Picture Definition and 416 Threads

COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs. However, due to its declining popularity and the retirement of experienced COBOL programmers, programs are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with software packages. Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain existing applications; however, many large financial institutions were still developing new systems in COBOL as late as 2006 due to the mainframe processing speed.COBOL was designed in 1959 by CODASYL and was partly based on the programming language FLOW-MATIC designed by Grace Hopper. It was created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing. It was originally seen as a stopgap, but the Department of Defense promptly forced computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption. It was standardized in 1968 and has since been revised four times. Expansions include support for structured and object-oriented programming. The current standard is ISO/IEC 1989:2014.COBOL statements have an English-like syntax, which was designed to be self-documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 300 reserved words. In contrast with modern, succinct syntax like y = x;, COBOL has a more English-like syntax (in this case, MOVE x TO y).
COBOL code is split into four divisions (identification, environment, data, and procedure) containing a rigid hierarchy of sections, paragraphs and sentences. Lacking a large standard library, the standard specifies 43 statements, 87 functions and just one class.
Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text.
COBOL has been criticized throughout its life for its verbosity, design process, and poor support for structured programming. These weaknesses result in monolithic, verbose (intended to be English-like) programs that are not easily comprehensible.

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  1. P

    Two cards are drawn from a deck without replacement

    Let ##X## be the event that the first draw is a picture card Let ##Y## by the event that the second is a picture card Then the probability that at least one of the cards is a picture card is the probability of ##X## union ##Y## and has the formula Equation 1 ## P\left(X \cup Y \right) = P...
  2. H

    Is Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Flawed Like Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem?

    What is wrong (if anything) with this picture?
  3. Z

    Stargazing Has a Deep Field Picture of the Sky Been Captured with a Radio Telescope?

    Has anyone ever taken a "deep field" picture of the sky, like Hubble, but with a radio telescope?
  4. W

    Shrinking file size for picture (.jpeg)

    Hi, So I submitted a picture , a .jpeg file, and, at 5.7 mb, I was told it's too large, I need to shrink it. Just how do I do that? I doubt I can zip it. Should I save it in a paint program? Any other idea? Edit: I guess it comes down to increasing the compression ratio. Just if it's simple...
  5. K

    My user account picture in windows 11

    I'd like to get the location of this image in my system
  6. A

    I Exploring the Big Picture of QFT

    What is the big picture of QFT? I have studied quantum mechanics from: -Griffiths -the first few chapters of Sakurai -Ballentine I have studied electrodynamics from Griffiths and General Relativity from Carroll I have assigned level I to the question, but any answer is welcome
  7. LittleSchwinger

    A Decoherence in the Heisenberg Picture

    When I'm teaching Advanced QM, I like to include how to describe some processes in the Heisenberg picture (e.g. double slit) so that a student's thinking isn't overly attached to the "dynamics of the quantum state", but they can also understand effects involving operator evolution. This is a...
  8. Z

    Solving for Simple Harmonic Motion: A Picture Problem

    Here is a picture of the problem It is not clear to me how to really prove that the equation for ##\theta(t)## is simple harmonic motion, and what the period of this motion is.
  9. qft-El

    A Heisenberg picture and Path integrals (Zee QFT)

    Reading the introduction to path integrals given in the latest edition of Zee's "Quantum field theory in a nutshell", I have found a remark which I don't really understand. The author is evaluating the free particle propagator ##K(q_f, t; q_i, 0)## $$\langle q_f\lvert e^{-iHt}\lvert q_i...
  10. Omega0

    B Lagrangrian and Hamiltonian mechanics: A historical picture

    Hi, I believe that I have an acceptable level of understanding where SRT, GRT, QM and QFT come from. This is not true for me regarding the "good old stuff". Newton, okay, this is relatively (:wink:) clear to me but do you know something about the historical motivation for Lagrangian and...
  11. Dave Gungan

    I How to interpret this new Keck spectrum picture of Jupiter?

    Last night, on Wednesday, November 9, the KPF team successfully captured a first light spectrum of Jupiter with the next-generation instrument This spectrometer picture of Jupiter has just been taken by the Keck, but I don't understand it. Wiki says Jupter is "89%±2.0% hydrogen" and "10%±2.0%...
  12. R

    What Could the Hidden Math Formula on This Shirt Be?

    Hi. I apologize if this thread is too stupid or if this is the wrong section. I made a drawing a long time ago: This should be "random man", and I bet that in his shirt there is something math/physics-related, maybe a formula. Do you have any idea? I don't remember and nothing comes to mind...
  13. Bruno Cardin

    A Expectation value in Heisenberg picture: creation and annihilation

    So, I have a hamiltonian for screening effect, written like: $$ H=\sum_{k}^{}\epsilon_{k}c_{k}^{\dagger}c_{k}+ \frac{1}{\Omega}\sum_{k,q}^{}V(q,t)c_{k+q}^{\dagger}c_{k} $$ And I have to find an equation for the time evolution of the expected value of the operator ##c_{k-Q}^{\dagger}c_{k}##. I...
  14. pinball1970

    I European Southern Observatory (Event Horizon Project team) – picture of Sgr A*

    This alert regarding an announcement from the European Southern Observatory – announcement 12th May The results are from the Even Horizon Telescope project which was responsible for producing the first-ever image of a black hole in 2019. The video of that announcement is in the link. Worth...
  15. fluidistic

    HD colored picture of Solvay 1927 for poster

    Hey people, I finally lost my job, i.e. I finally have a few minutes to live my life. I have wanted to have a poster in my room of the Solvay 1927 picture in HD and the colored version. From what I've seen on the Internet, there seem to be different pictures of the scene, probably taken a few...
  16. berkeman

    What is wrong with this picture?

    I've been keeping an eye on this for the last week or so, and today I walked across the street from my work building and had my best laugh in a week. What two main problems do you see in this new fence gate construction? The property across from where I work in Silicon Valley is being torn...
  17. karush

    MHB Efficiently Scale Pictures in TikZ with Simple Code | No Quotation Marks

    as you see from %[scale=0.8] I tried to scale the picture but it didn't after removing the % \begin{tikzpicture}%[scale=0.8] [declare function = { tilde_y(\q) = sign(\q)*sqrt(abs(\q) / (1 - (abs(\q)-3)^3));}, pics/coordinates/.style args={(#1,#2),(#3,#4)}{ code={ %\draw[help lines] (#1,#2) grid...
  18. Poetria

    A gradient field (analysing a picture)

    I think it is increasing as you move from one level curve to the other with bigger value. Am I right?
  19. jackiepollock

    How to picture a radial field around a 3d object?

    Hello! First off, for a), I am not too sure how to picture a radial field around a 3d object. I know that this spherical metal dome is basically a enlarged version of an atom, but since with problems on radial field around an atom, I don't have to consider its diameter, I'm not sure how the...
  20. K

    I Atom-photon interactions in the interaction picture (self answered)

    EDIT: I'M SO DUMB! I can't believe I can't multiply matrices together. Of course the result is not zero, the matrix on the left will be: $$ \begin{pmatrix} 0 & e^{i\omega_at/2}\\ e^{-i\omega_at/2}&0 \end{pmatrix} $$ So i was solving problem 3 from...
  21. Haorong Wu

    I Applying Heisenberg picture to density operator

    Suppose that a particle evolves from point A to point B. The state of the particle can be written as $$\rho=\sum \left | m\right >\rho_{mn}\left< n\right | .$$ Because the basis is evolving as the particle travels, I am considering applying the Heisenberg picture to the density operator. Let...
  22. AndreasC

    I Intuitive/classical picture of electron spin g-factor of 2?

    It's been troubling me for a while, is there some kind of intuitive heuristic picture of why the electron spin g-factor is 2? I remembered this question because of the thread about the nature of spin. One of the early models of spin that were proposed was that it represented the electrons...
  23. P

    Interpreting a thermodynamics formula using a picture

    I notice that ##pv=t## looks like the ideal gas law but with ##T## in units of energy. I know that ##pV = \text{constant}## means that the pressure of a gas decreases as you expand it (Boyle-Mariotte's law), explaining for instance how we breathe. I guess I could put everything in words even...
  24. brainbaby

    Troubleshooting my LG plasma TV - no picture display

    Hi friends, Let me brief, long story short.. I am working on an LG plasma TV model 42PQ30R. The fault is no display. The tv is turning on, the blue led is working, however there is no standby (red light), tv automatically going in run mode (i.e blue led) Note: sometimes gets off automatically...
  25. R

    Finding Scalar Curl and Divergence from a Picture of Vector Field

    For divergence: We learned to draw a circle at different locations and to see if gas is expanding/contracting. Whenever the y-coordinate is positive, the gas seems to be expanding, and it's contracting when negative. I find it hard to tell if the gas is expanding or contracting as I go to the...
  26. S

    Do you see any "spirality" in this picture?

    When I look at this picture, the craters seem to have a slight tendency to form rough spirals. (I won't say if they seem to be clockwise or anticlockwise, because I'd like to know what you think -- and I don't want to bias you). So if you feel there is any spirally stuff going on at all, please...
  27. Haorong Wu

    How to calculate an operator in the Heisenberg picture?

    I have some problems when calculating the operators in Heisenberg picture. First, ##\frac {dx} {dt} = \frac {1} {i \hbar} \left [ x, H \right ] = \frac {p} {m}##. Similarly, ##\frac {dp} {dt} = \frac {1} {i \hbar} \left [ p, H \right ] = - m \omega ^ 2 x##. These are coupled equations. I...
  28. Arman777

    I The picture of the Comoving coordinate

    I am trying to understand the picture of the metric in terms of the comoving coordinates but it become really confusing for me beacuse every book uses different notation for the same things. So Let's suppose we have a flat 3D Euclidian Space, we can write the metric as, $$dl^2 = dx^2 + dy^2 +...
  29. jorgerp24601

    Interaction picture of a phonon-electron coupling

    What I have tried to do is to separate the exponential of the unitary transformation operator to the interaction picture into three different Hilbert "subspaces" like: $$e^{i\frac{H_0}{\hbar}t}=e^{i\omega_m \hat{b}^+\hat{b}}\otimes e^{-i\hbar\nu|1><1|} \otimes e^{-i\frac{g}{\omega_m}|e><e|t}$$...
  30. LarryS

    I Quantum Measurement under Heisenberg Picture?

    When a quantum measurement occurs under the Schrodinger picture, the wave function collapses to one of the eigenvectors of the operator-observable and the value measured is the corresponding eigenvalue of that eigenvector. What happens during a quantum measurement under the Heisenberg picture...
  31. hideelo

    A Hawking Radiation: Understanding Complexity in Black Holes

    If we take the perspective that black holes thermalize (reach maximum entropy) in a very short time and then just sit there and grow in complexity, how do we interpret Hawking radiation in this picture? i.e. you can't just have the state of the black hole keep growing in complexity forever...
  32. M

    I Field Renormalization vs. Interaction Picture

    When introducing renormalization of fields, we define the "free Lagrangian" to be the kinetic and mass terms, using the renormalized fields. The remaining kinetic term is treated as an "interaction" counterterm. If we write down the Hamiltonian, the split between "free" and "interaction" terms...
  33. K

    Does someone understand this picture? (Solar heating)

    Homework Statement:: I'm working with solar heating systems, and my teacher added this picture to his PowerPoint. But I don't understand the picture. Could someone help me? Homework Equations:: The only thing I understand is that ##I_0## is the energy from the sun. But the other arrows confuse...
  34. Luminescent

    What elements account for these absorption lines seen?

  35. J

    I Understanding the Absence of Rabi Oscillations in the Interaction Picture

    When working on the interaction picture you can show that in a certain rotating frame the Hamiltonian of a 2-level system (for example) becomes uncoupled. This implies that in such frame there are no Rabi oscillations or other dynamical phenomena, this seems weird to me and I would like to know...
  36. binbagsss

    A Kubo Formula Deriviation - interaction picture, complete eigenbasis

    Hi I'm looking at David Tong notes on QHE http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/qhe/two.pdf (page 56), I've attached the relevant screenshot below also. I understand we are working in the interaction picture whereby states evolve via the Unitary Operataor EQ 2.10 in the notes(I think this is...
  37. kepherax

    Moment of Inertia of a Rectangular Picture Frame

    https://www.physicsforums.com/attachments/250905 I know the answer, but am not certain how they got Lsin(angle) for R?
  38. K

    Write an expression w1 of the angle shown in the first picture

    A bicycle wheel rolls at a constant speed along a circular path on a horizontal surface. The wheel has a constant angle of inclination to the vertical direction and the distance from its center of mass G to the fixed Z axis is R. Determine the relationship between the angular velocity w1 around...
  39. George Keeling

    I Have I got the right picture for cosmological redshift?

    Summary: I have a question on cosmological redshift which I have just learned about from Sean Carroll. After calculating it for an expanding universe he does a thought experiment to show that it is different to Doppler redshift which would be detected if two galaxies were flying away from each...
  40. Wrichik Basu

    B From where did the ##ie\gamma## come into the picture? (QED)

    While reading the electromagnetic vertex function at one loop, the authors of the book I am reading, wrote down the following vertex function: corresponding to this Feynman diagram: The superscript in ##\Gamma## is the number of loops being considered. My problem is with the equation. I...
  41. opus

    LaTeX Help in LaTeX- Continuing text after embedding a picture

    As you can see in my attached picture, I am trying to continue on with my text after my embedded image, but it is putting the text still before the image. I'm not sure why it's doing this because I am writing the text after the \end{figure} command. Any ideas?
  42. F

    I Interpretation of QM in the Heisenberg Picture

    This is in reference to a question, never fully resolved, posed here: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/interpretation-of-the-heisenberg-picture-in-qm.816449/ The von Neumann postulates for Quantum Theory - Evolution (Schrödinger's equation) and Projection (Born's rule) are always framed...
  43. A

    I Can I use the Schrodinger picture when the Hamiltonian is time-dependent?

    In the Schrodinger picture, the operators don't change with the time, but the states do. So, what happen if my hamiltonian depend on time? Should I use the others pictures in these cases?
  44. jim mcnamara

    B Wow. Great picture of exoplanet HR8799e - 129Ly distant

    By the GRAVITY team -
  45. Haorong Wu

    The position and momentum operators for a free particle in Heisenberg picture

    Homework Statement From Griffiths GM 3rd p.266 Consider a free particle of mass ##m##. Show that the position and momentum operators in the Heisenberg picture are given by$$ {\hat x}_H \left( t \right) ={\hat x}_H \left( 0 \right) + \frac { {\hat p}_H \left( 0 \right) t} m $$ $$ {\hat p}_H...
  46. H

    I Symmetry transformation in Heisenberg vs Schrödinger Picture

    Symmetry transformations are changes in our point of view that preserve the possible outcomes of experiment: $$\Psi \rightarrow U(\Lambda) \Psi$$ In the Heisenberg picture, observables in a fixed reference frame evolve according to: $$P(t) = U^\dagger (t)PU(t)$$ while in the Schrodinger...
  47. S

    Static equilibrium -- A picture hanging on a wall

    Homework Statement https://imgur.com/v13K6sE a uniform rod of mass m is placed as shown, with one of its end resting on a smooth wall while 1/4 of the rod's length is sticking out of a rough table. Find the net force the table exert on the rod at the corner. Homework Equations i drew the free...
  48. MasterJgon

    Flying saucer. Picture, project of a spacecraft

    Principle, scheme, images of a flying saucer. Reusable spaceship of the future. Spaceship with a solar sail.
  49. Michael Santos

    What is the difference quotient of ln (x^3 -5)? Picture provided....

    Mentor note: Thread moved from technical math section, so is missing the homework template .[ATTACH=full]234622[/ATTACH]
  50. wolram

    B Picture of the Day: Gas Swirling Around a Black Hole

    I thought this picture of gas swirling into or around a black hole could be up for picture of the day. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181031080621.htm
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