Derivative Definition and 1000 Threads

Greetings! In statistical mechanics, when studying diffusion processes, one often finds the following reasoning: Suppose there is a strictly positive differentiable function ##f: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}## with ## \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty} {f'(x)} = a > 0##. Then for sufficiently...

Hi, PF, I think I've found a typo in my textbook. It says: "In the case of a multiplication by a constant, we've got $$(Cf)'(x)=\displaystyle\lim_{h \to{0}}{\dfrac{Cf(x+h)-Cf(x)}{h}}=\displaystyle\lim_{h \to{0}}{\dfrac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}}=Cf'(x)$$" My opinion: it should be...

##y=x^2ln x-x## ##\frac {dy}{dx}=2x ln x+x-1## ##\int [2xln x+x-1]\,dx##=##x^2ln x-x##, since ##\int -1 dx= -x## it follows that, ##\int [2x ln x +x]\,dx##=##x^2 ln x## ##\int 2x ln x \,dx = x^2ln x##+##\int x\,dx## ##\int_1^2 xln x\,dx =\frac {x^2ln x}{2}##+##\frac{x^2}{4}##=##2ln2+1-0.25##

This is an issue I've been stuck on for about two weeks. No matter how many times I take this derivative, I keep getting the same answer. However, this answer is inevitably wrong. Please help me to understand why it incorrect. To start, I will define an input matrix ##X##, where ##n## is the...

Hello, The derivative ##\frac {dy} {dx}## "appears" at first glance to be just the ratio of two infinitesimal quantities ##dy## and ##dx##. However, infinitesimals are not really very very small numbers even if sometimes it is useful and practical to think about them as such. Infinitesimal are...

I started out by rewriting the function as (f(x^2))^(1/2). I then did chain rule to get 1/2(f(x^2))^(-1/2) *(f'(x^2). - I think I need to go further because it is an x^2 in the function, but not sure.

I found this article which claims to have found the logarithm of derivative and even gives a formula. But I tried to verify the result by exponentiating it and failed. Additionally, folks on Stackexchange pointed out that the limit (6) in the article is found incorrectly (it does not exist)...

In QFT by peskin scroeder page 30 the action of Klein Gordon Operator on propagator (∂2+m2)DR(x-y)=∂2θ(x0-y0)... how to compute this ∂2θ(x0-y0)?

So I start by isolating v the speed here would be the square root of the partial t derivative divided by the sum of the partial x and y derivatives. the amplitude, phi and the cos portion of the partial derivatives would all cancel out. What I am left with is the sqrt(43.1 / ( 2.5 + 3.7 ) =...

1.)##\dot{\vec{r}}=\dot{x}\hat{i}+\dot{y}\hat{j}+\dot{z}\hat{k}=\dot{r}\hat{r}## since the unit vector is constant 2.) ##\dot{r}\hat{r}=\frac{x\hat{i}+y\hat{j}+z\hat{k}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\frac{\dot{x}x+\dot{y}y+\dot{z}z}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}##...

in class we derived the following relationship: $$\frac{1}{V}\frac{dV}{dt}= \nabla \cdot \vec{v}$$ This was derived though the analysis of linear deformation for a fluid-volume, where: $$dV = dV_x +dV_y + dV_z$$ I understood the derived relation as: 1/V * (derivative wrt time) = div (velocity)...

The first two parts I think were fine, I expressed the tensors in coordinate basis and wrote for the first part$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{L}_X \omega = \mathcal{L}_X(\omega_{\nu} dx^{\nu} ) &= (\mathcal{L}_X \omega_{\nu}) dx^{\nu} + \omega_{\nu} (\mathcal{L}_X dx^{\nu}) \\ &= X^{\sigma}...

Hello, There is a thread related to this question however it was marked correct but doesn't look correct to me? https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/step-change-in-a-proportional-plus-integral-controller.961180/ I think I have it but it is quite different to other answers I have seen? I...

It is a rather simple question: In my textbook it writes something like: $$\frac {\partial \Psi} {\partial t}= \frac{i\hbar}{2m}\frac {\partial^2 \Psi} {\partial x^2}- \frac{i}{\hbar}V\Psi$$ $$\frac {\partial \Psi^*} {\partial t}= -\frac{i\hbar}{2m}\frac {\partial^2 \Psi^*} {\partial...

Hey everyone, I was trying to learn in an unrigorous way a bit about making derivatives in the general manifold, but I'm getting confused by a few things. Take a vector field ##V \in \mathfrak{X}(M): M \rightarrow TM##, then in some arbitrary basis ##\{ e_{\mu} \}## of ##\mathfrak{X}(M)## we...

Since the index of the root is odd, the domain is going to be ##R##, and I can calculate the second derivative to be: $$y''=\frac{1}{3}\times \frac{e^x(e^x-3)}{3(e^x-1)^{\frac{5}{3}}}$$ Studying the sign of this function, it results positive for ##x<0 \vee x>ln(3)##, so the main function will be...

How do I distinguish between a point of local maxima or minima, when the second derivative in that point is equal to zero?

The derivative of a point of maximum must be zero, and since $$y'=3ax^2+2bx+2 \rightarrow y'(-1)=3a-2b+2 \rightarrow 3a-2b+2=0$$ we get the first condition for ##a## and ##b##. Now, since we want ##x=-1## to be a local maximum, the derivative of the function must be positive when tending to...

We have 2 forces affecting the rope: 1. Gravitational force of the body ##=mg## and 2. Force of air = Force of drag= ##F_{AIR}##. The length of the rope is shortening with the velocity ##v_k##. So to figure out the angle ##\theta## I wrote: ##R##= force of rope ##R_x = F_{AIR}## ##R_y = mg##...

First, I calculated the derivative of $$D(\sqrt{ax})=\frac{a}{2\sqrt{ax}}$$ Then, by applying the due theorems, I calculated the deriv of the whole function as follows: $$ f'(x)=\frac{\frac{a}{2\sqrt{ax}}(\sqrt{ax}-1)-\sqrt{ax}(\frac{a}{2\sqrt{ax}})}{(\sqrt{ax}-1)^2}=...

Apologies in advance if I mess up the LaTeX. If that happens I'll be editing it right away. By starting off with ##\nabla^{'}_{\mu} V^{'\nu}## and applying multiple transformation laws, I arrive at the following expression $$ \frac{\partial x^{\lambda}}{\partial x'^{\mu}} \frac{\partial...

Good day I have a problem regarding the directional derivative (look at the example below) in this example, we try to find the directional derivatives according to the two approaches ( the definition with the limit and the dot product of the vector gradient and the vector direction) in this...

this is the function and this is the solution in which the definition has been used my question is Why we can not use the traditional approach? I mean calculation the partial derivative which equals 0 in our case? And doing the dot product with the vector v (after normalizing it) many...

I'm coming back to maths (calculus of variations) after a long hiatus, and am a little rusty. I can't remember how to do the following derivative: ## \frac{d}{d\epsilon}\left(\sqrt{1 + (y' + \epsilon g')^2}\right) ## where ##y, g## are functions of ##x## I know I should substitute say ##u = 1...

Divergence & curl are written as the dot/cross product of a gradient. If we take the dot product or cross product of a gradient, we have to multiply a function by a partial derivative operator. is multiplication by a partial derivative operator allowed? Or is this just an abuse of notation

Good Morning I have read that it is not justified to split the "numerator" and "denominator" in the symbol for, say, dx/dt However, when I look at Wikipedia's discussion on the Principle of Virtual Work, they do just that. (See picture, below). I was told it is OK in 1D cases, but note the...

I understand from the wiki entry on the Einstein-Hilbert action that: $$\frac{\delta R}{\delta g^{\mu\nu}}=R_{\mu\nu}$$ What is the following? $$\frac{\delta R}{\delta(\partial_\lambda g^{\mu\nu})}$$ Is there a place I could look up such GR expressions on the internet? Thanks

Given \begin{equation} \begin{split} \int_{y-\epsilon}^{y+\epsilon} \delta^{(2)}(x-y) f(x) dx &= f^{(2)}(y) \end{split} \end{equation} where ##\epsilon > 0## Is the following also true as ##\epsilon \rightarrow 0## \begin{equation} \begin{split} \int_{y-\epsilon}^{y+\epsilon}...

Imagine you create a diffuse interface in space and determine which side of the interface you are on by a local scalar value that can be between 0 and 1. We could create a circle, centered in a rectangular ynum-by-xnum grid, with such a diffuse interface with the following MATLAB code: xnum =...

Greetings, suppose we have ##h(u)=\frac{1}{2} \left\|Au-b \right\|_{2}^2## with ##A## a complex matrix and ##b,u## complex vectors of suitable dimensions. Write ##u=u_1 + iu_2## with ##u_1## and ##u_2## as the real and imaginary part of ##u##, respectively. Show that ##\frac {\partial h}...

du/dt = (∂f/∂x)(dx/dt) + (∂f/∂y)(dy/dt) So i write the operator as d/dt = (dx/dt)(∂/∂x) + (dy/dt)(∂/∂y) and apply it to du/dt ; in the operator it is the partial derivative that acts on du/dt which involves using the product rule. I am having a problem with the term involving (∂/∂x)...

Hi there. I have the following function: $$f(x)=\ln|\sin(x)|$$ I've caculated the derivative to: $$f'(x)=\frac{\cos(x)}{\sin(x)}$$ And the domain of f(x) to: $$(2\pi n, \pi+2\pi n ) \cup (-\pi + 2\pi n, 2\pi n)$$ And the domain of f'(x) to: $$(\pi n, \pi+\pi n )$$ I want to determine for...

Hi there. I have the following function: $$f(x)=arcsin(\sqrt x)$$ I've caculated the derivative to: $$f'(x)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt x\sqrt{ (1-x}}$$ And the domain of f(x) to: $$[0, 1]$$ And the domain of f'(x) to: $$(0, 1)$$ I want to determine for which x the derivative exists but I'm not...

Since distances increase, their first derivative which is velocity (Hubble constant) should be positive if not increasing too. Accelerated expansion needs the velocity to increase. What about the third derivative which is acceleration? An accelerated universe could have third derivative (called...

Why the summation of the following function will be canceled out when we take the partial derivative with respect to the x_i? Notice that x_i is the sub of (i), which is the same lower limit of the summation! Can someone, please explain in details?

My try: $$ \begin{align*} \nabla^a T_{ab} &= \nabla^a \left(\nabla_{a} \phi \nabla_{b} \phi-\frac{C}{2} g_{a b} \nabla_{c} \phi \nabla^{c} \phi\right)\\ &\overset{(1)}{=} \underbrace{(\nabla^a\nabla_{a} \phi)}_{=0} \nabla_{b} \phi + \nabla_{a} \phi (\nabla^a\nabla_{b} \phi)-\frac{C}{2}...

the explanation about the question I got from internet is, A very small change in area divided by the dx will give the function of graph so anti-derivative of function of graph should be equal to the area of the function. It also seem quite obvious to me but I am not satisfied by it, It seems to...

problem in this book : classical mechanics goldstein Why can we cancel the derivative of dt from these equations? e.g. ##\frac{d(x)}{dt} + \frac{b sin\theta}{2} \frac{d(\theta)}{dt} = asin\theta \frac{d(\phi)}{dt}## ## x +\frac{b \theta sin\theta}{2} = a \phi sin\theta ## because I think...

How would I find the ##nth## derivative of this? As as derivative of ##-|t|## is ##-\frac{t}{|t|}##. ## \langle X^{n} \rangle = i^{-n}\frac{d^{n}}{dt^n} e^{-|t|} \vert_{t=0} ## This is the characteristic function of the Cauchy Distribution. So for when ##t=0##, ##e^{-|t|}=1##; when ##t<0##...

Hi everyone. I am studying Chebyshev Polynomials to solve some differential equations. I found in the literature that if you have a function being expanded in Chebyshev polynomials such as $$ u(x)=\sum_n a_n T_n(x), $$ then you can also expand its derivatives as $$ \frac{d^q u}{dx^q}=\sum_n...

Can anyone please help me to write partial derivative of Vxx w.r.t. r in terms of Vxx as shown in the hand written box at the end.

[Throughout we're considering the intrinsic version of the covariant derivative. The extrinsic version isn't of any concern.] I'm having trouble reconciling different versions of the properties to be satisfied by the covariant derivative. Essentially ##\nabla## sends ##(p,q)##-tensors to...

I am not sure how to determine the sign of this derivatives. (a) first we can pass a plane by (1,2) parallel to XZ (y fixed) and see how the curve belongs to the plane will vary with x, but what about the next partial derivative, with respect to y?

I'm reading 'Core Principles of Special and General Relativity' by Luscombe, specifically the introductory section on problems with defining usual notion of differentiation for tensor fields. I'll quote the relevant part: Since the equation above is a notational mess, here's my attempt to...

Hello (A continued best wishes to all, in these challenging times and a repeated 'thank you' for this site.) OK, I have read that Newton figured out that differentiation and integration are opposites of each other. (This is not the core of my question, so if that is wrong, please let it go.)...

Bit of a random question... capacitors can be a bit weird, in that if we connect one up to a source of EMF and do positive external work to separate the plates of the capacitor, the energy of the capacitor decreases (and instead the work you do plus the decrease in capacitor energy goes into the...

This is really a simple question, but I'm stuck. Suppose we have a function ##\vartheta'(\vartheta) = \vartheta## and that ##\vartheta = \vartheta(\varphi)## and we know what ##\vartheta(\varphi)## is. How should I view ##\frac{\partial \vartheta'}{\partial \varphi}##? Should I set it equal to...

Hi, I am trying to find the minimum root (x) of one formula. For that, I took 2nd derivative and got this equation. \[ 2 \times A \times (\frac{T}{x^3})=0 \] Here A,T,x are greater then 0. I don't know how to proceed further, how to solve it for x? Can you please guide me?