Who should have been the 4th laureate in the Nobel Prize in Physics?

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In summary, the article discusses the notable absence of a fourth laureate in the Nobel Prize in Physics, traditionally awarded to three individuals. It explores various candidates who have made significant contributions to the field, including those whose work has had a profound impact on modern physics. The piece highlights the criteria used for selection and the implications of recognizing additional contributors, suggesting that acknowledging a fourth laureate could provide a more comprehensive view of advancements in physics.
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pines-demon
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This post to is to find those who deserved a Nobel Prize in Physics but did not receive it with the rest because they were either dead, unable to receive the prize due to the three-man rule, or dismissed for another reason.

If you want to add more please try to specify the year, topic and reasons.

Here I start:
  • 1932 matrix mechanics: Heisenberg and: Pascual Jordan (??)
  • 1943 molecular beams (spin) and magnetic moment of proton: Stern and: Walter Gerlach (??) Immanuel Estermann (??), Otto Frisch (??)
  • 1954 coincidence experiment (1/2): Bothe and: Hans Geiger (dead)
  • 1957 parity violation: Lee, Yang and: Chien-Shiung Wu (not theoretical?)
  • 1965 quantum electrodynamics: Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonaga and: Freeman Dyson (3>)
  • 1969 quarks: Gell-Mann and: George Zweig (??) and Yuval Ne'eman (??)
  • 1970 antiferromagnetism (1/2): Néel and: Lev Shubnikov (dead)
  • 1972 BCS theory: Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer and: David Pines (3>)
  • 1974 radio astrophysics and pulsars : Ryles and Hewish and : Jocelyn Bell Burner (???)
  • 1983 stellar nucleosynthesis (1/2): Fowler and: Fred Hoyle (?)
  • 1990 deep inelastic scattering: Friedman, Kendall, Taylor and: James Bjorken (3>)
  • 2005 quantum optics (1/2): Roy Glauber and: E. C. G. Surdashan (3>)
  • 2013 Higgs boson: Englert, Higgs and: Brout (dead), Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble (3>)
  • 2016 topological phase transitions: Thouless, Kosterlitz, Haldane and: Vadim Berezinskii (dead)
  • 2020 black holes singularity theorems (1/2): Penrose and: Stephen Hawking (dead)
  • 2022 Bell inequalities: Aspect, Clauser, Zeilinger and: John S. Bell (dead)
  • 2023 attosecond physics: Agostini, Krausz, L'Huillier and: Paul Corkum (3>)
Honorable mentions:
  • Arnold Sommerfeld (??) and Paul Langevin (??) for a lot of things
  • 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for fission: Hahn and: Lise Meitner (??)
  • 1962: Nobel Prize in Medicine for DNA: Crick, Watson, Wilkins and: Rosalind Franklin (dead)
Did I miss somebody? Do you agree?

Edited for typos.
 
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pines-demon said:
  • 1912: Nobel Prize in Medicine for DNA: Crick, Watson, Wilkins and: Rosalind Franklin (dead)
Correction: 1962
 
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  • #3
I thought Alphard and Gamow should have won for predicting the CMB.
 
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  • #4
For what I have read, Shun'ichi Amari could have won the Nobel this year with Hopfield and Hinton, he kind of conceived Hopfield's idea.
 
  • #5
Hornbein said:
I thought Alphard and Gamow should have won for predicting the CMB.
George Smoot won the Nobel for finding the tiny differences in the CMB temperature and Penzias and Wilson prior to that for just finding it, yet not the Theorists for predicting it?

Kind of the other way round for Peter Higgs and the LCH
 
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  • #6
According to his Wikipedia page, Giuseppe Occhialini should have won the 1950 Nobel Prize with C. F. Powell for the discovery of the pion.
 

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