Normalization Definition and 242 Threads

Database normalization is the process of structuring a database, usually a relational database, in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.
Normalization entails organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a database to ensure that their dependencies are properly enforced by database integrity constraints. It is accomplished by applying some formal rules either by a process of synthesis (creating a new database design) or decomposition (improving an existing database design).

View More On Wikipedia.org
Recent contents Top users
  1. N

    How Does Griffith Prove Psi Stays Normalized in Equation [1.25]?

    I'm having trouble understanding what David Griffith did in equation [1.25]. In this section he's trying to prove that psi stays normalized and I'm following him from [1.21] to [1.25] and where I'm getting stuck is understanding how: ∂/∂t|ψ|^2= i\hbar/2m(ψ*∂²/∂x²[ψ]-∂²/∂x²[ψ*]ψ)...
  2. N

    MATLAB Why is the Sum for f(t,x) Not Normalized in Matlab FFT?

    Hi, Let's say I have an input signal f(t,0)= \sum_n A_n cos(w_nt) And we know that f(t,x)= \sum_n A_n cos(k_nx-w_nt) and we also have the relationship between k and w. We can find the coefficients A_n by taking a Fourier Transform of the relationship for f(0,t). Here's my...
  3. J

    Question about normalization of wavefunction

    Homework Statement how to set up integrals for normalization of sin(\theta)e^(-i\phi) Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution
  4. V

    Choosing Normalization to Create Bell Curve with Mean 1

    I have a 40*40 matrix which has elements very close to 1 on diagonal and very small off-diagonal elements. I find determinant of many of these randomly generated matrix, determinant is roughly multiplication of diagonal matrix squared. As (.95)^40 is a small number and (1.05)^40 is a bignumber...
  5. A

    Where Did I Go Wrong in Determining the Normalization Constant?

    Homework Statement Determine the normalization constant c in the wave function given by \psi(x) = c cos(kx) exp[(-1/2)(x/L)2 ] Homework Equations 1=\int |\psi(x)|2 dx limits of integration being -inf to inf. The Attempt at a Solution I'm very much sure that my math is wrong...
  6. H

    Normalization factor in wave equation

    (Note: although arising in QM, this is essentially a calculus question) Ѱ (x) = A sin (n╥x/a) 1 = ∫ l Ѱ (x) l^2 dx with limits of integration a to 0 1 = ∫ A^2 sin^2 (n╥x/a) dx with limits of integration a to 0 Indefinite integral ∫ sin^2 x dx = x/2 - sin2x/4 I know this integral...
  7. A

    Normalization problem; volume element to use?

    Hello! Homework Statement I'm revising my quantum mechanics course, but I don't get this normalizing-problem. \psi = N r cos \theta e^{-r/a_0} To begin with, this is how my teacher solves it in the solutions manual: 1=N^2\int_0^\infty r^2 e^{-r/a_0} r^2 dr \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{2 \pi}...
  8. D

    Fermi-Dirac distribution normalization

    Hi! I have a little question which is puzzling me. Maybe it is a very simple question. It is my understanding that the Fermi-Dirac distribution is a probability density function and, as such, its integral between 0 and infinite should be 1. When T = 0, the integral gives the chemical...
  9. T

    What is Wavefunction Normalization?

    I just want to ask this: what is the physical meaning of wavefunction's normalization? thanks for everyone in advance
  10. K

    How Do You Normalize an Angular Momentum State and Determine Lz Probabilities?

    Homework Statement A particle is in an angular momentum state Ψ(θ,φ) = |l=1,m=1> + 2|1,0> + 3|1,-1> Normalize this state and find the probabilities for finding the system with its third component Lz with values hbar, 0, -hbar. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution...
  11. C

    Wavefunction normalization help

    Homework Statement psi(x) = A(1 - e^(ikx)) if 0 < x < 2pi/k Homework Equations integral of psi * psi conjugate over all space = 1 The Attempt at a Solution the conjugate is psi*(x) = A(1 - e^(-ikx)) so when I multiply psi and psi* , I get 2 - e^(-ikx) - e^(ikx) I can't...
  12. G

    Normalization coefficient of sp2 hybrid orbital

    How to obtain the coefficients of normalized wavefunction for the hybrid orbital in sp2 hybridization (esp in BH3) , which normally in surds? In what way symmetry affect the linear combination of the atomic orbitals ? Will appreciate if anyone could help or provide some beginning guides , thanks...
  13. Q

    Understanding Wave-functions and Normalization?

    Question: 1. An electron is freely moving in a one‐dimensional coordinate, x . At some point t in time, its (complex‐valued) wavefunction is ψ (x,t) = Ceiωte−(x / a)2 . a. Why must \int \left|\Psi|2=1? b. From the so‐called normalization requirement given in part a., determine the...
  14. J

    Normalization and orthogonality of wavefunctions

    I have two wavefunctions that I need to normalize but I cannot figure out how to get them into an acceptable integrable form... the first is psi=(2-(r/asub0))*e^(-r/asub0) the second is psi=rsin(theta)*cos(phi)*e^(-r/2asub0) I know these need to be in the form (where psi will be name y for...
  15. R

    Normalization constant for Legendre Polynomials

    Homework Statement I am following a derivation of Legendre Polynomials normalization constant. Homework Equations I_l = \int_{-1}^{1}(1-x^2)^l dx = \int_{-1}^{1}(1-x^2)(1-x^2)^{l-1}dx = I_{l-1} - \int_{-1}^{1}x^2(1-x^2)^{l-1}dx The author then gives that we get the following...
  16. A

    Amplitude Normalization of Electromagnetic Waves

    I've two electromagnetic waves (light) with amplitudes 1x (normal) and 2x (double) amplitude. And I want to pass these two waves through a "normalizer" expecting 1x amplitude for both waves. Question is: Is such a "normalizer" possible and/or exists. I'm not looking for any electronic...
  17. S

    Normalization constant of lineer combination of two waves?

    Homework Statement \psi=B( sin px/L + sin 2px/L ) Homework Equations lineer combination of two waves n=1 and n=2 states particle in a box wide L The Attempt at a Solution I have no idea how to calculate lineer combination of two waves normalization. How do I get B normalization...
  18. P

    Finding the Normalization Constant for the Hydrogen Radial Wave Function

    1. Find the normalization constant for the radial wave function for Hydrogen. I'm told that C = 1/(24a^5)^1/2 But how do I get that? 2. n=2, l=1 R(2)(1)=Cr^(-r/2a。) the integral from 0 to infinity of (x^4 * e^-"alpha"x) = 24 / alpha^5 3. I honestly don't know where to start
  19. T

    Normalizing Trial Function with 2 Normalization Factors

    Homework Statement I am given a trial function and before I use the variational method, I need to normalize the trial function. This is easy usually, but I don't know what to do in this specific case: The trial function is: X[x]=N1(1-x^2)+N2(x-x^3) Domain: -1<x<1 N1 and N2 are the...
  20. A

    Regarding normalization of the eigen basis vectors

    For a continuous eigen-basis the basis vectors are not normalizable to unity length. They can be normalized only upto a delta function. At the same time for discrete eigen basis the basis vectors are normalizable to unity length. What about the systems with both discrete as well as continuous...
  21. B

    Unitary operators preserve normalization in arbitrary basis

    Homework Statement To test my knowledge of Sakurai, I asked myself to: "Prove that an operator being unitary is independent of basis." The Attempt at a Solution I want to show the expansion coefficients’ squared magnitudes sum to unity at time “t”, given that they do at time t = t0...
  22. K

    Quantum Physics I Tough Normalization Integral Help

    I am pretty sure that I'm doing this right but the integral for normalization seems impossible. Here is the question: Normalize this wave function. psi(x,t)=Axe^(-sqrt(km)/2h)*x^2))*e^(-i(3/2)(sqrt(k/m)*t) for -infinity<x<+infinity where k and A are constants and m is given. I used...
  23. A

    Why Can't Free-Particle Wave Functions Be Normalized Over Their Entire Range?

    why it is not possible to normalize the free-particle wawe functions over the whole range of motion of the particles?
  24. Z

    Normalization of wave function .

    I want to know how to normalize symmetric and anti-symmetric wave functions ??
  25. Pythagorean

    Normalization: discrete vs. continuous

    So, I'm taking an EE class and my teacher is terribly handwavy. She couldn't really explain this to me (not homework, lecture). I detect a fundamental problem in the math, coming from a science background, but it could just be my ignorance: Here's her lecture: physical setup: a...
  26. R

    Normalization of Hydrogen wavefunction

    Homework Statement Show that the (1 0 0) and (2 0 0) wave functions of hydrogen atom are properly normalized. Homework Equations I know that (n l ml): (100) = (2/a^(3/2)) exp^ (-r/a) (200) = (1/((2a)^(3/2))*(2-r/a) exp^(-r/2a) The Attempt at a Solution I started with...
  27. S

    How Does the Normalization of a Wave Function Work?

    hello i attached my question if i can get some help i think that there is another way to solve this problem
  28. J

    Normalization of 4-velocity in general relativity

    I know that in Minkowsky space, the 4-velocity is normalize according to the following relation: \eta_{\mu\nu} U^{\mu} U^{\nu} = -1 Can someone explain to me ho this can be generalized to a normalization in a curved space with the following relation : g_{\mu\nu} U^{\mu} U^{\nu} = -1...
  29. N

    Joint Probability/Mutual Information Normalization

    Homework Statement Find the Corresponding normalization constants for the joint guassian \\p\\(x,y) \alpha\ exp(-(ax^2/2) - (by^2/2) -cxy) ie: find P(x), P(y), and P(X,Y) normalization constants relevant equations: Mutual Information: M(x,y) \\M(x,y) =...
  30. V

    I must normalize this to solve for the normalization constant

    Homework Statement A hydrogen atom given the following state: \psi (r, 0) = A\psi_{100}(r) + (\frac{1}{\sqrt{5}})\psi_{311}(r) + (\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}})\psi_{422}(r) I must normalize this to solve for the normalization constant A Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Is it just me or...
  31. N

    Understanding Normalization in Spin Sum: Peskin vs. Kaku and Zee's Approach"

    In Peskin's textbook, he uses the spin sum as \sum u\bar{u} = \gamma^{\mu}p_{\mu} +m ; on the other hand, in Kaku's book and in Zee's book, they use \sum u\bar{u} = \dfrac{\gamma^{\mu} p_{\mu} + m}{2m} . But why aren't there any diffferent in the differential cross section formula ?
  32. B

    2nd order filter transfer function normalization

    I'm looking at a guide by Texas Instruments on active filter design. In it are the following equations for a second order lowpass filter, verbatim: The coefficient form of the denominator: s^2 + a_1s + a_0 Normalized: P(s) = (\frac{s}{\sqrt{a_0}*\omega_c})^2 + \frac{a_1s}{a_0*\omega_c} + 1...
  33. M

    Normalization, reweighting, and the scale factor:

    Hi all, I am about to begin my studies as an experimentalist and I keep hearing about these terms when someone represents his data as histograms. Can some one here, please, give me a clear explanation about their meanings. My background is theory and you can use as much mathematics as you...
  34. L

    Help regarding normalization of wave functions

    Hi, i need some help regarding normalization of a wave function, i feel it is a very simple problem, but i am having a hard time figuring it out. I would really appreciate it if anybody could help me out a bit regarding this. I need to normalize the following wavefunctions by figuring out the...
  35. H

    Normalization of a wavefunction problem

    Homework Statement Normalize sin ((n*pi*x)/L) where x is between 0 and L and n is a positive integer Homework Equations integral (psi*psi)dx=1 N^2 integral sin ((n*pi*x)/L)dx =1 I don't really understand if this integral is correct, what is the complex conjugate of the wavefunction...
  36. L

    Normalization of a Spherical Harmonic

    I need to show that the spherical harmonic, Y^-1 of l=1 is Normalized. Y(m=-1, l=1) = sqrt(3/(8(pi))sin(theta)exp(-i(thi))
  37. Pengwuino

    What Is the Normalization Constant for the Orthogonality of Bessel Functions?

    Jackson 3.16 has one derive the orthonormality of the bessel functions, that is: \int\limits_0^\infty {\rho J_v (kp)J_v (k'p)d\rho } = \frac{{\delta (k - k')}}{k} Now, I was able to show that infact, they are orthogonal, but I haven't been able to figure out the 1/k term. Basically...
  38. A

    Simple Harmonic Oscillator - Normalization Constant

    Homework Statement Determine the normalization constants for the harmonic oscillator wavefunctions with v=0, and v=1 by evaluating their normalization integrals and show that they correspond to N=\frac{1}{\pi^{.5} * 2^v * v!}Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution \int \psi^{2}d\tau=1...
  39. X

    Find probability amplitude given normalization condition on P(x)

    Homework Statement P(x)=e^(-ax) does P(x) satisfy the normalization condition? if not, how would you modify P(x)? Given normalization condition on P(x) and P(x)=A*(x)A(x)=abs(A(x))^2 is there a unique formula for A(x)? if so determine it. if no, give at least four possible expressions for...
  40. M

    Electric Potential Normalization

    I was in my Electrodynamics lecture last week, still working the Laplacian and Poisson equations, when we discussed an infinite parallelpipid (infinite in the x direction, length a and b in the y and z direction respectively) with a potential of \Phi=\Phi_0 at x=0 plane and every other face...
  41. R

    Deriving Normalized Debye Model: Step-by-Step Guide

    Hi Members, We know that in Debye model, the phonon spectrum is given by g(\omega)=Const.\omega^2. And if we have N atoms and so 3N normal modes..so 3N=integral of g(\omega)d\omega and solving by simple integration rule we get Const. = 9N/(\omega^3_D). Now my problem is how to get it...
  42. Somefantastik

    Confirm Normalization: Is Something Wrong?

    Hey folks. I was asked to confirm that the attached discrete function is normalized. The function to check the normalization that I was provided with is \frac{1}{2}\sum^{N}_{i = 1}P_{i}(\Theta)\Delta\Theta_{i} = 1 No matter what I do, I get a number on the order of 10^4, not...
  43. M

    Mathematical tool in which tables are formed and normalization

    What does NORMALIZATION do?I am using a mathematical tool in which tables are formed and normalization of these tables are done using formula u know: g(x)=g(x)/Max[g(x)]; i.e all values of the table are divided by the Maximum number from the table. thus table got maximum value =1. my...
  44. maverick280857

    Path Integral Propagator Normalization in Lewis Ryder's QFT book

    Hi, In Lewis Ryder's QFT book on page 160, the propagator for the case when the Lagrangian can be written as L = \frac{p^2}{2m} + V(q) is given as \langle q_f t_f|q_i t_i \rangle = \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\left(\frac{m}{i\hbar\tau}\right)^{(n+1)/2}\int...
  45. D

    Spherical Harmonics Normalization

    Hello, everyone! I'm working on parametrizing a magnetic field using spherical harmonics. The equations Yc n,m (theta, phi) = (R/R0)^n * Pn,m(cos(theta)) * cos(m*phi) Ys n,m (theta, phi) = (R/R0)^n * Pn,m(cos(theta)) * sin(m*phi) where Pn,m is a Legendre polynomial where n is degree and m...
  46. S

    Normalization of time independent wave function

    Homework Statement normalize the wave function \Psi(x)= Acos(\Pi*x/a) to show that A=\sqrt{2/a} The Attempt at a Solution i don't know how to get that answer as all i can tell, normalizing gives: -A^{2}pi^{2}2x/a^{2} * sin (pix/a) However this does not give the right answer for A Any...
  47. J

    Quantum Meachanics; Normalization in 3D

    Homework Statement (1) For the cubic 3D infinite-well wave function, \psi(x,y,z) = A sin(n\pix/L)sin(n\piy/L)sin(n\piz/L) Show that the correct normalization constant is A = (2/L)^{3/2} Homework Equations Note: The Pi's above are not meant to be superscript, and each n relates to...
  48. S

    Normalization of Wave-Function

    In attempting to work through some basics of QM – I have a question regarding a statement or a conclusion regarding “Normalizing the Wave Function” After “turning the crank” authors show: \frac {d}{dt} \int_ {-\infty}^{\infty}|\psi|^2 dx= \frac{ih}{2m}(\psi*\frac{d\psi}{dx} -...
  49. R

    Does This Wave Function Normalization Look Correct?

    Homework Statement I'm starting to (trying) teach myself some quantum mechanics out of the Griffiths book, and since there are no answers in the back I have no idea if I'm on the right track or not. Could you guys look over the answer to this equation to see if it looks right? Consider the...
  50. C

    Harmonic Oscillator - Normalization

    Homework Statement Trying to normalize the first excited state. I have, 1 = |A_1|^2(i\omega\sqrt{2m}) \int_{-\inf}^{\inf} x \exp(-m\omega x^2/2\hbar) How do I do the integral so I don't get zero since it's an odd funciton?
Back
Top