Positive liberty is the possession of the capacity to act upon one's free will, as opposed to negative liberty, which is freedom from external restraint on one's actions. A concept of positive liberty may also include freedom from internal constraints.The concepts of structure and agency are central to the concept of positive liberty because in order to be free, a person should be free from inhibitions of the social structure in carrying out their free will. Structurally, classism, sexism, ageism, ableism and racism can inhibit a person's freedom. As positive liberty is primarily concerned with the possession of sociological agency, it is enhanced by the ability of citizens to participate in government and have their voices, interests, and concerns recognized and acted upon.
Isaiah Berlin's essay "Two Concepts of Liberty" (1958) is typically acknowledged as the first to explicitly draw the distinction between positive and negative liberty.
Homework Statement
The handle of a hydraulic jack is 15 cm long and is pivoted 2.5 cm from the input piston which has a radius of 0.60 cm. The output piston has a radius of 1.2 cm. What weight could be lifted by the jack if the person pushing on the handle is to exert no more than 110 N of...
Homework Statement
I don't know when the work of a spring is negative, and when it's positive... When is the work of a spring negative and when is it positive?
Homework Equations
Wsp= -(1/2)(k)(xf2-xi2)
The Attempt at a Solution
I can get Wsp to be positive when the spring is...
Homework Statement
Consider a particle (which mass is m) and the following unidimensional potential:
V(x)=\begin{cases}+\infty & x<0\\ -V_0 & 0<x<a\\0 & x>a \end{cases}
Let E be positive. Find the spatial autofunction.
Homework Equations
I'm convinced that I have to use...
If C = A +B where A,B are both p.d, than C is p.d and its eigenvalues are positive.
Waht can you say about the relationship between the eigenvalues of C, and A,B ?
Thanks.
well this is the question... if a,m and n are positive integers with m<n, then (a^(2^m)+1) is a divisor of (a^(2^n)-1)... I started using induction and it works for the first step... but for the second one i do not know if i can make induction on m... any hint would help.. thanks :)
Homework Statement
http://img41.imageshack.us/i/photolu.jpg/
Homework Equations
Right Hand Rule
The Attempt at a Solution
I have to find the moments at B. I know I have to use the right hand rule to figure out which force has a positive and which force has a negative action...
The positive powers of 2 mod 5^m cycle with period 4*5^(m-1), which you can prove by showing that 2 is a primitive root mod powers of 5. I want to prove that the positive powers of two, mod 10^m, also cycle with this same period. How do I go from this powers of 5 result to powers of 10...
Let P and Q be Hermitian positive definite matrices.
We prove that x*Px < or eq. x*Qx, for all x in C^n (C : complex numbers) if and only if x*Q^-1 x < or eq. x*P^-1 x for all x in C^n.
I guess I should use the definition of a hermitian positive definite matrix being
x*Px > 0 , for all x in...
I was under the impression that energy had to be positive. Yet it seems we are still forced to use negative energies since we set the potential to be 0 at an infinite distance away. And the only reason we don't set the potential energy to zero at the origin of the source is because there is a...
Homework Statement
My prof showed us the proof that sqrt2 is not a rational number. She said, however, that we haven't proved that it is irrational, because we haven't proved that sqrt2 exists. How would we go about proving this?
Homework Equations
N/A
The Attempt at a Solution...
A cat rubs against a pair of rubber boots. What charge is found on both? Explain.
Is all rubber non conductive or would I say the cat has a negative charge and the boots a positive charge? Thank you.
I'm studying for a test.
In doing one of the old tests and it had a question that I couldn't do.
Let T: Rn \rightarrow Rn be an operator on Rn,
where n is an odd positive integer. How do I prove T has at least one eigenvector in Rn
Homework Statement
A motion detector is placed on the top of a ramp sloping down. A cart is placed at the other end of the ramp (bottom of the ramp). The cart is pushed up the ramp towards the motion detector (top of ramp), and stopped at it's highest point. Homework Equations
1. Is the object...
In free-fall acceleration, how do I figure when "g" is positive or negative?
Homework Statement
My textbook is confusing me a bit. In general, when would "g" be positive and when would be negative? I thought it was when the particle was falling downward, it was positive and when it's going...
Homework Statement
Imagine a positive point charge on the left side of the picture and an area defined by a loop on the right. I was asked to draw and label the area vector and sketch the electric field lines due to the point charge, which I did. The next questions asks:
Is the electric...
Homework Statement
Suppose that T is a positive operator on V. Prove that T is invertible
if and only if <Tv,v > is >0 for every v ∈ V \ {0}.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
If T is invertible, then TT-1=I.Now let v=v1+...+vn and let Tv=a1v1+...+anvn. Now <Tv...
positive operator proof
Homework Statement
Prove that if T ∈ L(V) is positive, then so is Tk for every positive
integer k.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Let v=b1v1+...+bnvn. Now since T is positive, T has a positive square root. T=S^2. <S^2v, v>=<S^2v1...
When a child does something favourable in the eyes of his parents, even something insignificant, and gets heaped with praise it gives me the creeps. I know that it's a useful educational tool but when every small action is rewarded it seems sort of like brainwashing. The kid is doing things to...
Homework Statement
Prove that the sum of any two positive operators on V is positive.Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
This problem seems pretty simple. But I could be wrong. Should I name two
positive operators T and X such that T=SS* and X=AA*? I have a bad
history of seeing a...
Please find an upper bound for P(X>=10) using Markov's and Chebyshev's
Please state which is which. I'm not very good at stats and this is a homework problem :P
Thanks!
Homework Statement
Find a formula fo the sum of the fourth powers of the first n positive integers
n
∑ i^4
(i=1)
Justify your work using mathematical induction
Homework Equations
so i know the formula for the sum of the cubes of the first n positive integers
k=n+1
∑...
Hi everyone in this sub forum,
I'm wondering if the following 'rule' (theorem?) is correct:
For a hermitian Positive Semidefinite (PSD) matrix A=(a_{ij}),
\max_{i,j\le n} |a_{ij}|=\max_{i\le n}a_{ii}.
The reason for this intuition (It may be a well known result, I'm very sorry in this...
Hello,
I've been quite avidly reading about one of the spectacular recent joint achievements of physics and pure math. The positive energy theorem [1,2,3] concerns the large-distance asymptotic behaviour of the gravitational field due to a localised distribution of mass-energy. I think I...
Calc. Angle between radius vector point and positive x axis? What does that mean?
Homework Statement
The cartesian coordinates of a point in the xy
plane are x = −8.96 m, y = −1.75 m.
Calculate the angle between the radius-
vector of the point and the positive x axis
(measured...
Hi everyone
The Hamiltonian of the Klein Gordon field can be written as
H = \frac{1}{2}\int d^{3}E_p \left[a^{\dagger}(p)a(p) + a(p)a^{\dagger}(p)\right]
and we have
[H,a(p')] = -E_{p'}a(p')
[H,a(p')] = +E_{p'}a^{\dagger}(p')
The book I'm reading states that
What does this mean?
Thanks.
IT IS A POLL!
I would like to learn if you've ever heard of the positive charge atomic form-factor before my asking this question. The positive charge atomic form-factor fnn'(q) stands at the nucleus charge Z and describes the positive charge cloud in atoms for elastic scattering at large...
Homework Statement
Let R be a ring and suppose there exists a positive even integer n such that x^n = x for
every x in R. Show that -x = x for every x in R.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I solved the case where n = 2.
Let x be in R.
(x+x)^2= x+x = 2x...
Hi everyone,
I know that for a matrix to be Positive semi-definite (A>=0) (PSD), the elements on the principle diagonal (upper left corner to right bottom corner) must be non-negative (i.e., d_ii>=0).
But I wonder if there exists any condition to be satisfied by the elements on the secondary...
Firstly, I don't get why the at term on the exponential turned positive (red arrow).. can someone explain that please?
And how do I start on this? How do I split it up such that I can do it for t>0 and t=<0?
Do I just integrate e^2t between -inf and 0 and integrate e^-t...
How do we show the one point compactification of the positive integers is homeomorphic to the set K={0} U {1/n : n is a positive integer}?
Say Y is the one point compactification of the positive integers. I know Y must contain Z+ and Y\Z+ is a single point. Also Y is a compact Hausdorff...
How does one integrate
\int_0^\infty e^{-\beta x^2}\cos{(bx)} dx
for positive beta and real b ?
I was thinking maybe differentiation under the integral sign would do the trick, but I can't get anywhere.
Lets say you have a battery and connect wires to each of the terminals. Now you bring both of the wires together to create a spark. Is the spark jumping from positive to negative (current) or from negative to positive (electron flow). Thanks!
work done by spring forces -- positive or negative
I have gotten the sign wrong on every single spring force-related problem. I'm pretty sure I'm working out the problems correctly, but the answer turns out to be negative when I have it positive, or positive when I have it negative. Of...
Homework Statement
How many 4-permutations of the positive integers not exceeding 100 contain three consecutive integers k, k+1, k+2, in the correct order:
a) where these consecutive integers can perhaps be separated by other integers in the permutation?
b) where they are in...
N is a seven digit base-8 positive integer having the form ABCDEFG that uses each of the nonzero base-8 digits 1 to 7 exactly once, and satisfies these conditions:
(i) ABCDEFG is divisible by 7.
(ii) ABCDEF is divisible by 6.
(iii) ABCDE divisible by 5.
(iv) ABCD is divisible by 4.
(v)...
Hi,
Apologies for the trivialness of the question, but I'm not so great at this. I was wondering why the square root of a real number is positive. Why is sqrt(9) = 3, and not -3 as well, since (-3)² would give 9. Is it just a condition you set, that the function values must be positive? At...
Homework Statement
The curve y^2-3xy+2x^2=4 is a hyperbola with axes rotated from the standard position. Use Newton's Method to find the positive x-value to four decimal places for the point on the hyperbola where y=1.
Homework Equations
Newton's Method
The Attempt at a Solution...
How do you make positive ions? I found a kit device that is made of a bunch of capacitors and diodes that's supposed to make negative ions (it says to reverse the diodes to make positive ions) how does this work? Wikipedia and HowStuffWorks weren't much help. Wikipedia explained what diodes...
Homework Statement
Let H be an inner product space.
Let T:H->H be a linear, self adjoint, positive definite operator.
Fix h in H and let g = T(h) / square root (1 + (T(h),h)). for h in H
Show that the operator S:H->H defined by S(v) = T(v) - (v,g)g for v in H is positive definite...
Homework Statement
There exists y > 0 such that [y^{2} = x if and only if x > 0].
This means that "there is some positive number whose square equals all positive
numbers." - St. John College, Oxford
The Attempt at a Solution
I am not sure about this statement "- - some positive number whose...
1.
Given that |\langle f|g\rangle|^2 \leqslant \langle f|f\rangle\langle g|g\rangle
prove that |\langle f|H|g\rangle|^2 \leqslant \langle f|H|f\rangle \langle g|H|g\rangle
where H is a Hermitian and positive definite operator.
[b]3. I tried to identify H|g\rangle as a state and put...
Homework Statement
Let A be a real symmetric positive definite matrix. Show that |aij|<(aii+ajj)/2 for i not equal to j.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I really don't even know where to start with this. I think that aii and ajj must both be > 0 since they are on the...
Homework Statement
In a fluorescent tube of diameter 3 cm, 10 *1018 electrons and 2.5 * 1018 positive ions (with a charge of +e) flow through a cross-sectional area each second. What is the current in the tube?
Homework Equations
Current is I = (delta Q)/(deta T)
The Attempt at...
Does the positive electrode of a Daniel cell (the Copper electrode) actually have a net positive charge when the electrodes are not connected by a conducting material such as a wire? If not, does it have a net charge at all and how does this charge compare to the negative terminal?
Finally...