Classical Definition and 1000 Threads

Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western culture, generally considered to have begun in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century CE and continuing to present day. Classical music refers to Western musical traditions considered to be apart from or a refinement of Western folk music or popular music traditions. The major periods are the medieval (500–1400), Renaissance (1400–1600), Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), Romantic (1800–1910), Modernist (1890–1975) and Postmodern era/Contemporary (1950–present) eras. These periods and their dates are all approximate generalizations and represent gradual stylistic shifts that varied in intensity and prominence throughout the Western world.
The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Ludwig van Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1829.European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European classical and some popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 11th century. Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern European musical notation in order to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church. Western staff notation is used by composers to indicate to the performer the pitches and durations for a piece of music. It includes both sacred (religious) and secular music. In contrast to most popular styles that adopted the song (strophic) form or a derivation of this form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the symphony, concerto, fugue, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera, cantata, and mass.

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  1. M

    First-Order Principles of Classical Mechanics

    My Physics teacher yesterday said something that gave me pause. He was talking about the necessity of clearly understanding the first-order principles of the science we study. Last semester I took Classical Mechanics (part 1 of the Introduction to Calculus-Based Physics at my college) with a...
  2. S

    Exploring the Connection: Quantum & Classical Path Integrals

    What is the relationship between the quantum mechanical path integral and classical mechanics path integral?
  3. K

    What is the friction force required for a wheel to roll without slipping?

    A cord is wrapped around the inner drum of a wheel and pulled horizontally with a force of 200N. The wheel has a mass of 50 kg and a radius of gyration of 0.07 m. Let ms = 0.20 and mk = 0.15. (a) Determine the friction force, F at the wheel ground contact point assuming that the wheel rolls...
  4. F

    Classical Mechanics (Lagrangian)

    Homework Statement A ball is sitting on a frictionless seesaw with no inclination at the beginning, and a constant angular velocity \phi. Find the position of the ball as a function of timeHomework Equations L=T-V, T=(m\dot{}x2+m\dot{}y2)/2, V=mgyThe Attempt at a Solution The first problem I...
  5. T

    What Constitutes Circular Motion in Classical Dynamics?

    Hi, I'm doing this Classical Dynamics section II question which can be found here (http://www.maths.cam.ac.uk/undergrad/pastpapers/2008/Part_2/list_II.pdf ) on page 27. I have done most of the question but am unsure about the last part. Specifically using Hamilton's equations to show there's...
  6. R

    Classical Mechanics MatLab problem (oribtal motion)

    Hey guys, I've been fighting this problem all weekend with little avail. I only know a little Java, but we have this final project in MatLab, a program I don't really know.Homework Statement I need to compute the orbit of a comet using the Runge-Kutte, Euler and midpoint methods. The program...
  7. snoopies622

    How Does Dirac Challenge Classical Mechanics Assumptions in Quantum Theory?

    Dirac's Lectures on Quantum Mechanics begins with a big chapter on classical mechanics called "The Hamilton Method". Within the first ten pages he says, "Now in the usual dynamical theory, one makes the assumption that the momenta are independent functions of the velocities, but that...
  8. S

    Classical mechanics - Conservative system

    Could you please address the following? (1) For a conservative system, total energy (E = KE + PE) is a constant. It does not depend on time. Is it because of this time-independent nature that E is a constant of motion? (2) For a conservative system, the PE is a function of position...
  9. F

    Classical Field Theory Books for Beginners

    Hello, I'm looking to get a book on classical field theory at a beginner level, so please don't recommend anything that a first year grad student wouldn't understand! Anyways I was look into getting Landau and Lifgarbagez's book any other suggestions? I don't really have any idea of which...
  10. D

    Magnetization in Classical EM: Bound Electric vs. Magnetic Charges

    I have been trying to remember if in classical EM it is equivalent to describe magnetization through bound electric currents A. \vec{j_b} = \nabla \times \vec M \vec{k_b} = \vec M \times \vec{\hat{n}} OR bound magnetic charges B. \rho_b = -\nabla \cdot \vec M \sigma_b = \vec M \cdot...
  11. H

    Classical gravity, Supergravity and strings

    So the following questions were posed in an another thread by Pallen, and I thought i'd give an attempt at answering them, since they tend to show up over and over again. " 1) It is not clear that GR and QFT must be considered in conflict that must be resolved somehow. I've seen a growing...
  12. C

    Relativistic momentum is 1% greater than classical, at what speed?

    Homework Statement How fast must a body be traveling if its forrect relativistic momentum is 1% greater than the classical momentum Homework Equations P_r = mv/sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2)) P_nr = mv p_r = 1.01P_nr The Attempt at a Solution mv/sqrt(1-(v^2/c^2)) = 1.01mv mv =...
  13. A

    Classical mechanics text recommendation

    I'm looking for a classical mechanics book that is heavily mathematical based, I've looked around a little however I'm lazy and don't want to buy a dud book. any recommendations would be great, thanks. (also i know there's 100000000000threads on text recom's however can't seem to find much ppl...
  14. C

    Z for classical particles in B-field

    Homework Statement Show that the free energy of classical particles with no internal magnetic moment is always independent of magnetic field. Hint: Write down Z for N classical particles. Let the particles interact by U which depends only on the positions of the interacting particles. Show...
  15. I

    Which classical mechanics textbook is best for me?

    Which one would you recommend for me? Topics I'd like to have covered (most important ones): -Euler-Lagrange's equations -Lagrange's and Hamilton's approach to mechanics -Noether's theorem -KAM theorem -Bertrand's theorem -Poisson's brackets Plenty of examples and exercises would be...
  16. B

    Understanding Classical Torque

    I am having a difficult time understanding the reasoning behind torque. From a textbook I read, However, why is it that it's easier to rotate a door when you are farther from the rotational axis? You are still moving the same amount of mass. Of course, I know that torque = r x F and thus...
  17. M

    Classical Mechanics collission particles

    Homework Statement particle of mass m1 collides with particle m2 at rest. The out come of the reaction were m3 and m4 which leave the collision at angles 3 and angle 4 withthe original path. find the energy of the reaction Q in terms of the masses and angles and p1 Homework Equations...
  18. P

    Classical ground state is Ne\'{e}l state:

    Tha classical ground state is Ne\'{e}l state: every spin up is surrounded by nearest neighbours which are down, and vice versa. To give them a name, denote the spins down the A sublattice, and the spins up the B sublattice. Perform a canonical transformation on the B (but not on the A spins...
  19. G

    Derive that the lagrangian in classical phyics is L=T-V

    Hey, can somebody show me how to derive that the lagrangian in classical phyics is L=T-V i have seen this formula so many times, but i have no idea where it really comes from?
  20. A

    Pertinent content in Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics

    Hey all, just wondering if there is some consensus on which topics, covered in Jackson's Classical Electrodynamics (3rd ed), are the most relative to advanced studies in physics - e.g., quantum mechanics, the various field theories, relativity, symmetry and so on... I'm not looking to skip...
  21. R

    Classical radius of nucleons and quarks

    hi, how do you calculate the classical radius of nucleons or quarks? do you include only the electrostatic potential energy or also some nuclear potential energy?. i have read many times that the classical radius of nucleons is lower than the classical radius of the electron, is it right...
  22. T

    QFT around fixed classical backgrounds

    Hi all, Does anyone know a decent set of notes/book dealing with issues re: quantum fluctuations around a (fixed) classical background? In particular say, scalar QED with a fixed background E&M field. Thanks, Dan
  23. L

    Classical Mechanics: Gravitation, SHM

    Homework Statement Let a particle slides in a straight smooth tube passing obliquely through the Earth. Assuming no friction and no rotational effects. Describe the motion. Find Frequency and Period. Homework Equations F = -GMm/r^2 The Attempt at a Solution Don't know how to...
  24. maverick280857

    Quantized Dirac Field Interacting with a Classical Potential

    Hi, I'm working through Section 4-3 of Itzykzon and Zuber's QFT textbook, but I am a bit stuck while trying to understand some of the quantities and equations. First of all, what is this "one-body scattering operator \mathcal{F}(A)"? It is defined (eqn 4-89, page 188) as \mathcal{F}(A) =...
  25. B

    When Will a Particle Reach the Force Center Under an Inverse Cubed Law?

    Homework Statement At t0 = 0 a particle of mass m is released from rest at x0 = b > 0 away from a fixed origin of force that attracts the particle according to the law: F=-k/x^3 where k >0 is a constant. At what time the particle will reach the force center x =0? Homework Equations I...
  26. M

    Classical Mechanics: Repelling Force and Motion Equations for F=ma

    Homework Statement Repelling force F=kx. What is the motion equation Homework Equations F=ma The Attempt at a Solution what I did so far, I found the equation of motion which is equal to x= sqrt(2E/K)Sin(wt+b), I am not sure about my answer. For the second part it is kind of tricky...
  27. M

    Classical Thermodynamics for Statistical Mechanics

    Hi all, It's my first time to ask a question here I am now taking a Thermodynamics course and I have the authority to choose what topics to study in this course. My intention is to be able to study statistical mechanics afterward. So I need thermodynamics that will be useful when studying...
  28. C

    Is this system symetric enough? - classical dynamics

    I'm designing a satellite( flying in formation). It looks like 3 couples of daughter-satellites(180degree apart) orbiting around the mother satellite in 3 orthogonal planes to measure flyby anomally effect. I want to measure the effect in 3-separate directions. But I'm afraid that the orbiting...
  29. A

    Instantaneous force propagation in classical mechanics

    I'm working my way (slowly) through Landau & Lif***z Classical Mechanics. I'm finally nearing the end of chapter one, and although I hit another stumbling block, I think I've got it now. If anyone has the time to check my reasoning, I'd be grateful. I will quote the passage that was confusing...
  30. B

    Quantum computingnecessary classical devices knowledge?

    Hi, i have just started studying quantum computing. i found it very interesting and i was wondering to dedicate my thesis on it...BUT...i suffer a lack of knowledge about classical computing devices (i'm not talking about the classic works on logic by Turing and Church and so forth)...so..can...
  31. P

    Classical Field Theory Books: Suggestions for 2nd Chapter

    Hello folks, I would like to know more about the standard books in Classical Field Theory which I am not really familiar with. I would be grateful if you suggest something (be it a book/lecture notes etc...) in line with the 2nd chapter of the following lecture notes...
  32. B

    Where Can I Find Classical Papers on Physics by Famous Scientists?

    Hello. Anyone knows online places where I can find classical papers of physics? Stuff by Einstein, Lorentz, Rutherford, Bohr, etc ... Any of these are welcome. Thanks.
  33. H

    A classical morse theory question

    Let M be a manifold and let f: m -> R a Morse function. Let x be a critical point of f and assume all critical points are non-degenerate. Let W^u(x) be th unstable manifold of x when considering the negative gradient flow on M. Why does the tangent space at x to W^u(x) = Eig^- H^2f(x)...
  34. Z

    Classical Mechanics (Taylor) 1.39

    So this was a textbook problem my professor did in lecture. I felt like I followed along with the logic as she went along, but after a few days and looking back it, I can't seem to recreate it genuinely. Homework Statement A ball is thrown with initial speed v0 up an inclined plane. The...
  35. S

    What is the significance of the classical electron radius?

    I understand how the formulas for classical electron radius are derived.. but what significance does the classical radius really carry? Obviously it's not really the size of the electron. So what does it mean?? Thank you for any help... Sorry, I'm new to this stuff.
  36. Z

    Do I Need Classical Mechanics to Understand Quantum Mechanics?

    Do I need Classical mechanics and waves in order to understand Quantum mechanics? In order to learn quantum mechanics , do I need to know Classical mechanics and Waves or only linear algebra and calculus?
  37. E

    Classical Relativity and Speed of Sound

    Homework Statement It is well known that the speed of sound in air is u = 330m/s at STP. What this means is that sound travels at speed u in all directions in the frame S where the air is at rest. In any other frame S', moving relative to S, its speed it not u in all directions. To verify this...
  38. F

    Courses What is the course Classical Mechanics ?

    What is the course "Classical Mechanics"? What is this course? Just a little harder version of calculus intro. to physics I? It's on the schedule as a sophmore course, and I have heard of a graduate course with the title too. What do you learn in it? I don't want to be retaught the very basics...
  39. A

    Classical Version of Vacuum Polarization

    The vacuum polarization result in QED seems to always be written in a "QED form". I would be interested in seeing it in an old-fashioned classical physics form. Without vacuum polarization the electric potential in a region containing a point charge is of course Q/r. So if the vacuum...
  40. I

    Classical vs quantum infinite potential well

    Homework Statement This is a problem from Merzbacher. Assuming a particle to be in one of the stationary states of an infinitely high one-dimensional box, calculate the uncertainties in position and momentum, and show that they agree with the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Also show that...
  41. M

    What is the acceleration at point A on a rotating merry go round?

    Ok so I have this circular merry go round and its rotating with a constant angular velocity \omega . There is a point A on the merry go round moving radially outward with a constant velocity V. Let the center of the circular merry go round be O. I want to find the acceleration of point A with...
  42. P

    Questions about *classical* gauge field theory (Abelian and Non-Abelian)

    I know little about these issues, so my questions may be dumb. 1. Do exact solutions exist for non-Abelian gauge theory without matter fields? 2. Do exact solutions exist for Abelian/Non-Abelian theory with matter fields (scalar or spinor)? 2. Are solutions well-behaved? I'm asking because no...
  43. M

    Classical and quantum polarization

    Hi I would like to know how you get from the classical 4-vector polarization to the two component quantum polarization? thank you Mark
  44. G

    Electron in constant magnetic field - classical vs quantum

    Hi, Movement of an electron in constant magnetic field, according to semiclassical QM, give rise to Landau levels - a quantization of energy. Everything would be fine but i find it difficult to reconcile these findings with classical point of view in which Lorentz force is acting on moving...
  45. H

    What is the power output of a car engine?

    Homework Statement In each of the following, an order of magnitude estimate is required. Estimate i) the gravitational energy of a 100kg satellite in low Earth orbit, the velocity of the satellite, and the period of the orbit. ii) the kinetic energy of a car traveling at 70mph and the...
  46. N

    Taking upper level classical mechanics early?

    I am currently in University Physics 1(calc-based intro to classical mechanics), and I talked with my adviser about taking Mechanics I(junior/senior level mechanics) course next semester. My adviser said it would probably be hard for me, but said he would let me "try it out." The reason I want...
  47. M

    Classical Physics: Is Research Still Ongoing?

    I'm a secondary school student as yet, wondering and want to know whether scientists still do researches on Classical Physics, or they have just known everything that they wanted to know about the Newtonian Physics In other words, are there still problems in Classical Physics the solutions of...
  48. C

    Partition function of classical oscillator with small anharmonic factor

    Homework Statement Having a unidemsional array of N oscillators with same frequency w and with an anharmonic factor ax^4 where 0 < a << 1 Calculate, up to the first order of a, the partition function. Homework Equations For one oscillator...
  49. tom.stoer

    Quantization = construction of quantum theories based on the classical limit?

    I have a question regarding quantization. In most cases one never starts with a quantum theory, but always writes down a classical expression, goes through quantization, implementation of constraints (Dirac, BRST, ...), construction of Hilbert space, inner product, measure of an path integral...
  50. J

    Classical limit from steepest descent

    I'm trying Zee's quantum field theory text as self-study (I'm years out of college) and about 100 pages into it. I can usually get something on the second or third reading. Oddly, one thing that keeps resisting me is quite early. In I.2, he says to apply an appendix on the method of steepest...
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