Scattering is a term used in physics to describe a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, is forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergo scattering are often called diffuse reflections and unscattered reflections are called specular (mirror-like) reflections. Originally, the term was confined to light scattering (going back at least as far as Isaac Newton in the 17th century). As more "ray"-like phenomena were discovered, the idea of scattering was extended to them, so that William Herschel could refer to the scattering of "heat rays" (not then recognized as electromagnetic in nature) in 1800. John Tyndall, a pioneer in light scattering research, noted the connection between light scattering and acoustic scattering in the 1870s. Near the end of the 19th century, the scattering of cathode rays (electron beams) and X-rays was observed and discussed. With the discovery of subatomic particles (e.g. Ernest Rutherford in 1911) and the development of quantum theory in the 20th century, the sense of the term became broader as it was recognized that the same mathematical frameworks used in light scattering could be applied to many other phenomena.
Scattering thus refers to particle-particle collisions between molecules, atoms, electrons, photons and other particles. Examples include: cosmic ray scattering in the Earth's upper atmosphere; particle collisions inside particle accelerators; electron scattering by gas atoms in fluorescent lamps; and neutron scattering inside nuclear reactors.The types of non-uniformities which can cause scattering, sometimes known as scatterers or scattering centers, are too numerous to list, but a small sample includes particles, bubbles, droplets, density fluctuations in fluids, crystallites in polycrystalline solids, defects in monocrystalline solids, surface roughness, cells in organisms, and textile fibers in clothing. The effects of such features on the path of almost any type of propagating wave or moving particle can be described in the framework of scattering theory.
Some areas where scattering and scattering theory are significant include radar sensing, medical ultrasound, semiconductor wafer inspection, polymerization process monitoring, acoustic tiling, free-space communications and computer-generated imagery. Particle-particle scattering theory is important in areas such as particle physics, atomic, molecular, and optical physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics. In Particle Physics the quantum interaction and scattering of fundamental particles is described by the Scattering Matrix or S-Matrix, introduced and developed by John Archibald Wheeler and Werner Heisenberg.Scattering is quantified using many different concepts, including scattering cross section (σ), attenuation coefficients, the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF), S-matrices, and mean free path.
Homework Statement
To study the structure of the lead nucleus, electrons are fired at a lead target. Some of the electrons actually enter the nuclei of the target, and the deflection of these electrons is measured. The deflection is caused by the charge of the nucleus, which is distributed...
Hallo
I don't understand why I can't use
Δλ = λ'- λ = h/(m·c) · ( 1 - cos φ )
and ΔE = h · c / Δλ
for getting the energy ΔE which is transferred to the electron
In school we did it like this: 1/f'- 1/f = h/(m·c) · ( 1 - cos φ )
<-> E' = hf' = hf/(1 + hf(1 - cos φ )/(mc^2))...
I am asked to find the maximum KE value of the recoiling electron involved in a Compton scattering situation.
Obviously, the maximum final Kinetic Energy of the electron would result when as much momentum as possible is imparted on the electron as a result of the collision.
If the incident...
What equipment Compton used to measure the wavelenght shift in your experiment ? Some links talk about the use of bragg spectrometer others about the use of ionization chambers.
In this link have some illustrations of spectras resultants of Compton experiments...
For my diploma thesis I must provide a calculation that reproduces the
results given on page 46 of the paper hep-ph/0309342 . For those who do
not want to look it up, I briefly explain what it is about: It concerns
the two-body scattering processes
(1) N + V => L + H,
(2) N + L => V + H,
(3) N...
Hey all,
I am currently revising for my Physics mock but i can't get my head around high energy electron scattering, and the proof this provides for the size of the nucleus.
I have read from a variety of texts and some of the links on here but these have lead me to become even more...
Homework Statement
The energy E and momentum P of a relativistic electron and energy ε and momentum p of a photon are related by:
E^2 - P^2c^2 = m_{e}^2c^4 and \epsilon = pc
let E_{i}, P_{i} and E_{f}, P_{f} denote the inital and final energies and momenta of the electron, and let...
Homework Statement
Which of the following forces is responsible for the scattering of an alpha particle by a gold atom in the Geiger-Marsden experiment?
A. electrostatic force between the alpha particle and the electrons of the gold atom
B. Electrostatic force between the alpha...
A scattering of light particles from a heavy stationary particles, the momentum of the light particles change direction after scattering, and we could use Born approximations.
We also take that the initial momentum and the final momentum has the same magnitude.
But how could it be when total...
How can I compute the differential scattering cross section \sigma (\theta) d \theta for scattering in the central potential
V(r) = \frac{k}{r^2}
using classical mechanics?
I was asked question: "Why in case of photoelectric effect electrons closer to the atom are ejected and in case of Compton effect electrons in the outer shells are emitted from nucleus by x-ray photon?".
Well I know that this topic is very deep and one has to carefully select words to explain...
i am going to write a report about photon scattering, and i still do not familiar about the concept of how many embranchment of it i have to write about, if anyone can tell me any information about it that could be great help to me,then i appreciate to the people who help me here!
Lead nucleus has charge = +82e
and raadius R = 7.10*10^(-15) m
permittivity of free space = 8.85*10^(-12) C^2/Nm^2
magnitude of charge on electron e = 1.60*10^(-19) C
mass of electron = 9.11*10^(-31) kg
find the acceleration 4R from the center of the lead nucleus.
how do i do this...
Hi everyone, could anyone give me a hint on Goldstein derivation 3.4? Starting from
\theta = \pi - 2 \int_{r_{m}}^{\infty} \frac{s / r^{2} dr}{\sqrt{1 - V(r)/E - s^{2}/r^{2}}}
they do a change of variables to get
\theta = \pi - 4 s \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\rho d\rho}{\sqrt{r_{m}^{2} (1...
http://img168.imageshack.us/my.php?image=fundn7.png
d(chi)/dt =l/(mr^2), I don't see how to get there
if you use the definition of angular momentum, you get l=r x mv(vectors where appropriate)
so you can write v as v=dr/dt*r + rdx/dt*x where x is the symbol chi(close enough)and that r...
hi,
in neutron scattering, if the lowest kinetic energy of a neutron is increased by a factor of 2, how do you work out the number of peaks produced?
I have worked out the lowest kinetic energy for a beta-brass CuZn to be 2.37meV using
[tex]E=\frac{\hbar^{2}k^{2}}{2m}[\tex] where...
How do you use a beam current in rutherford scattering? Is it related to the intensity? All the book's questions and reading talks about is intensity, briefly, but the teacher's giving beam current.
Thanks!
There is a good review article on inelastic neutron scattering experiments and results on hole-doped cuprate superconductors. One of the authors (Tranquada) was the first person to report experimentally on the possible existence of the stripe phase in such a compound using the same technique...
Im not too clear on how the scattering process may be used to probe the excitaion structure of the nucleus.
Can anyone explain this to me or direct me to somewhere in which i can read about it?
Cheers
How do I find the endpoint energy for photons when an .75 MeV electron beams stops inside a tungsten target? I just don't understand how to solve it without the scattering angle.:confused:
if the compton wavelength shift is in scattering an electron is 0.29 pico-m, what is the photon scattering angle? (you make take T=600K)
I don't know why I was told the that T=600K?
\Delta \lambda= \frac{h}{mc} (1-cos\theta)
\frac{h}{mc}=0.00243 nm
0.119341564=1-cos\theta...
I'm working on a problem in which I'm asked to find the ratio of alpha particles scattering at any angle (assuming equal numbers of scattering nuclei per unit area)
now I realize that nt = scattering nuclie per unit area. Does this mean that the above restriction sets nt to 1? Wondering...
I'm working out a problem from a text concerning the scattering of monochromatic light by free electrons (Compton effect) which asks me to derive expressions for the wavelength shift, electron momentum, and electron scattering angle in terms of the photon scattering angle assuming that the...
Just a quick question here. On page 43 of this link
http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics4/2004-5/P4H_SSPI_complete.pdf
Why is the distance AP = k/|k|.r and similarly for OB :confused: :confused:
An alpha particle approaches a Au (gold) nucleus with atomic mass number 197 with a speed of 1.5*10^7 m/s. The alpha particle is then scattered 49 degrees from the horizontal at the slower speed of 1.47*10^7 m/s.
In what direction does the Au nucleus recoil below the x-axis (the horizontal)...
Suppose you have an unknown atom and you shoot an alpha particle at it in a nebula chamber. Then you measure the scattering angles of the alpha particle and the atom. You see they scatter in perpendicular directions. The problem is now to determine the mass of the unknown atom.
The first...
i'm interested in physics, but i don't major in it...
i look at physics in my free time, and i just came across the rutherford scattering formula and was wondering is it necessary to memorize it?
If a beam of electrons pass through a plane where the potental energy abruptly increases but not enough to classically stop the electrons, some of the beam will reflect. Was this affect, or anything like it, ever observed before it was explained by the wave model?
Hi all,
we're looking at scattering theory in the QM course right now, and I've got a question concerning the approximative ways of calculating the phase shift \delta_l of the partial waves in the partial wave expansion of the scattered wave.
One way (the semi-classical) to calculate it is...
Could anyone tell me what the difference between Q-spacing Bragg-spacing D-spacing and repeat distance is? I've always thought that they were same, but seemingly not? What is the realtionship, what is Q?
Its keeping me up at night!
Electron scattering question...
This question is from an 'A' level exam paper from June 2003:
-----------------------------
Here are some facts about the scattering of a beam of high energy electrons from a sample of Protons:
A - most of the electrons in...
If the maxmimum energy imparted to an electron in Compton scattering is 45 keV what is the wavelength of the incident photon?
So a compton scattering happens and the energy is 45 keV and I need to find the wavelength of the photon incident to this electron. I think I need to use
Lambda =...
http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/gr-qc/pdf/0502/0502036.pdf
Particle scattering in loop quantum gravity
Leonardo Modesto and Carlo Rovelli
Centre de Physique Th´eorique de Luminy, Universit´e de la M´editerran´ee, F-13288 Marseille, EU
(February 9, 2005)
We devise a technique for defining and...
How is the angle determined in volume scattering function in water for a lidar application?
The volume scattering function(VSF) for water is given by,
VSF(teta) = A(lambda, S)*(1-cos power 2of teta(1-delta)/(1+delta))
where teta is the direction of scatterred radiation...
For some reason I don't feel like I was given all of the information on this question:
A proton at rest is struck by a photon in a Compton collision. If the recoil kinetic energy of the proton is 4.5 MeV, what is the minimum energy of the incident photon (in MeV)? (Take the mass of the proton...
A) While reproducing the Rutherford scattering experiment in an advanced laboratory class, a student uses a gold foil with thickness 16.7 nm. The radioactive source emits a particles at 10.50 MeV, and the detector is placed at 24.5 cm from the target foil. What fraction of the a particles is...
new today
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0502036
Particle scattering in loop quantum gravity
Leonardo Modesto, Carlo Rovelli
4 pages
"We devise a technique for defining and computing n-point functions in the context of a background-independent gravitational quantum field theory. We...
Calculate the Rutherford cross section for a 10 MeV alpha particle scattered at firstly an angle greater than 90 degrees and secondly for an angle greater than 10 degrees.
What does the relative magnitudes tell you in relation to the probabilities of the momentum transfer at large and small...
Hi everyone,
Have anyone ever seen a paper on "Depolarization and Scattering of Electromagnetic Wave form Moving Surface with Roughness" or something relevant?
I'll be thanks if give me a reference.
Cheers
has anyone investigated the three-d scattering of numbers?
FYI:
for any base
take the symbols that represent the numbers
arrange them in a rectangular or square grid
from a starting point, follow them in a square, rectangle, or diamond until you construct a number of 2n digits...
What is the differential cross section for photo-electric effect? Is there a paper that explains this in more detail?
Thanks in advance for any responses!
Elastic Collision -- Scattering
Before I ask my question, here's the problem in full,
"A proton of mass mp, with initial velocity v0 collides with a helium atom, mass 4mp, that is initially at rest. If the proton leaves the point of impact at an angle of 45 degrees with its original line of...
Any ideas how to do this question ?
In a Compton type experiment X-rays scattered through 90 degrees suffered one percent reduction in energy.What was the incident energy of the X-rays ? You can assume that the electron coiled non-relativistically.
Any help would be really appreciated ...
Okay, so the question is an electron of energy 100 MeV collides with a photon of wavelength 3x10^(-3) m (ie: the CMB). What is the maximum energy loss of the electron?
After doing a few derivations for formulae, I came up with this one at work...could someone please let me know if there is...