking about? A square root? If you consider the square root to be a "fancy equation" then the relativity understand so well is full of "fancy equations". I am afraid that anyone who considers the square root to be a "fancy" equation simply cannot comprehend the even the simply math used in the development of Special Relativity. Let's not say anything of the very difficult math required to understand General Relativity. By the way, since you are so enamored with the definition of a specific coordinate system you should realize that on of the important features of GR is the ability to express the Physical relationships in a manner that is independent of the coordinate system. In the fundamental expressions look the same in ALL coordinate systems.

 

[turin]

Since the definition of the meter is tied to the speed of light, if the speed of light were to change, the length of the standard would change. This means that if I were to use the standard meter to measure a known distance, I would come up with a different distance after the change in c. It would now be 60km to London it was 50km before

And that would show what? What's the big deal? Do you believe that lengths should be invariant in themselves? In SR, using the speed of light as a standard causes lengths to change. Is that wrong, too?

 

[Integral]

And that would show what? What's the big deal? Do you believe that lengths should be invariant in themselves? In SR, using the speed of light as a standard causes lengths to change. Is that wrong, too?

The whole point of the standard coordinate system you carried on about in your previous post is so that the standard length does not change. Now you seem to be arguing the other side of the coin. Make up your mind. Perhaps I do not understand your point. Lengths in SR change with relative velocity, if there is no relative velocity there is no length change. What has SR to do with the current discussion? I have asked this question over and over, never get an answer.


Suppose I were to define a standard volume of water as the amount of water in a certain bucket. Then using that bucket I measure the volume of several other buckets to be 5 standard buckets. One day I see a new shiny bucket that I would rather use as my standard. When I use my new standard to measure the amount of water in one of the previously measured buckets I find that it now holds 6 standard buckets. Are you telling me I should ignore this discrepancy or should I assume that all buckets have somehow changed? Clearly, if it is indeed used, a change in a standard will be noticed.

If the meter were never used to measure anything but the speed of light we would indeed never notice the change. But as soon as we apply the standard to something else we will certainly notice if the standard changes. Suddenly all previous measurements will be wrong according to our standard.

 

[DrMatrix]

What is a "known distance"? A distance is known only when compared to the standard of length. The meter is the standard. If the distance to London was 50km and it is now 60km, then the distance to London changed. The meter is still one meter.

Yes I am well aware that GR allows aribtrary coordinates systems. I didn't want to get into that. You can't talk about a constant speed of light in GR.

I find this comment very interesting. What "fancy" equations are we talking about? A square root? If you consider the square root to be a "fancy equation" then the relativity understand so well is full of "fancy equations.

I was being sarcastic, I thought you'd get that. Sorry.

 

[Integral]

quoting Integral:
It is not a matter of what, but how.

Please explain further what you mean, I don't get it.

quoting Integral:
How do you know this? Compared to what?

It is believed that the oil we are burning today was living plant life in the era of the dinosaurs. It has an atomic structure that is compatible with our current chemistry. Therefore atomic structure has not changed since the era of the dinosaurs, therefore the speed of light has not changed (significantly).

quoting Integral:
How do you know this? Compared to what?

Simply citing the current state of Physics. It may be that c has changed over the life time of the universe, but that is not the current understanding.

quoting Integral:
Say WHAT?! How do you define a coordinate system? I admit there are other ways to define one, but there must be one. Or, in the words of DrMatrix:

Ok, we need to establish a coordinate system. Now what is the significance of that coordinate system? What part does the coordinate system play in the final work of relativity?
Precisely, none. General Relativity allows expression of physical laws independent of the coordinate system.

quoting Integral:
Of course it matters. It matters for the same reason that most of you seem to be saying it doesn't. If the speed of light is taken to be the standard, then it is a constant by definition, which answers the original post, unless, by "speed of light," the original poster meant something other than "c."

How does the fact that the meter has been tied to the speed of light effect the speed of light? The key point to this entire discussion is the difference between
"the speed of light is constant because the meter is defined in terms of the wavelength of light?

and

"The meter is expressed in terms of the wavelengths of light because the speed of light is constant"

quoting russ_watters:
That's the point. Except, I would replace "constant/precise" with "universal;" the length of a rod is almost as constant and just as precise as the consant in the wave equation before we impose a scale on it. There isn't a rod for calibrating the meter locked in a vault and held at strict environmental conditions on Mars, but it is believed that Maxwell's equations can be found on Mars. Thus, they give us the standard, but it is still just a standard. I'm not saying that the equations are merely a standard (they are physical law), but the numerical value that we infer from the wave equation is defined as a standard universal constant. It is a constant because we have defined it that way. We have defined it that way because it is believed to be universal, and therefore more convenient than using a bar.

I think you are stepping beyond the Physics into philosophy and semantics here. The speed of light is a universal constant. Please take debates about this issue to Theory Development.

 

[turin]

The whole point of the standard coordinate system you carried on about in your previous post ...

What standard coordinate system? I simply supported DrMatrix' position that there must be a coordinate system. I even alluded to the possibility of other ways to define a coordinate system indicating that I do not think a lattice of rigid rods is a standard.

What has SR to do with the current discussion?

It provides an example to show that there is no problem with the spatial distance between any two points in space, such as the distance between two cities, changing.

Suppose I were to define a standard volume of water as ...

But this is just like changing from yards to meters. There is no problem here; it is just a matter of a conversion factor. What would make your example more interesting is to say:

What if we measured the amount of some water in terms of the number of standard shiney buckets full, and found it to be six one say, and then, the next day, the the amount was only five. Well, then we'd have to discard our conservation of water law, right? No, because, just in the nick of time, a genius comes along with an incredible breakthrough. He (or she; there have been female geniuses, too) declares that the amount of water is not determined by the volume, but by the weight. Now, whenever the water is measured, on whatever day, the weight is always found to be 8.3 standard shiney buckets. Hooray for the inovative minds on the standardization committee!

 

[Integral]

It provides an example to show that there is no problem with the spatial distance between any two points in space, such as the distance between two cities, changing.

There certainly is a problem with distances changing if it is due to a change in the standard. Why to you think that the US mileage signs are mileage signs and not km signs? A change in a standard requires a lot of re calibration this costs money. Sorry to bring real world issues into the argument.

I feel that there is a issue with the distance changes between cities, if standards mean anything, when I measure a distance in meters it had better read the same today as it did yesterday or next year. That is the whole point of a standard.

When London is moving at .5c wrt to Paris then I would expect the distance to change. As long as they are stationary the distance must remain the same. The distance is a physical quantity it does not change with the units you measure it in.

 

[turin]

Please explain further what you mean, I don't get it.

Consider defining distance against a standard rod. What is the prescription for measurement? Do we place the rod at rest along side the distance to be measured? If this is the method, then all we can do is put the distance in three categories: shorter, longer, same length as standard. Of course, this simply won't do, so we can translate the rod along the distance. This is, of course, inconvenient. For instance, this is impractical to measure microscopic distances and interstellar distances with the same standard. Also, translating the rod takes time. Things can change in time. Nothing fundamentally guaruntees that the object being measured will not change significantly during the process of translation.

By what, I mean the trivial issue of the standard itself. By how, I mean the more significant issue of the method used to compare to the standard.

... atomic structure has not changed since the era of the dinosaurs, therefore the speed of light has not changed (significantly).

I don't understand how you jumped from atomic stucture to speed of light.

Simply citing the current state of Physics. It may be that c has changed over the life time of the universe, but that is not the current understanding.

But this still doesn't answer the question, "compared to what?"

... what is the significance of that coordinate system? What part does the coordinate system play in the final work of relativity?
Precisely, none. General Relativity allows expression of physical laws independent of the coordinate system.

Expression of physical laws is math. In order to do physics, there is no way around a coordinate system. Therefore, the coordinate system becomes significant, and in GR quite non-trivial.

The key point to this entire discussion is the difference between
"the speed of light is constant because the meter is defined in terms of the wavelength of light?

and

"The meter is expressed in terms of the wavelengths of light because the speed of light is constant"

I don't support the first justification, if "speed of light" is intended to mean "c."

I support the second statement, but it is not an answer to the original post.

The speed of light is a universal constant. Please take debates about this issue to Theory Development.

Did I ever once disagree with c as a universal constant? I don't visit the theory development thread for two reasons: 1) I'm not interested in other peoples attempts to disprove relativity and 2) if I actually thought I had a sound theory to develope, I wouldn't post it on the internet to invite someone else to steal it from me and take all the credit.

 

[Integral]

Turin,
I am failing to see the point of your posts or your arguments.

 

[Jack Martinelli]

I do not see the circularity here. Yes, the question has changed but unless a measurement of c is involved in the experiment to find $$\epsilon_0$$ it is not circular.

The circularity is: if $$\mu_0$$ and $$\epsilon_0$$ are constant it is because c is constant, which is constant because $$\mu_0$$ and $$\epsilon_0$$ are constant which is constant because...

 

[turin]

Sorry to bring real world issues into the argument.

Are you, really, or are you being sarcastic. It seems like you're being sarcastic. Well, shame on you.

I feel that there is a issue with the distance changes between cities, if standards mean anything, ...

So do I. It shows that, if the distance between New York and Miami changes by a significant percentage in the course of a day, I'd better run for the west coast. One of the last things I would personally do is blame a standard for changing. Oh ya, and, sarcastically, I'm sorry for bringing the good old U.S. of A. into the argument.

... when I measure a distance in meters it had better read the same today as it did yesterday or next year. That is the whole point of a standard.

That's the whole point of defining that particular distance as a standard distance. Standards have different points depending on the application. But I don't agree that the point of a standard of one unit is to make sure that some arbitrary property of some arbitrary object remains constant.

When London is moving at .5c wrt to Paris then I would expect the distance to change. As long as they are stationary the distance must remain the same.

But they are never stationary, even WRT each other. As far as I know, the distance between London and Paris is not a standard, nor is it even assumed to remain constant, in the physics that I've studied. It is a reasonable approximation, but not a constant standard value.

The distance is a physical quantity it does not change with the units you measure it in.

It does if you first measure it in units of length, and then subsequently measure it in units of time. It completely changes in meaning. If you say that the space-like separation of London and Paris is x km, that implies that they are causally disconnected in that context. But, if you say that Paris is y hrs from London, you are talking about how much time you would experience during the flight or train ride from London to Paris. These two measurements/units have completely different physical meanings, but they both measure the distance between London and Paris.

 

[Integral]

The circularity is: if $$\mu_0$$ and $$\epsilon_0$$ are constant it is because c is constant, which is constant because $$\mu_0$$ and $$\epsilon_0$$ are constant which is constant because...

The experimental methods used to measure a value for $$\epsilon_0$$ are significantly different from those used to measure c.
The fact is with modern technology I believe it is easier to get a precise measurement of c then $$\epsilon_0$$ so it may well be that it is now defined it terms of c then the other way round.

That does not change the fact that $$\epsilon_0$$ is a basic property of space time which is a factor in the propagation of EM waves.
Which is the "more" fundamental constant. I personally do not know.

 

[Integral]

Turin,
You are now arguing semantics, can we get this thread back on topic.

 

[turin]

Integral,
Can you please, then, reword this question (the appropriate topic of this thread, I'm assuming) to elliminate any semantic ambiguity:

Has anyone an idea why speed of light is constant ?

I don't have any problem dropping the issue, and I certainly agree that it is semantic.




Perhaps you mean we should now address this question?

As light emerges from energy fall of an electron, does speed of light have anything to do with rotation speed of an electron ?

Well, if picass is referring to spin, then I've heard that it is related to c, but I don't know the details; I have no good understanding of QFT, which is the arena in which I've heard this is a relevant relationship by virtue of spin as a consequence of the Dirac equation. I've also heard people say that this is crap, that the Dirac equation was motivated out of elegance more than anything else, and that the result was an artificial consequence of the intention to show a relationship between spin and relativistic considerations.

 

[russ_watters]

What is a "known distance"? A distance is known only when compared to the standard of length. The meter is the standard. If the distance to London was 50km and it is now 60km, then the distance to London changed. The meter is still one meter.

Wow. That is spectacularly wrong. Wow.

DrMatrix, don't you see that you're now saying that a kilometer and .62 miles are different lengths? The number changes, the distance is the same because the number (I thought we had already established this) is arbitrary.

Can you please, then, reword this question (the appropriate topic of this thread, I'm assuming) to elliminate any semantic ambiguity:

"Has anyone an idea why speed of light is constant?"

Turin, I see no ambiguity in that question, the problem is that there is no simple answer: its answer is both philosophical and scientific. It has already been answered and it has nothing at all to do with the definiton of a meter.

DrMatrix seems to be trying to argue that due to our current definition of a meter, there is no way to prove that C is constant. He is incorrect, but either way, this has nothing to do with that question.

 

[Jack Martinelli]

...The speed of light is a universal constant. Please take debates about this issue to Theory Development.

What do you mean by universal? And I don't think you understand the difference between a "standard reference length" and a "reference length" and a "proper length" or how these are related to the speed of light (an electromagnetic phenomenon which might not be universal BTW -- particularly when the wave function collapses. Or where matter may be exotic.)

I know that when I compare two lengths one of them may be longer than, shorter than or equal to the other one. I can choose one of them as a static reference length and use it to measure other lengths (including other reference lengths). It doesn't matter which one I use unless I want to discuss my measurements with other people. Furthermore, I can say that any length maybe used as a reference length. But some choices are impractical. Because some choices for a reference length make discussion impossible or their use impractical we need to choose a practical standard. If we agree on one as a standard and _everyone_ agrees on the given choice then it is universal by definition.

The speed of light, however, must be defined as:

$$c = \frac l { t }$$

where $$l$$ is a proper unit of length and $$t$$ is a proper unit of time.

It is a quotient! And it is a quotient! And it is a quotient!

IOW, c is constant iff this quotient is a constant. Standards do not make this any truer or falser. It doesn't matter _how long_ a unit of proper length or proper time are. The quotient is what matters. (I've read a paper where the authoer uses a quotient of metics (topological) as his measurement primitive.)

So, going back to my example of two electrons defining the end-points of a reference length... You _can_ choose these two distinguishable objects for your static reference length and from the above quotient choose some observable dynamic as the proper unit of time (the dynamic is impied by the quotient -- what is it?). As Einstein said, there are no preferred frames. But there are frames where EMR mignt not exist & so you really need to know how to work in those frames (electron frame?) in a general way?

Objections?

 

[Jack Martinelli]

I think DrMatrix and I are trying to make the same point. You must get the definitions straight. And, in order to have definitions, you must agree upon your standards.

Standards are different than references.

 

[Jack Martinelli]

Wow. That is spectacularly wrong. Wow.

And that statement makes you spectacularly right? Wrong.

Set your system boundaries to one length. How long is it? With respect to what? Is it a static length? With respect to what? Any good physics theory must be scalable. First you start with something and then expand. Unless you just want us to believe whatever you say.

Length is an intrinsic property of space but magnitude isn't. To talk about magnitude you need a reference length.

All statements we can say about a distance require some reference object. Period endofstory.

 

[Integral]

Jack,
It is not clear to me, again as with Turin, I fail to see the significance of your words.

Is or is not c a constant of the universe?

BTW: I have read of Magueijo and his VSL theories. I find them very interesting. But any discussion of those concepts must be restricted to the Theory Development forums.

It seems to me that you may well simply be agreeing with me in an argumentative fashion, this goes for Turin also. Which is why I suspect that this is all about semantics. You seem to be telling me I am wrong but then in the end I really can't pin down how you disagree.

 

[turin]

Turin, I see no ambiguity in that question, ...

The speed of light can be slowed down to 0.5c in a lab: true or false?

... its answer is both philosophical and scientific. It has already been answered ...

I agree with all of this quote, but I think some of the answers are not correct.

... it has nothing at all to do with the definiton of a meter.

I don't think it has anything to do with the definition of a meter in the strictest since. But, by the way the original post posed the question, I don't believe you can disregard the definition of the meter as a standard of length, if you define the speed of light in the same manner as Jack has done.

If you define the standard unit of length as the length of some standard rod, or a fraction of the distance from the north pole to the equator, or whatever standard you want, then the speed of light can change in general if that standard unit of length changes and the speed of light is defined in terms of the number of standard lengths that EM radiation can traverse after a certain number of hyperfine oscillations, or clock ticks, or whatever.

The speed of light, ... must be defined as:

$$c = \frac l { t }$$

where $$l$$ is a proper unit of length and $$t$$ is a proper unit of time.

I disagree with this. I can define speed as a fundamental unit, as well as time, and then define a derived unit as length = speed.time. Then, I don't need a quotient to talk about c.

Standards are different than references.

I agree with this.

 

[DrMatrix]

What is a "known distance"? A distance is known only when compared to the standard of length. The meter is the standard. If the distance to London was 50km and it is now 60km, then the distance to London changed. The meter is still one meter.

Wow. That is spectacularly wrong. Wow.

DrMatrix, don't you see that you're now saying that a kilometer and .62 miles are different lengths? The number changes, the distance is the same because the number (I thought we had already established this) is arbitrary.

A kilometer and a mile are different standards. The fact that a change from one standard to another produces another value for the distance does not mean the distance has changed. If the distance changes according to one agreed upon standard then, by the agreed upon definition, the distance has changed. What is your standard of length, the meter or the distance to London? Suppose I measure the distance between two objects and get 10 meters. Later I measure and I get the value 9 meters. I would conclude that the two objects are one meter closer together. Would you throw out your meter?

DrMatrix seems to be trying to argue that due to our current definition of a meter, there is no way to prove that C is constant. He is incorrect, but either way, this has nothing to do with that question.

You are so close. I am saying you cannot ask a question about speed until you have defined units of time and distance. And our current definition of meter is defined in such a way that the speed of light is constant by defintion.

 

[turin]

Is or is not c a constant of the universe?

I believe that there is no evidence against this statement, or that our little region of the universe has strongly suggested to us that it is so. In other words, I accept that c is a constant of the universe. I appologize if you thought that I was arguing to the contrary.

It seems to me that you may well simply be agreeing with me in an argumentative fashion, ...

This is possible.

 

[Integral]

You are so close. I am saying you cannot ask a question about speed until you have defined units of time and distance. And our current definition of meter is defined in such a way that the speed of light is constant by definition.

The conclusion is then that it is not a constant in mph which used to be a different standard from the meter?

Do you still fail to see the circularity of your reasoning? You say the speed of light is constant because the meter is defined in terms of wavelengths of light.

But the meter was defined in terms of the wavelength of light because the speed of light is constant.

And again the speed of light is constant independent of our ability to measure it.

 

[Integral]

I believe that there is no evidence against this statement, or that our little region of the universe has strongly suggested to us that it is so. In other words, I accept that c is a constant of the universe. I appologize if you thought that I was arguing to the contrary.

I agree with every word of this.

No apologies necessary :)

 

[Jack Martinelli]

The experimental methods used to measure a value for $$\epsilon_0$$ are significantly different from those used to measure c.
The fact is with modern technology I believe it is easier to get a precise measurement of c then $$\epsilon_0$$ so it may well be that it is now defined it terms of c then the other way round.

That does not change the fact that $$\epsilon_0$$ is a basic property of space time which is a factor in the propagation of EM waves.
Which is the "more" fundamental constant. I personally do not know.

1. I don't know that $$\epsilon_0$$ universal (e.g., bigbang)
2. I don't know that EM is universal. Particularly near charged particles (r<< 10E-15m)

 

[jdavel]

turin asked: What do you mean, "you'd never do that" (calibrate lengths between each measurement)? That is exactly what would be done. How else would you calibrate length?


There's no need to calibrate length if all you're trying to do is test whether c is constant. Just measure the time t that it takes for light to go from one end of a stick to the other. If you always use the same stick, and you always get the same t, then you can say c is constant.

You don't even have to know the length of the stick! Michelson & Morley didn't know the relative length of their interferometer arms to anywhere near the precision that they got for the relative difference in light speed along the arms.

 

[Integral]

Jack,
The same qualifers apply to $$\epsilon_0$$ that turin stated with c up thread.

Why do you introduce QM to the question. Are you simply looking for arguments.

It's a yes or no question.

Is c constant?

 

[jdavel]

DrMatirx said: "you cannot ask a question about speed until you have defined units of time and distance."

You can ask (and answer) this question without defining units of distance: If two light beams start at the same time and place, and arrive simultaneously at some other place, then was their speed the same?

 

[turin]

turin asked: What do you mean, "you'd never do that" (calibrate lengths between each measurement)? That is exactly what would be done. How else would you calibrate length?

I'm sorry. You have misunderstood me. I meant that, if you were to calibrate, you would use light to do so.

 

[turin]

If two light beams start at the same time and place, and arrive simultaneously at some other place, then was their speed the same?

There is not enough information to answer this question. I can start a trip from NY to Miami in my car, and stop at a gas station every hour, going 80 mph between stops to make up for lost time. My friend can get in his car with a really big gas tank and and start the trip at the same time, but going nonstop at 70 mph. If we both get to Miami at the same time, was our speed the same?

Or a more relevant example:
If I first drive to San Diego, and then to Miami, but we still both leave NY and arrive at Miami at the same time, was our speed the same?

 

[Jack Martinelli]

Jack,
It is not clear to me, again as with Turin, I fail to see the significance of your words.

Its not my words, its what my words refer to.

Is or is not c a constant of the universe?

Yes it is, but the reason it is is the question under discussion.

It seems to me that you may well simply be agreeing with me in an argumentative fashion, this goes for Turin also. Which is why I suspect that this is all about semantics. You seem to be telling me I am wrong but then in the end I really can't pin down how you disagree.

You are not "wrong". Your explanations are just not very good. Just my opinion. I find an explanation about the physical more enlightening when the language used refers other physical phenomena -- not other constants. If your language just refers to the physical (line-like intervals) there is no argument. That they exist is self evident. Maxwell's equation, for example, are not self evident. Each term I use (ruler or clock) is a word that has a semantic anchor (an observable space-like interval defined by two distinguishable objects). When you use language this way there is no semantic argument. You can't refute the way the universe works. You can't really refute that, in our universe there are line like observables & that they may be used to measure other line-like observables. That the maximum possible speed of an object in the universe is a constant is simply a consequence of our measurement proceedure. It has nothing to do with EMR. Bosons are just test particles that let us find this speed and express it in terms of meters and seconds.

 

[DrMatrix]

The conclusion is then that it is not a constant in mph which used to be a different standard from the meter?

I don't understand what you mean here.

Do you still fail to see the circularity of your reasoning? You say the speed of light is constant because the meter is defined in terms of wavelengths of light.

But the meter was defined in terms of the wavelength of light because the speed of light is constant.

And again the speed of light is constant independent of our ability to measure it.

The fact that the speed of light is constant when the distance is measured by rigid rods allows us to use the speed of light (not the wavelength) to establish an equivalent definition based upon the speed of light.

Mach one is defined as the speed of sound. Is the speed of sound constant? It depends upon what units you are talking about. In mach units, yes -- the speed of sound is mach one by defintion. In meters per second, no -- the speed depends upon the temperature and the pressure.

There's no need to calibrate length if all you're trying to do is test whether c is constant. Just measure the time t that it takes for light to go from one end of a stick to the other. If you always use the same stick, and you always get the same t, then you can say c is constant.

You don't even have to know the length of the stick! Michelson & Morley didn't know the relative length of their interferometer arms to anywhere near the precision that they got for the relative difference in light speed along the arms.

You are assuming that your stick has a constant length. The stick has become your unit of length. And that's fine, so long as you realize the stick is your unit of length.

DrMatirx said: "you cannot ask a question about speed until you have defined units of time and distance."

You can ask (and answer) this question without defining units of distance: If two light beams start at the same time and place, and arrive simultaneously at some other place, then was their speed the same?

OK. So long as the beam of light traveled the same path, then yes. Are two beams emitted at the same point that travel along the same path and arrive simultaneously at some other point two beams or one beam?