Physical chemistry Definition and 150 Threads

Let's consider a reaction A (reactant) -> B(product) and activated complex is denoted by C. This graph ( potential energy vs reaction coordinate ) tells us that reactant need some amount of activation energy (Ea) to convert in product, which has low potential energy which is shown here in...

In the textbook Electrochemical Systems by Newman and Alyea, Chapter 14: The definition of some thermodynamic functions, chemical potential of component (ionic or neutral) is written as a function of absolute activity: $$\mu_i=RT\ln(\lambda_i)\tag1$$ where ##\lambda_i## is the absolute activity...

My current understanding: The mass of alpha particle is approximately 7340.6 times higher than the mass of electron.in the gold foil scattering experiment the deflection of alpha particle due to electron is approximately zero. The reason that is given is that since the electron is much lighter...

(The equation of ideal gas is PV=NRT.if P=1atm,N=1mole,T=0°K,R=gas constant then volume = zero. Hence, the volume of an individual molecule of ideal gas is zero) An individual molecule of ideal gas is assumed to have zero volume. The molecules of ideal gas are assumed to be dimensionless points...

In my book it is written "Ends of dipole possesses partial charges. Partial charges are always less than the unit electronic charge (1.6×10−19 C)". Suppose in a double bond(two electron is shared by each atom) or triple bond(three electrons are shared by each atom), can the electronegative atom...

The result is supposed to be 12,2 m but every time I get 8,016 m... I used for example this formula >r=m/[(density of air-density of hot air)*(4/3)*pi] For density I used > rho=(p*M)/(R*T) Am I forgetting something? Thanks in advance.

DLVO theory gives the curve of potential energy vs distance of two colloid particles. Potential energy curve is derived for colloids being only electrostatically stabilized and not sterically. Looking at the image below which shows potential energy curve, we can see two local minima and one...

Unlike emulsions, microemulsions are thermodynamically stable. Its stability is often explained by entropy changes brought about by dispersing liquid in another liquid, however this can't be the whole story behind its stability since dispersing liquids also happens in regular emulsions and they...

Hello. Firstly, I've calculated the density of Kr ( = 3.74 g/dm3), and I know that the p (fluid) = ρ * h * g. And then I've used the following equation: p1*V1 = p2*V2, and therefore: p1*V1 = ρ * h * g * (m/ρ) => p1*V1 = h * g * m. (h = 3.0153 m) Is that correct? Please, how could I calculate...

When we talk about systems at constant temperature and pressure, maximum amount of non-PV work can be extracted if process is carried reversibly and in that case it is equal to change in Gibbs energy of the system (decrease in Gibbs energy if system does non - PV work, A.K.A work is extracted...

One of the most fundamental equations in chemical thermodynamics states: $$ \Delta_rH_m^⦵ = \Delta_rG_m^⦵ + T \Delta_rS_m^⦵ $$ If we look at this equation in context of net chemical reaction in electrolytic or galvanic cell, it is usually interpreted as follows: Enthalpy of reaction denotes...

I'm master physics student looking for books in physical chemistry for stuff like born Oppenheimer Approximation and more. Most books give hand-waving proofs and I'm looking for a book which is more rigorous. Thanks

I am curious about the standard enthalpies of formation of carbon nanotubes, diamond, carbon buckyballs, graphene, etc. I read from physics forums that the standard enthalpies of formation of these allotropes of carbon are small. However, since diamond is fabricated naturally under extreme...

My issue is more with the steps to approach rather than the calculations. I was just wondering if someone could confirm my approach to be correct. As it asking for the reciprocal lattice of an FCC I assume this would mean I need to use the points on the BCC to calculate the geometrical...

This is how I started my ICE table: $$CO(g)$$ $$H_2O(g)$$ $$H_2(g)$$ $$CO_2(g)$$ Initial (mol) 0.40 1.00 0 0 Change (mol) -0.40α -1.00α 1.4α 1.4α Equilibrium (mol) 0.40-0.40α 1.00-1.00α 1.4α 1.4α (or should I use 0.225) I am not sure if my table is correct. When I work out the total...

The electrons in a molecule are said to be in a quantum superposition state in terms of their position/spin/momentum. But when you look at a molecule like water at a chemical level, it has a very specific shape corresponding to the P orbitals of the outer shell of the Oxygen atom. The two...

To obtain spectroscopy on a gas like hydrogen or helium, an electric arc is passed through a container of the material, and then the emitted light is viewed through a prism which breaks it up into its component wavelengths. There are sharp lines which are formed, caused by excitation of the...

Hi guys, i'm a computer scientist with no background in Chemistry and I'm very interested in the field of Physical Chemistry. Do you think i can directly start to study a Physical Chemistry book ? If yes, do you have some books to suggest ?

I want some undergraduate level (or postgraduate level will also do) books on physical chemistry. I've got two books: one by Ira Levine and the other by Peter Atkins. But both these books contain only huge amounts of thermodynamics. Other topics are almost not touched upon. I want a book that...

What is the difference between physical chemistry and chemical physics?

Hey guys, I was wondering if algebra based physics will be useful or I will be in a disadvantage? I’m doing a minor in chemsitry and math. So I’m not sure when I will take PCHEM. Probably after partial differential equations I will take it. I’m hoping to take it in fall 2019 or spring 2020.im a...

I am taking the second semester of physical chemsitry (quantum, spectroscopy, and some stat mech). I was wondering if there are any resources outside of the ACS study guide and open course ware. I'd really like some practice tests if possible so I can see what I need to study. Also, any lecture...

I'm currently doing a literature review on ultracold chemistry with an emphasis on collisional theory and quantum phenomena. I'm an undergraduate physics major, and I'd start my discussion of this topic by moving from basic Newtonian conservation laws and concepts like Coulomb repulsion to the...

1. Question Statement and details : 500 mL of 56V H2O2 is kept in an open container due to which some H2O2 is decomposed and evolves 8gm O2 simultaneously, during the process some H2O also vapourizes.Due to all these changes final volume is reduced by 20%. Find final volume strength of H2O2...

Hello. I wanted to see how much more efficient a car would be if hydrogen and oxygen (created through electrolysis of water) were injected into the engine alongside gasoline. I got lost when I found out that I would need 241.8 kJ/mol of water to electrolyze it...

I was reading that one of the successes of the Dirac equation was that it was able to account for the fine structure of some of the differences in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. But the Dirac equation is about subatomic particles moving at relativistic velocities. But an electron around the...

Homework Statement Show that to a first approximation the equation of state of a gas that dimerizes to a small extent is given by, ##\dfrac{PV}{RT} = 1 - \dfrac{K_c}{V}## Where ##K_c## is equilibrium constant for ##A + A \iff A_2## Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Using virial...

Hey! I have a question regarding this question that I have to answer. It is about the kinetics of a substance X whose product is 2Y. It is in Swedish and here is the translation: The absorbance of a 0,030M-solution of X was calculated with the help of a Spectrometer. The Spectrometer was...

This is a chemically inspired problem, but the path is fully quantum mechanics and a bunch of integrals. How does one calculate fully quantum mechanical rate ($\kappa$) in the golden-rule approximation for two linear potential energy surfaces? Attempt: Miller (83) proposes...

Homework Statement Hydrogen peroxide can be prepared in several ways. One method is the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, another method is the reaction between water and oxygen. Given the ΔG°rxn values for each reaction, which method (reaction 1 or 2) requires less energy under standard...

Homework Statement The energy operator for a time-dependent system is iħ d/dt. A possible eigenfunction for the system is Ψ(x,y,z,t)=ψ(x,y,z)e-2πiEt/h Show that the probability density is independent of time Homework Equations ĤΨn(x) = EnΨn The Attempt at a Solution [/B] I understand the...

I think there are only two metals, Copper and Gold , that exhibits some color other than silver or gray. I went to a science exhibition where samples of almost all metals where kept, I think I could only see Copper and Gold having different colors. Why is it so ? why not other metals show colors ?

This table is given in my book, $$\begin{array}[c!c!c!c!] \text{ }&\text{ Transitional }&\text{ Rotational }& \text{ Vibrational} \\ \hline \text{Linear molecules} & 3&2& 3N -5\\ \hline \text{Non-Linear molecules} & 3&3& 3N -6\\ \hline \end{array}$$ It is also given...

Hi. I have a question about Organic and Physical Chemistry. I have already finished General Chemistry I and II and got decent scores on both of them (B on both of them). I am interested in taking Organic Chemistry, then Physical Chemistry afterwards. I know that both are different from General...

Homework Statement If the Helmholtz Free Energy remains constant, estimate the final pressure of 1.0mol of an ideal gas in the following transformation: (1.0atm, 300k) → (pfinal, 600k). Given Sgas = R. Homework Equations A = U - TS dA = -SdT - pdV The Attempt at a Solution If the Helmholtz...

Homework Statement Calculate ΔH for 2 mols of Nitrogen for the following transformation: 1 bar, 21°C → 200 bar, 21°C Given that molar Cp = 4R 2. The attempt at a solution How am I supposed to find the ΔH? From what I learned, there can only be a change in enthalpy when there's a change in...

say we have a reaction: N2O4 <====> 2NO2 for this reaction,if initial number of moles of N2O4 is 'a' can we write t = 0 a - at equilbrium a-x...

Homework Statement please see the attached image 1998 ,b part question [/B]Homework Equations none The Attempt at a Solution i thought that Agcl would give Ag+ and cl- ions whose concentration can be found from Ksp as √Ksp,this Ag+ reacts with NH3 to give Ag(NH3)2+ (reverse of the given...

Homework Statement Consider air expansion inside a cylinder. Assume that the volume and initial pressure is 1 ft^3 and 1500 PSI ABS respectively. If the expansion process is reversible and the path is given by P.V^1.4=constant. Calculate the total work done by the gas to reach the final volume...

The force (spring) constant of HCl 477.8 N/m, and the force constant of DCl is 487.95. Why should these values differ by 10 N/m? Is a D-Cl bond somehow stronger than an H-Cl bond?

When does the value of the "Equilibrium Constant (K)" equal one ? and what does that mean ?

How would Dalton's law be affected when there are two ideal gases in a container at different temperatures? Let the gas with higher temperature be gas A and the gas with lower temperature be gas B. Then heat will be transferred from gas A to gas B due to which kinetic energy of the molecules of...

Homework Statement I have the following task: A chemical reaction 2 A(g) <-> B(g) + C(g) has an equilibrium constant defined by: ln=0.8+ 1050/T−1,3.105/T² a) What is K at 400K? Calculate ΔrG0 In a volume of 5L you get 2 moles of A and 0.5 moles of B. Reaction still proceeds at 400K. Consider...

1. Surfactant molecule is made from water-loving head and grease-loving tail (Figure 1). http://tinypic.com/r/2j2gdah/9 (Figure 1) My question: How do we measure the cross-sectional area of the alkyl chain of surfactant? Do we measure it vertically (refer to GREEN DOUBLE ARROWS of Figure 1) or...

I'm currently in my first year of a MSc in physical chemistry and in the process of deciding what topic to choose for my thesis (most likely starting around april). I think my personal interests lie more on the side of physics than chemistry (I have only become sure of it this year). My...

Homework Statement Compute the average number of molecular hits, per unit time, experienced by a square inch of surface exposed to air, under normal conditions. Assume air is a mixture composed of 80% N2, 20% O2, both of which are assumed to be ideal gases. You will have to perform angular...

Homework Statement Calculate the ΔS° when 0.5 mole of liquid water at 0°C is mixed with 0.5 mole of liquid water at 100°C.Assume Cp=18cal/deg mole over the whole range of temperatures. Homework Equations ΔS=∫ Cp/T dT

I'm currently a freshman a MIT. I was planning to do a Chemistry and Physics double major but after looking at the requirements for a Chemistry minor, it wouldn't take any additional classes to do a Physics and Math double major with a minor in Chemistry. The reason this is appealing to me is...

Hello, PF! Days ago, while playing Batman: Arkham Origins, I was wandering through the Batcave when I noticed something that caught my eye immediately. There's a nice, cozy lab in there which includes a blackboard where Bruce Wayne apparently did some kind of thermodynamic calculations, which...

Homework Statement You have 0.50 mol of steam which has been supercooled to 95˚C at 1 atm. Since the steam is below the boiling/condensation point, it proceeds to partially condense into liquid water. This happens in a thermally-insulated vessel at constant pressure. (a) When the system...