Integration Definition and 1000 Threads

System integration is defined in engineering as the process of bringing together the component sub-systems into one system (an aggregation of subsystems cooperating so that the system is able to deliver the overarching functionality) and ensuring that the subsystems function together as a system, and in information technology as the process of linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally, to act as a coordinated whole.
The system integrator integrates discrete systems utilizing a variety of techniques such as computer networking, enterprise application integration, business process management or manual programming.System integration involves integrating existing, often disparate systems in such a way "that focuses on increasing value to the customer" (e.g., improved product quality and performance) while at the same time providing value to the company (e.g., reducing operational costs and improving response time). In the modern world connected by Internet, the role of system integration engineers is important: more and more systems are designed to connect, both within the system under construction and to systems that are already deployed.

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  1. S

    Solving this definite integral using integration by parts

    Using integration by parts: $$I_n=\left. x(1+x^2)^{-n} \right|_0^1+\int_0^{1} 2nx^2(1+x^2)^{-(n+1)}dx$$ $$I_n=2^{-n} + 2n \int_0^{1} x^2(1+x^2)^{-(n+1)}dx$$ Then how to continue? Thanks
  2. M

    Impulse integration for a Tennis Racket hitting a Tennis Ball

    For this, Can someone please tell me why they integrate the impulse over from ##t_i## to ##t_f##? Why not from ##j_i## to ##j_f##? It seems strange integrating impulse with respect to time. Many thanks!
  3. A

    B Explain Integration to me, please

    Hi all, I understand what the integral does - it calculates the area under a curve and can easily see how it could be used to calculate an area of land. What I do not understand is really the physical meaning when it comes to the real world. Here are some examples: 1. A set of data...
  4. F

    Insights Can You Solve the Mathematical Mystery Behind the Art of Integration?

    This article cannot replace the 1220 pages of the almanac Gradshteyn-Ryzhik but it tries on 1% of the pages to summarize the main techniques. Continue reading...
  5. kirkr

    Solution to Schwarzschild Equation for Constant t,r

    In 1916, Karl Schwarzschild was the first person to present a solution to Einstein's field equations. I am using a form of his equation that is presented in Tensors, Relativity and Cosmology by Mirjana Dalarsson and Nils Dalarsson (Chapter 19, p.205). I am approaching what may be the simplest...
  6. F

    Insights An Overview of Complex Differentiation and Integration

    I want to shed some light on complex analysis without getting all the technical details in the way which are necessary for the precise treatments that can be found in many excellent standard textbooks. Analysis is about differentiation. Hence, complex differentiation will be my starting point...
  7. E

    I Integration of Bessel function products (J_1(x)^2/xdx)

    Hello, While reading Sakurai (scattering theory/Eikonal approximation section), I encountered a referenced integral ## \int_0^\infty J_1(x)^2\frac{dx}{x}=1/2 ## I also see this integral from a few places (wolfram, DLMF, etc), so I tried to prove this from various angles (recurrence relations...
  8. O

    Symbolic integration of a Bessel function with a complex argument

    Hello all I am trying to solve the following integral with Mathematica and I'm having some issues with it. where Jo is a Bessel Function of first kind and order 0. Notice that k is a complex number given by Where delta is a coefficient. Due to the complex arguments I'm integrating the...
  9. E

    I Parameter Integration of Bubble Integral

    Referring to this link : https://qcdloop.fnal.gov/bubg.pdf Using Mathematica Integrate command to solve it does not give the result stated here but I am unclear as to how they got to the result in the 4th line. It is clear that the integrand (1st line) can diverge for certain values of the...
  10. chwala

    Applying integration to math problems

    Ok i know that, ##\int (x+2)^2 dx= \int [x^2+4x+4] dx= \dfrac{x^3}{3}+2x^2+4x+c## when i use substitution; i.e letting ##u=x+2## i end up with; ##\int u^2 du= \dfrac{u^3}{3}+c=\dfrac {(x+2)^3}{3}+c=\dfrac{x^3+6x^2+12x+8}{3} +c## clearly the two solutions are not the same... appreciate your...
  11. N

    I Calculate Length Contraction for Accelerated Motion to Proxima Centauri

    Let's assume a spaceship traveling from the Earth to the Proxima Centauri with constant acceleration g = 9.81 m/s2. The ship is accelerating the first half of the trajectory and decelerating the second half. I calculated the velocity profile from the Earth reference: The travel time on...
  12. S

    Question about approximate numerical integration methods

    This isn't a homework question per se but I can post more details like the data points & my work after. Suppose we are given a set of arbitrary points for which we cannot find an equation and we need to find the area under the curve without an analytical method - we can use either of the three...
  13. mncyapntsi

    Confused about polar integrals and setting up bounds

    So I want to subtract the two surfaces, right? I really don't know where to start... I am guessing this would be some sort of triple integral, however I am very confused with the bounds. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Thanks!!
  14. Eclair_de_XII

    I Relating integration of forms to Riemann integration

    Partition each closed interval ##[a_i,b_i]## in the Cartesian product, ##A##. Denote the partition for the i-th closed interval as ##\{x_i^1,\ldots,x_i^{k_i}\}##. The Cartesian product of the partitions forms a partition of ##A## (think: a lattice of points that coincide with the points of each...
  15. M

    No Limits of Integration for Electric Field Integral?

    For this problem, The solution is, However, why have they not included limits of integration? I think this is because all the small charge elements dq across the ring add up to Q. However, how would you solve this problem with limits of integration? Many thanks!
  16. murshid_islam

    I Verifying Integration of ##\int_0^1 x^m \ln x \, \mathrm{d}x##

    I'm trying to compute ##\int_0^1 x^m \ln x \, \mathrm{d}x##. I'm wondering if the bit about the application of L'Hopital's rule was ok. Can anyone check? Letting ##u = \ln x## and ##\mathrm{d}v = x^m##, we have ##\mathrm{d}u = \frac{1}{x}\mathrm{d}x ## and ##v = \frac{x^{m+1}}{m+1}##...
  17. chwala

    Find ##f(x)## in the problem involving integration

    Q. 3(b). This is a textbook problem; unless i am missing something ...the textbook solution is wrong! solution; Mythoughts; ##f(x)=2\cos 3x-3\sin 3x## ...by using the product rule on ##\dfrac{d}{dx} (e^{2x} \cos 3x)##.
  18. Q

    Integration of structure function F2 to calculate quark momentum

    I study particle physics with “Particles and Nuclei” / Povh et al. and “Modern particle physics” / Mark Thomson and I am currently at “Deep-Inelastic scattering”. After introducing several scattering equations, such as Rosenbluth, that all include terms for electric AND magnetic scattering, i.e...
  19. U

    Complex Integration Along Given Path

    From plotting the given path I know that the path is a curve that extends from z = 1 to z=5 on the complex plane. My plan was to parametrize the distance from z = 1 to 5 as z = x, and create a closed contour that encloses z=0, where I could use Cauchy's Integral Formula, with f(z) being 1 / (z +...
  20. F

    Jacobian: how to change limits of integration?

    Hello, I have to compute a double integral of the form ## \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} f(u,v) du dv##, where ##f(u,v)## is not relevant. The following change of variable is advised as a hint: ## u = zt ## and ## v = z(1-t)##. From there, I can reformulate with respect to ##z## and...
  21. T

    Integration of acceleration in polar coordinates

    I made this exercise up to acquire more skill with polar coordinates. The idea is you're given the acceleration vector and have to find the position vector corresponding to it, working in reverse of the image. My attempts are the following, I proceed using 3 "independent" methods just as you...
  22. A

    I Integration of √(1-x^2) with x=sinθ: Check Correctness and Simplification

    Does my below integration is correct? ##\int \sqrt{1 - x^2} \ dx## Let ##x = \sin \theta##, then ##dx = \cos \theta \ d \theta##, ##\cos \theta = \sqrt{1 - x^2}##, ##\theta = \sin^{-1} (x)## ##\int \sqrt{1 - x^2} \ dx## ##= \int \left( \sqrt{1 - \sin^2 \theta} \right) \ \left( \cos \theta \...
  23. A

    I Formula for integration of natural coordinates over an element

    In a textbook I own a formula is given for the integration of natural coordinates over an element. In this case it is a 1 dimensional element (i.e. a line segment) with coordinates ##x_i## and ##x_j##. The coordinate ##x## over the element is written as: $$ x = L_1(x) x_i + L_2(x) x_j $$ with...
  24. benorin

    I I would like opinions of the latest draft of my note - Integration

    The note is entitled: Evaluation of a Class of n-fold Integrals by Means of Hadamard Fractional Integration. 4 pgs pdf format. I assure you that you need not know anything about fractional calculus at all to understand this note that Howard Cohl helped me with. We only use a single...
  25. brotherbobby

    Finding Area of Shaded Segment in Circle Using Calculus

    Problem Statement : To find the area of the shaded segment filled in red in the circle shown to the right. The region is marked by the points PQRP. Attempt 1 (without calculus): I mark some relevant lengths inside the circle, shown left. Clearly OS = 9 cm and SP = 12 cm using the Pythagorean...
  26. H

    Proving that ##T## is skew-symmetric, inner product is an integration.

    ##\langle T(f), g \rangle = \int_{0}^{1} \int_{0}^{x} f(t) dt ~ g(t) dt## As ##\int_{0}^{x} f(t) dt## will be a function in ##x##, therefore a constant w.r.t. ##dt##, we have ##\langle T(f), g \rangle = \int_{0}^{x} f(t) dt ~ \int_{0}^{1} g(t) dt## ##\langle f, T(g)\rangle = \int_{0}^{1} f(t)...
  27. Bertin

    Applied Bibliography on integration and ODE/PDE solving techniques for physics

    Hi, you all, I open this thread to ask for any recommendation concerning integration as well as ODE/PDE solving techniques for physics. I love mathematics, and I usually read material on pure mathematics (most notably abstract algebra and a bit of topology) but here I'm more interested in the...
  28. WMDhamnekar

    Change in the order of integration in triple integrals

    If we solve the L.H.S. of this equation, we get ## \frac{(b-a)^3}{6}## and if we solve R.H.S. of this equation, we get ##-\frac{2b^3-3ba^2 +a^3}{6}## So, how can we say, this equation is valid? By the way, how can we use the hint given by the author here?
  29. Samama Fahim

    Limits of Integration in the Transmission Coefficient

    Initially '0' is the upper limit and ##a = \frac{Ze^2}{E}## is the lower limit. With change of variable ##x = \frac{Er}{Ze^2}##, for ##r=0##, ##x=0##, and for ##r=\frac{Ze^2}{E}##, ##x=1##, so 1 should be the lower limit. However, he takes 1 as the upper limit, and without a minus sign. Why is...
  30. A

    A Feynman parametrization integration by parts

    How can i move from this expression: $$\frac{4}{\pi^{4}} \int dk \frac{1}{k^2} \frac{1}{(1+i(k-k_{f}))^3} \frac{1}{(1+i(k-k_{i}))^3}$$ to this one: $$\frac{4}{\pi^{4}} \int dk \frac{1}{k^2} \frac{1}{(1+|k-k_{i}|^2)^2} \frac{1}{(1+|k-k_{f}|^2)^2}$$ using Feynman parametrization (Integration by...
  31. F

    Insights The Amazing Relationship Between Integration And Euler’s Number

    Continue reading...
  32. M

    Indefinite Integration of Heaviside function muliplied by a function

    Will it be [{(r-a)/r}*H(r-a)]
  33. M

    Mathematica Numerical integration over a Green's function

    Hi PF! I'm numerically integrating over a Green's function along with a few very odd functions. What I have looks like this NIntegrate[-(1/((-1.` + x)^2 (1.` + x)^2 (1.` + y)^2)) 3.9787262092516675`*^14 (3.9999999999999907` + x (-14.99999999999903` + x (20.00000000000097` -...
  34. jedishrfu

    I High schooler Develops new Integration Technique

    https://www.wuft.org/news/2022/02/18/buchholz-high-school-student-discovers-and-publishes-new-calculus-technique/
  35. Math Amateur

    MHB How to Prove \(\text{vol}_n (B) = \text{vol}_n (B') + \text{vol}_n (B'')\)?

    I am reading Multidimensional Real Analysis II (Integration) by J.J. Duistermaat and J.A.C. Kolk ... and am focused on Chapter 6: Integration ... I need some help with the proof of Proposition 6.1.2 ... and for this post I will focus on the first auxiliary result ... see (i) ... at the start of...
  36. runningphysics

    Solving Motion Equations with Integration

    I'm not sure where to start, when I tired using integration of the initial equation to get pos(t)=-.65t^2 i + .13t^2 j + 14ti +13tj but after separating each component, i and j, and setting j equal to zero I got 0 or -100 seconds which doesn't seem like a reasonable answer.
  37. rudransh verma

    Integration of velocity to get displacement

    Integration of v= integration of##(alpha \sqrt x)dx##. But I am getting wrong answer.
  38. L

    I Number of integration constants

    If we have system of 3 ordinary differential equation in mechanics and we have two initial condition ##\vec{r}(t=0)=0## and ##\vec{v}(t=0)=\vec{v}_0 \vec{i}##. If we somehow get \frac{d^2v_x}{dt^2}=-\omega^2v_x then v_x(t)=A\sin(\omega t)+B\cos(\omega t) Two integration constants and one initial...
  39. S

    Why Is Substitution Failing in Integrating This Function?

    I tried using substitution ##u=\sqrt{16x-x^8}##, didn't work Tried factorize ##x## from the denominator and then used ##u=\sqrt{16-x^7}##, didn't work Tried using ##u=x^4## also didn't work How to approach this question? Thanks
  40. P

    Notation clarification: SU(N) group integration

    Hello, I would like help to clarify what det( {\delta \over \delta J}) W(J) (equation 15.79) actually means, and why it returns a number (and not a matrix). This comes from the following problem statement (Kaku, Quantum Field Theory, a Modern Introduction) Naively, one would define det...
  41. W

    MHB How to Find the Surface Area of a Pringle Using Double Integration?

    does anyone know how to solve this/can lead me on a direction to where I will get an answer that actually makes sense lol? I keep getting a negative answer/0. For context, I'm tryna find the surface area of a pringle and all the sources I've visited always estimate the projected 2D region as a...
  42. T

    I Impulsive force and simple integration

    May I ask if the following process is correct? Given: F=ma Apply an impulsive force using the dirac delta near 0 (with F nearly constant over the tiny impulsive interval) ma = Fδ(t) This is a second order differential equation with a forcing function. However, I cannot readily integrate...
  43. A

    Changing the interval of integration

    Greetings Dear community! Here is the solutions using two different methods: the first method is the Green theorem and the second is the simple path integration method: My question is why they integrate over [0.2pi] in the path integration method while they integrate within [0. pi] in the...
  44. J

    A Problem solving forces with pressure integration

    Angle theta is different for every place at airfoil surface, so it can't be one theta from leading edge to trailing edge. Can please someone explain pressure integration in depth, step by step?
  45. LCSphysicist

    Complex integration is giving the wrong answer by a factor of two

    $$\int_{0}^{2\pi } (1+2cost)^{n}cos(nt) dt$$ $$e^{it} = z, izdt = dz$$ $$\oint (1+e^{it}+e^{-it})^{n}\frac{e^{nit}+e^{-nit}}{2} \frac{dz}{iz} = \oint (1+z+z^{-1})^{n}\frac{z^{n}+z^{-n}}{2} \frac{dz}{iz}$$ $$\oint (z+z^{2}+1)^{n}\frac{z^{2n}+1}{z^{2n+1}} \frac{dz}{2i} = \pi Res = \pi...
  46. C

    Four dimensional integration in cpp using gsl

    I am trying to perform a four dimensional integration in cpp using gsl. I do this by nesting together the one-dimensional integration routines from gsl library. What I wrote seems to work for a few test integrands but I am having trouble with the integrand that I actually want a value for. See...
  47. A

    Integration of (e[SUP]-√x[/SUP])/√x

    (e-√x)/√x (integral from title) I integrated by substituting and the bounds changed with inf changing to -inf and 1 changing to -1 My final integrated answer is -2lim[e-√x]. What happens to this equation at -inf and -1? As I can't put them into the roots
  48. uzi kiko

    Python Numerical integration over a disk with polar coordinates

    In my job, I was given the task of calculating a force that operates an ultrasound transmitter on a receiver. The calculation is made by assuming that each point on the transmitter is a small transmitter and integration should be made on the surface of the transmitter. Since the transmitter is...
  49. Z

    Calculate the electric field due to a charged disk (how to do the integration?)

    I am interested in particular in the second integral, in the ##\hat{r}## direction. Here is my depiction of the problem: As far as I can tell, due to the symmetry of the problem, this integral should be zero. $$\int_0^R \frac{r^2}{(x^2+r^2)^{3/2}}dr\hat{r}$$ I don't believe I need to...
  50. Rikudo

    Integration in angular momentum

    https://www.physicsforums.com/threa...f-a-translating-and-rotating-pancake.1005990/ So,I think I posted this in the wrong place. So, I will move it to here. Here, in post #6, it is stated that ##\int R dm = M R##. As far as I know, R change from time to time and it is not constant. Hence, isn't...
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