Mass is often defined as the quantity of matter, but this definition can be misleading since objects with the same number of particles can have different masses. The discussion highlights that mass is related to inertia, which is a property that resists changes in momentum. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity, making mass a conserved quantity in physics. Additionally, while objects may contain the same number of atoms, the atomic structure and composition can lead to variations in mass. Understanding mass requires a deeper exploration beyond just counting particles.