Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol ×, by the mid-line dot operator ⋅, by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk *) is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction and division. The result of a multiplication operation is called a product.
The multiplication of whole numbers may be thought of as a repeated addition; that is, the multiplication of two numbers is equivalent to adding as many copies of one of them, the multiplicand, as the quantity of the other one, the multiplier. Both numbers can be referred to as factors.
a
×
b
=
b
+
⋯
+
b
⏟
a
times
{\displaystyle a\times b=\underbrace {b+\cdots +b} _{a{\text{ times}}}}
For example, 4 multiplied by 3, often written as
3
×
4
{\displaystyle 3\times 4}
and spoken as "3 times 4", can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:
3
×
4
=
4
+
4
+
4
=
12
{\displaystyle 3\times 4=4+4+4=12}
Here, 3 (the multiplier) and 4 (the multiplicand) are the factors, and 12 is the product.
One of the main properties of multiplication is the commutative property, which states in this case that adding 3 copies of 4 gives the same result as adding 4 copies of 3:
4
×
3
=
3
+
3
+
3
+
3
=
12
{\displaystyle 4\times 3=3+3+3+3=12}
Thus the designation of multiplier and multiplicand does not affect the result of the multiplication.The multiplication of integers (including negative numbers), rational numbers (fractions) and real numbers is defined by a systematic generalization of this basic definition.
Multiplication can also be visualized as counting objects arranged in a rectangle (for whole numbers), or as finding the area of a rectangle whose sides have some given lengths. The area of a rectangle does not depend on which side is measured first—a consequence of the commutative property.
The product of two measurements is a new type of measurement. For example, multiplying the lengths of the two sides of a rectangle gives its area. Such products is the subject of dimensional analysis.
The inverse operation of multiplication is division. For example, since 4 multiplied by 3 equals 12, 12 divided by 3 equals 4. Indeed, multiplication by 3, followed by division by 3, yields the original number. The division of a number other than 0 by itself equals 1.
Multiplication is also defined for other types of numbers, such as complex numbers, and more abstract constructs like matrices. For some of these more abstract constructs, the order in which the operands are multiplied together matters. A listing of the many different kinds of products used in mathematics is given in Product (mathematics).
At a particular instant the location of an object relative to location A is given by the vector A = < 7, 6, 0 > m. At this instant the momentum of the object is p = < 20, 8, 0 > kg · m/s. What is the angular momentum of the object about location A?
According to my book, angular momentum is...
Hello everyone, I'm new to this forum, and I've registered to seek advice on this topic. What I'm attempting to do is multiply two very large numbers together, represented as polynomials, by the use of the number theory transform (ntt). I've done much research on this topic and I've had some...
I know the set of positives rationals form a group under multiplication and that the negative irrationals do not form a group under multiplication because there is no identity or inverse. My question is does the set of all rational numbers under multiplication form a group.
Hello everyone!
I'm having troubles with the "multiplication rule" which states:
If an operation consist of k steps and
the first step can be performed in n_1 ways,
the second step can be performed in n_2 ways [regardless of how the first step was peformed],
.
.
.
the kth step can be...
Let G be a group and H a subgroup of G.
The book claims HH=H because H is a subgroup.
Group multiplication is defined as AB={(a,b): a in A, b in B}
So HH should be ordered pairs with each pair containing two identical elements in H. But why is the answer H, which is not an ordered pair?
I...
Are there 3 different multiplication tables for groups with 4 elements?
The reason is that an element 'a' could have 3 different inverses, a,b,c.
Each potential inverse will make a different table. Hence 3 different tables.
Multiplication table help please! Algebra ...
Hi, I've come across this question in my algebra txtbook and the exercise asks to construct a multiplication table, verifying that the Quaternion Group forms a group under matrix multiplication.
http://i12.tinypic.com/2i20wus.jpg
I'm confused...
Why is it that when you do A * b/c the answer is one (b/c)th of A? What is the operation of multiplication doing to the two numbers so that this happens? Also how does this logic work when A is also a fraction?
Matrix multiplication is clearly defined but is there a tangible or physical interpretation for it? Or is it just abstract formalism?
I am thinking about each column of the matrix as vectors so matrix multiplication with two 2by2 matrices is about multiplying 4 vectors in a certain way. The...
OK, so I'm writing a program and I want to calculate modular exponents. The only hard part is the multiplications. It would be best if I could work with numbers where, at all intermediate stages, each number is less than 2^64. If I must create a bit array I suppose I'll do that, but this would...
have a question about finding the multiplication table of say
Z2[X]/(x^3+x^2+x+1). What are the steps in solving problems like this? Because I keep doing different problems and I end up making a mistake. All I need is an example or an explanantion. Any help is greatly appreciated
Hello, guys. Last week I have begin my study of linear algebra from cero. I am learining about the basics of matrices.
Please, I would like to know if this is ok:
1. Let "In" be the identity matrix (n x n).
2. Let "e1" be an elementary row operation such that, applied to In, we obtain...
We are considering a system in which the input signal x(t) is multiplied by a periodic square wave s(t) in order to produce an output w(t). The input signal is band limited with |X(j\omega)| = 0 \ \ \textrm{for} \ \ |\omega| \geq \omega_M , where \omega_M is the bandwidth. We are supposed...
I have to find (a+bi)(c+di) in polar form given that b,c,d>0 and a<0.
So I convert each one to polar first.
( (a+b)cis(\arctan(-b/a) + \pi) ) ( (c+d)cis(\arctan(d/c)) )
That's as far as I got. Little help please?
Let P=(p_{ij}) be a real symmetric 2x2 matrix. Show that the function on \mathbb{R}^2\times\mathbb{R}^2 (Where R^2 is a space of column vectors) defined by <v,w>=v^tPw is an inner product if and only if p_{11} and det(P) are both swtrictly positive.
I just need to know what Pw means in <v,w>=v^tPw.
Mental Multiplication for 2 digit numbers and beyond
1 7
| <---- this is step one... multiply the tens place times each other. =10X10
1 7 X
now we have 100. The next step will be 10X 7 either way you look at it.
17
/ <---- 10 times 7 is 70... we now have a...
Hello, here is the question my book is asking:
Let A, B be two m x n matricies. Assume that AX = BX for all n-tuples X. Show that A = B.
-------
So I decided to try and prove the contrapositive, which is (unless I am mistaken): If A \neq B, then there is some X such that AX \neq BX
Proof...
So does everybody know the Axioms of Addition and Multiplication?
They are too long to type, but they are listed:
A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and the distributive law, DL.
anyways, I want to prove:
1. (-x)y = -(xy) and 2. (-x)(-y) = (xy) using ONLY the axioms of additon and...
Hi everybody,
This may have been discussed before ( and by me) but I would like to see a proof of the following statement:
" (ab)+(ac)=ab+ac"
Ok let me explain a bit. When we want to set some axioms about the real numbers we say that we define two functions from RxR->R, addition(+) and...
I have a function
2-z^2-2\cos z,
which has a zero at z=0.
I have determined the Maclaurin series for f:
\sum_{j=2}^\infty(-1)^{j-1}\frac{2z^{2j}}{(2j)!},
and now I have to determine the coefficients a_{-j},~\forall j>0, in the Laurent series for a function h, which is defined as...
for a termwise mulitiplication of two taylor series,
1.sigma a m(x-x0)^m
2.sigma b m (x-x0)^m
then if you mutilpy 1 and 2, shouldn't you get
sigma a mbm(x-x0)^2m?
but my textbook says that it's only
sigma a mbm(x-x0)^m
from advanced engineering mathematics by erwin kreyszig 9E pg202
(Or if you prefer: Why are things defined this way?) I noticed that, in my book's definition, scalar multiplication (SM) on vector spaces lacks two familiar things: commutativity and inverses.
The multiplicative inverse concept doesn't seem to apply to SM. Can it? I can't imagine how it could...
I am reading this table in the bookk and everyhting makes senes but I'm confused on the last part, under the Octal. For example the first line:
5x2 = 10 = 8+2 = 12, i see where the 2 came from in 12, but where did the 1 come from...also
5x6 + 1 = 31 = 24 + 7 = 37, the 7 makes sense but...
Greetings--I was wondering if someone could recommend some background reading on group theory in physics that explains group multiplication laws (I guess "tensor multiplication" is more appropriate).
I.e. in SO(3), 3 x 3 = 1 + 3 + 5
So that is to say if I had two vectors, \bar{x}=(x_1...
hi all just got stuck on these questions on matrices just wondering if anyone can help me out thanks
1. For which values of k is the folowing equation satisfied?
|3-k 5 |
= 0
|4 4-k |
its all in a matrix. I am thinking it is the determinant =0...
Hi
When one is trying to multiply two matrices of different sizes e.g. a 2x3 and a 3x3. I know that one has to use the column-row-rule which states:
AB_{ij} = a_{i1} b_{1j} + a_{i2} b_{2j} + \cdots + a_{i n} b_{m j}
Looking at the following example:
A= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 7...
Ok, maybe a dumb question, but anyway:
if I have some matrices equation like this:
AB = BC
if I want to multiply both sides by some matrix Z can I stick it in the middle?
AZB = BZC
I know I can do these two:
ABZ = BCZ
ZAB = ZBC
but can I do the middle too?
Thanks!
I know how to solve basic problems like this, but I have no clue where to start with one of the first parts in this example. I am given the following information about C, which is a 2 X 2 matrix.
C \left[
\begin{array}{cc}
1\\
2
\end{array}
\right] = \left[
\begin{array}{cc}
2\\
1...
Hi everybody,
We define multiplication as an operation with these properties :
a(b+c)=ab+ac and (a+b)c=ac+bc ,a*0=0 and a*1=a with a,b,c natural numbers and of course the two properties Zurtex mentioned ab=ba and a(bc)=(ab)c-I "forgot" to mention them because I didn't use them in what is...
Hi everybody,
I just want to make something clear: does juxtaposition always show multiplication? For example 2ab(c+d)e(pi)=2*a*b*(c+d)*e*(pi) ? Generally it applies to any multiplication as long as there are no confusions,despite the number of factors?(obviously 23 is not 2*3!) ?
And one...
For a computer program, I have to multiply:
a[][] * b[]
and store it in c[]
how does the math for this work out on paper? What exactly am I multiplying?
I am having difficulty putting this question...i can't explain exactly what i mean
Can anyone tell me in detail (history, number theory and all) about multiplication of fractions?
I know that 5^2 means taking 5, 5 times and adding them.
But what does 0.5^70 mean?
I need indepth...
I have homework due and no help from the TA's due to a language problem.
How do you multiply a scalar with a matrix? It seems so simple, but I keep getting errors, such as "matrix must be square".
.m funtion code:
function X=parabola(a,x,b)
X=(x*a+b)^2;
Command window code ...
i am curious as to how this would look. i wonder how the addition tables would look in base -5? would the multiplication look the same?
here is what i know so far:
addition multiplication
0 1 2 3 4...
hi guys,
this is a question i got really confused on
they give you a question which is 3=ln(t) * sin(t)
solve for t. i don't know how to do this algebracially if it is even possible. i can do it on my calculator by sketching the graph and finding the exact value but how do you do this...
Hi,
Can someone please show some example of Qualitative difference between Addition and Multiplication, when using Boolean Logic?
(by Qualitative difference I mean that Quantity remains unchanged
during addition or multiplication operations between n positive integers).
What does it mean to multiply two physical quantities?
Ie: For electrical potential energy the equation is
Ee=kq1q2/r
Where k=Coulombs constant, q1 and q2 are charges in Couloumbs and r is the distance between the charges
What does it mean to multiply q1 and q2?
How might one comprehend the product of complex numbers
N
[pi](an+ibn)=C
n=1
such as by representation with vectors in the complex plane, or algebraic simplification? Specifically, I would like to know the value Re(C).
Why might two matrices commute? I.e Why would AB=BA because in general, matrices usually do not commute. What are the properties of matrices that do commute?
Ben