What is Ice: Definition and 980 Discussions

Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.
In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as far away as the Oort cloud objects. Beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice. It is abundant on Earth's surface – particularly in the polar regions and above the snow line – and, as a common form of precipitation and deposition, plays a key role in Earth's water cycle and climate. It falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost, icicles or ice spikes and aggregates from snow as glaciers and ice sheets.
Ice exhibits at least eighteen phases (packing geometries), depending on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly (quenching), up to three types of amorphous ice can form depending on its history of pressure and temperature. When cooled slowly, correlated proton tunneling occurs below −253.15 °C (20 K, −423.67 °F) giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena. Virtually all ice on Earth's surface and in its atmosphere is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih (spoken as "ice one h") with minute traces of cubic ice, denoted as ice Ic and, more recently found, Ice VII inclusions in diamonds. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is cooled below 0 °C (273.15 K, 32 °F) at standard atmospheric pressure. It may also be deposited directly by water vapor, as happens in the formation of frost. The transition from ice to water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation.
Ice is used in a variety of ways, including for cooling, for winter sports, and ice sculpting.

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  1. Evangeline101

    Drawing a heat curve of ice melting

    Homework Statement Homework Equations equation with each part. The Attempt at a Solution I did part a) b) and c) on my own: Part d: I am having trouble at this part. I understand how to draw the heat curve but I am confused on what numbers I should use for the x-axis of the graph. I...
  2. Square1

    I Plane slides on ice because of wind

    I found this clip on youtube of a plane getting pushed on ice due to strong winds. Have a look. I guess I just want to hear some comments about what is reallly going on here. How we can estimate the force of the wind pushing, what chance the ramp agent has of holding the place himself if say...
  3. Ravi Singh choudhary

    Ice will melt faster which case -- over or below hot block?

    Natural convection always occurs opposite of gravity due to buoyancy; but I am confused as ice is solid so how could possibly convection even contribute to the heat transfer. I doubt about air movements nearby block that may contribute to greater heat transfer rate in case of hot block placed...
  4. V

    Rat Running on Ice: Solutions & Tips

    Homework Statement Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution There is no tangential acceleration , only normal acceleration ,given by ν2/R .But I do not understand what is the radius of the curve since rat is moving along straight line before and after the turn (I think that is the case...
  5. T

    Temperature after mixing ice and water

    Homework Statement 5 g of water at 30°C and 5 g of ice at -20°C are mixed together in a calorimeter Find the final temperature of the mixture. Water equivalent of the calorimeter is negligible,specific heat of ice=0.5 cal/g°C and latent heat of ice =80 cal/g. Homework Equations...
  6. Erenjaeger

    Ice melted by impact of lead bullet

    Homework Statement A 3.20 g lead bullet at 28.0°C is fired at a speed of 210 m/s into a large block of ice at 0°C, in which it becomes embedded. What mass of ice melts (g)? Homework Equations I thought that the KE of the bullet would be transferred into heatThe Attempt at a Solution I used...
  7. Tazerfish

    Why can't I kill the ice cubes >:o (in a Microwave Oven)

    I recently talked to a friend of mine about microwaves. Specifically that (to my knowlege) the microwave radiation is primarily absorbed by a rotational degree of freedom of water molecules. Which got me thinking. 1.First of all what would happen if you put a extremely cold ice cube ( with no...
  8. xXhumans0monstersXx

    Spinning Ice Skater Question

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  9. fantisism

    Ice skaters collision with angle

    Homework Statement Two ice skaters crash into each other. Before they collide, one of them (50 kg) is skating in a straight line at 5 m/s, the other (40 kg) is skating at 4 m/s in a straight line at 90 degrees to the 50 kg skater’s direction. After the collision, the 50 kg skater is moving at 4...
  10. M

    Water and Ice mixture, Find original temperature of water

    Homework Statement An 8 cm3 ice cube (temperature = 0.00 °C) is dropped into a glass with 3 dL juice which results in the ice cube being melted. By doing this, the juice drops to a temperature of 3.00 °C. What was the temperature of the juice before the ice cube was added? (Treat juice as water...
  11. Rubidium_71

    I Why Hasn't Mars Ice Core Samples Research Been Attempted?

    http://www.wired.com/2013/10/mars-polar-ice-sample-return-1977-1978/ I found this old Wired article interesting. It makes me wonder, with all the cash that is thrown at Mars exploration these days, why an updated version of this has not been attempted? It would seem that analysis of a Martian...
  12. M

    How many kg of ice must be dropped to make Tf= 22.7C?

    Homework Statement An insulated beaker with neglible mass contains .3kg of water at a temp of 78.6 C. How many kg of ice at -19.6 C must be dropped into the water to make Tf= 22.7C? Specific heat for water= 4190 J/kgK specific heat for ice= 2100 J/kgK heat of fusion for water= 334kJ/kg...
  13. N

    Can someone reformulate an instant ice pack to be colder?

    I'm working on a new invention that requires a disposable instant ice pack using ammonium nitrate and water. I need the temperature of this new ice pack to get within the range of -15 deg F I have tried using larger quantities of ammonium nitrate but was only able to lower the temperature 6-8...
  14. Octet

    As water depth increases, does temperature go below 0C?

    After passing the thermocline, in which water temperature decreases rapidly over short distances, temperature falls into a sort of constant-looking decline. However, looking at the graph, it looks almost asymptotic. I've not been able to find a chart measuring water depths below 10,000m, so I'm...
  15. kellyxx

    Momentum question -- A boy drops a box while sliding on ice....

    Homework Statement A boy is holding a box and moving at a constant velocity of 2m/s on ice. The masses of the boy and the box are 40kg and 2kg respectively.Then the boy drops the box. What is the momentum of the boy just after dropping the box? Assume that the friction between the boy and the...
  16. S

    B How can ice cool an alcoholic drink below 0°C?

    Can someone explain how this happens?
  17. J

    Collision of Two Objects on Ice

    hi, I apologize if this question is placed in the wrong area. I was not sure where it belonged. Can someone please help me with the following: Assuming the ice is very smooth, like that of your standard indoor hockey arena, how much much would an object have to weigh to remain stationary when...
  18. T

    Kinetic energy of water vs ice

    Homework Statement The average kinetic energy of water at 0 °C is __________ the average kinetic energy of ice at 0 °C. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I said that it is greater than because when ice melts, energy is added to break the potential energy (bonds). I also know that...
  19. B

    Ice sublimating to water vapor

    Suppose an ice cube is in a vessel and it is at a temperature slightly below 0 degrees Cesius. Suppose further that the inside of the vessel is a vacuum. If the temperature of the vessel is increased to slightly above zero Celsius and the vacuum is maintained would the state change in the ice...
  20. y2j

    Automotive Temperature and mass flow rate of ICE exhaust gas

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  21. S

    Trying to turn water into ice relatively quickly

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  22. Elena14

    1 kg of ice at -20°C is mixed with 1kg steam at 200°C......

    1 kg of ice at -20°C is mixed with 1kg steam at 200°C. Then find equilibrium temperature and mixture content. Please DON'T use Joules as unit while answering the question. Converting 1 kg steam at 200°C to 1 kg water at 0°C requires : (1* 0.5*100) + ( 1*540) + (1* 1 * 100 ) k cal heat = 690...
  23. Kara386

    Calculate the latent heat of fusion of ice

    Homework Statement I'm given that for water near 0 degrees, dp/dT = ##-1.4\times 10^7PaK^-1##. And that water has a specific volume of ##1\times 10^{-3}m^3kg^{-1}##, while for ice the specific volume is ##1.09\times 10^{-3}m^3kg^{-1}##. Calculate the latent heat of fusion L for ice, and...
  24. M

    CFD Analysis of Solidification and melting of Ice

    Hello, I was doing melting and solidification of ice kept inside a annular cylinder. The temperature of inside wall of cylinder is 80 degree. Now i want to analyse the total time consuming to melt the ice and plot temperature variation with time. Actually i did analysis but the result i found...
  25. Elena14

    Temperature change in ice water interface

    A metal block at 500 K is kept on a large ice slab at 273 K.The metal block completely sinks inside the ice slab. I was told that the water in contact with ice would not change its temperature while the block sinks down and hence the "only" heat transfer from the metal block to ice slab will...
  26. Rick Glimmer

    Daytime: Solar->Ice-> Nighttime:Air conditioning

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  27. A

    Mysterious Ice Cube Tray Phenomenon

    I'm sure this is a totally amateur question, but today I got one of those big ice cube trays for 2x2x2 inch cubes. I filled it up and put it in my freezer, and about 6 hours later checked on it but the water was not frozen at all. Not even a crust on top. I put my finger in one of the squares...
  28. Raptor112

    Carbon Dioxide in the Martian Ice Caps

    Homework Statement The Viking landers on Mars measured a seasonal change in surface pressure of 2.5 mb due to the variation in the seasonal extent of the ice caps. Ignoring any elevation variations on the surface of Mars, calculate the difference in the total mass of CO2 in both ice caps...
  29. A

    Find the mass and side length of unknown ice cube?

    Homework Statement transfer 650 EJ (10^18 joules) into an ice cube of unknown size. the temperature of h20 increases from -10c to 20c. Given: 1) q=mc(t2-t1) 2) for phase change q=m(F) specific heat of ice (c)= 2.22x10^3 J.kg^-1.K-1 heat of fusion (f)= 3.33x10^5 J/kg specific heat of water (c)...
  30. P

    Volume of ice cream cone triple integral

    Homework Statement Find the triple integral for the volume between a hemisphere centred at ##z=1## and cone with angle ##\alpha##.The Attempt at a Solution What I tried to do first was to get the radius of the hemisphere in terms of the angle ##\alpha##. In this case the radius is ##\tan...
  31. N

    Floating on Ice: Calculating Volume Needed to Stay Afloat

    Homework Statement A person (with mass 60.0 kg) is located on a volume of ice, floating on the water. Calculate the smallest volume of the ice so that the person would remain above the water ( ice density = 917kg / m3)[/B]Homework Equations F= m xg Archimedes F = density x V xg [/B] The...
  32. R

    Exploring Heat Differences in Ice Melting in 2 Cylindrical Containers

    Hello everyone! I recently saw a problem about some ice in 2 containers. So: We have 2 vertical cylindrical containers, which have perfect insulating walls, one with surface of the base S and the other one 2S , filled with the same mass of ice. The question is if there is any diffrence between...
  33. I

    I What caused this unique ice formation near freezing temperatures?

    this ice formation occurred with temperature hovering near zero C. It looks like something that was made in a mould! I suspect that a combination of winds and pressures caused by growing ice crystals in the plastic bucket tilted some crystals which continued to grow. I
  34. A

    Water level after melting of ice.

    When an ice melts on water, which was initially floating on it, the water level must get increased. Why it remains unchanged??
  35. A

    Time needed for ice in an ocean to melt

    Okay, so there is a large floating mass of ice in the sea. We know the time it takes to melt: it's 168 hours, or 604800 seconds. The temperature of the air is 25 degrees Celsius. The surface area of the ice is 2408 km^2. Temperature of the ice is -1 degrees Celsius. Thermal conductivity of...
  36. Greg Bernhardt

    Insights All About Ice - Trivia - Comments

    Greg Bernhardt submitted a new PF Insights post All About Ice - Trivia Continue reading the Original PF Insights Post.
  37. K

    Final Temperature and Time to Reach it When Adding Ice to Rum and Coke

    Homework Statement we have 42 grams of rum with a specific heat of 1.7 and 113 grams of coke with a specific heat of .85 and both liquids are room temperature (25 degrees Celsius). when you add 85 grams of ice (-10 degrees Celsius) into this mix, what will the final temperature be and how long...
  38. shanepitts

    Exploring the Limits of Heat Engines with Ice Expansion

    Noting that ice expands by about 9%, why isn't it possible ot build a heat engine from this natural process?
  39. F

    Studying vibration modes of ice X

    Good afternoon. I am doing an study on ice X, a material with this structure http://postimg.org/image/nub4if9kb/ I want to know why in the centre of the brioullin zone the hidrogen atoms must remain at rest on an even mode. My reference book is Charles Kittle's, but there is no discussion about...
  40. T

    Ice in water question - what is final temperature?

    Homework Statement An ice cube melts in a 10oC glass of water (mass of water is 225g). If the ice is allowed to melt completely, what will the final temperature of the water be? (we're told that the mass of ice can be ignored) Ti = 10oC Latent heat of fusion = Lf = 334000 J/kg specific heat...
  41. N

    Why does ice grow in the freezer rather than evaporate?

    Hi! I hope I put this in the right place. I apologize if I didn't. We we're having a discussion here, as to why frost builds up in the freezer. The discussion has been something like this: Guy 1: The water in this room temperature bowl will weigh less and less over time. This is because...
  42. J

    What will happen when a large amount of water at 0C....

    Homework Statement What will happen when a large amount of water at 0 C is mixed with ice at - 20 C? Assume ideal conditions. Homework Equations N/A The Attempt at a Solution I think the ice will rise in temp (without melting) but no new ice will be formed. Is this right?
  43. I

    Engine torque: Can an alternator increase ICE torque?

    Hi there. What would happen if, while generating electricity with a fixed inlet power from the ICE, the alternator suddenly increase the out put demand by increasing the voltage? Does the engine would augment the torque while reducing RPMs? consider a self excited alternator, the voltage is...
  44. M

    Calculating sand penetration of ice solid from height X

    G’day physics forum This is a purely hypothetical question and my knowledge of physics is rather limited so I’ve no idea if answering it is even possible however here goes: Imagine a 30cm long timber stick approximately 3mm in diameter that has been placed vertically in an inverted pyramid or...
  45. J

    Will a metal vacuum mug beat a cooler bar with 300mL Ice?

    I guess the question is also when. If you have some food or liquid to store. If you use a low quality cooler bag with 200mL to 300mL Ice pack at what point will a Vacuum seal with no Ice beat the cooler bag? I guess at the 10 hour mark or 24 hour mark or at some very long period of time.
  46. _Anthony_

    Dry ice and acetone, endothermic?

    For decades I've wonder. Is there an endothermic reaction between dry ice and acetone? With ice, salt forces a phase change lowering the temperature but that doesn't seem applicable here.
  47. Pouyan

    Final temperature of ice mixed with water

    What will be the final temperature of 3.00 kg of crushed ice with temperature -3.0 C mixed with 4 liters of water with temperature 10.0 C? We can ignore all the energy exchange with the environment What I do know and I do: the weight of the ice = 3 kg Ice temprature = -3 C melting energy = 3...
  48. R

    Changing density ice and liquid water

    At a temperature of 0 C the density of ice and liquid water is 0.9187 g/cm3 and 0.9998g/cm3 respectively. Consider a situation where the density of ice is increased to more than 8.83% at 0 C, what would be the consequences of this to the life forms? The life forms would vanish because of the...
  49. S

    Heat transfer by thermal radiation

    Homework Statement The ice is placed in water, we know the surface area A, emissivity of both ice and water, Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the temperature of both ice and water. What is the equation for heat transfer rate between water and ice? Homework Equations Heat transfer rate by...
  50. mgkii

    Hydrogen Bonds in Water and Ice

    Hi I've read sufficient literature on Ice/Water expansion to understand that when water freezes into a lattice, the hydrogen bonds between molecules are longer than they are in liquid water, hence ice expands. However, everything I've read seems to skip over the reason why with statements like...
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