Solid-state electronics means semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment using semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). The term is also used for devices in which semiconductor electronics which have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay, or the solid-state drive (SSD) a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives, which store data on a rotating disk.The term "solid state" became popular in the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology based on the transistor, in which the electronic action of devices occurred in a solid state, from previous electronic equipment that used vacuum tubes, in which the electronic action occurred in a gaseous state. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon, while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling current conducted by a gas of particles, electrons or ions, moving in a vacuum within a sealed tube.
Although the first solid state electronic device was the cat's whisker detector, a crude semiconductor diode invented around 1904, solid state electronics really started with the invention of the transistor in 1947. The transistor was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Laboratories in 1947. Before that, all electronic equipment used vacuum tubes, because vacuum tubes were the only electronic components that could amplify—an essential capability in all electronics.
The replacement of bulky, fragile, energy-hungry vacuum tubes by transistors in the 1960s and 1970s created a revolution not just in technology but in people's habits, making possible the first truly portable consumer electronics such as the transistor radio, cassette tape player, walkie-talkie and quartz watch, as well as the first practical computers and mobile phones. Other examples of solid state electronic devices are the microprocessor chip, LED lamp, solar cell, charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor used in cameras, and semiconductor laser.
Homework Statement
Investigate electronic bands in one-dimensional crystal in weak potential $$V(x)=\sum _n V_0(H(x-na)-H(x-na-a/3))$$ if ##H(x)## is Heaviside Theta function.
a) Determine primitive cell, reciprocal mesh and first Brillouin zone.
b) Calculate the difference between energy...
Homework Statement
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ZnS crystalizes in the B3 type structure with the space group is F¯43m. This structure is shown below and can be regarded as the bi-atomic form of the diamond lattice (F d¯3m). Upon applying a force along the [1,1,1] direction, the crystal might experience a change in...
To my understanding, QED is about electromagnetic interaction, and in a solid system, the interaction is only electromagnetic
So why there are stills lots of research in solid state physics ? Is there something not explained by QED ?
Hi, thank you for your help in advance.
I have a circuit configured as shown in this image. I got this arrangement from an earlier thread.
An arduino controls a DC solid state relay, and it works fine when my load is a simple LED. The arduino is controlling through a digital output header and...
Homework Statement
For some applications it is important to minimize the temperature dependence of electronic components. For example, there is a special alloy called constantan that can be used for temperature independent resistance elements. Do you expect constantan to have a high or low...
Homework Statement
A think film of ErAs(rock salt structure, a=0.574nm) is grown on top of a thick GaAs (Zn-blend structure, a=0.565nm) substrate. The substrate orientation and the film growth direction are both <001>. For very thin films, the ErAs is tetragonally distorted such that its...
Hi there,
I am new to electron theory, and have a question regarding fermi energy. The book I am reading plots the Fermi energy distribuiton function vs Energy for T=0 ( upper right graph in pcture) and for T not equal to zero. The book says that, when T does not equal zero, the decrease in the...
Homework Statement
https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpf1/v/t1.0-9/10980752_10204928958360361_5256945004598578166_n.jpg?oh=7fd9defb14be9a9befa0cf5032def429&oe=55576A2C&__gda__=1431534931_425423ae11039486a001b049726e1b11
Homework Equations
Charles Kittel's book on Solid State...
Can anyone please recommend sources for questions and problems with soultions related to Solid State Physics I course.
For all range of topics from crystal structures up to semiconductors introduction (by Kittel).
Thank you.
Hi. I plan on being an exchange student at Berkeley next year. I cannot find any course description for this course, I only find the description for 141A+141B: http://general-catalog.berkeley.edu/catalog/gcc_list_crse_req?p_dept_name=Physics&p_dept_cd=PHYSICS
141A. Solid State Physics. (4)...
I would like to know what is the difference between a solid state physicist and a materials engineer. I mean, do they end up doing the same kind of job or research? If they both have the same purpose, how can they do it having different backgrounds? Which preparation is better for the purpose?
My goal is to use a single signal to do two things at the same time...when DC signal is applied turn transistor1 off and turn transistor2 on. Then when signal is not applied transistor1 returns to on and transistor2 returns to off. Frequency will be no more than 60Hz.
What would this circuit...
(This though came up while learning about band structure, so that is how I am going to explain it, but I think it applies equally well to a square well, for example).
Say you have an electron at the Fermi level of an insulator. Then, you apply an electric field. No current flows, because all...
Hey,
I'm having some trouble understanding why the energy changes here between the blue and red paths (see attached image), it's representing state of an electron in a square lattice crystal. Like mathematically I can see it because obviously plug and chugging the different values k in E(k)...
Hi,
I would need a huge amount of assignments in solid state physics with solutions.
I found assignement from other universities. Any book reference?
Thank you
My tutor asked us today to consider the partition function of the following model as an aside to our topic at the moment.
I went to work out the maths of it today and I'm quite stuck for how the calculation can proceed.
It's a 1d closed chain with some number, n, points. Each point has some...
What are some recommended resources with good problems (and preferably solutions as well) on Solid State Physics at the level of Kittel? I'm aware of Yung-Kuo Lim's "Problems and Solutions on Solid State Physics, Relativity and Miscellaneous Topics" which has graduate qualifying exam questions...
Hi I was recently picked up solid state theory by Walter A. Harrison. I was wondering if anyone happened to have a solution set to this book as the publisher site does not have one up. Harrison has solution sets for other books up on the publisher's site so I feel like this one should be out...
Homework Statement
Hi all,
I have been given the task of quantifying the energy resolution of a p-i-n semi-conductor x-ray detector and present it as a value in electron volts
Homework Equations
%Resolution=E FWHM / Ei
Where E FWHM is the full width half maximum of a peak and Ei is the...
As we know that in a metal-semiconductor junction schottky barrier arise. My question is that this is generally represented as sudden discontinuous jump in energies of conduction band on either side. But this will mean that the electric field at that point is infinite since electric field is...
Homework Statement
Hi everyone, I am trying to construct qualitative band diagrams and I think I have confused myself. I am not sure on how to figure out what the electron configurations are of the orbitals when k=0. I get that at k=π/2 it is the opposite state but I can't seem to figure out...
hi
can anyone help me to get complete lecture notes of a many body course which is taught according the book of "many body theory of solids" by John C.Inkson, please?
Forgive me for asking this question if the answer is obvious. The truth is I have a BENG in electrical engineering and want to know the differences between the two.
From an engineer's perspective its about knowing what you can do with the devices in a useful way and design, analyze and build the...
I am interested in ultrafast optical spectroscopy of solid state materials. The unique measurements and especially the process of developing new measurement tools for the optical measurement of quantities that are hard to measure in other ways, and the learning of transferrable skills, make this...
I am an undergrad and for the most part I am looking for a good physics class to take. I am considering taking solid state physics at the level of Kittel as its one of the only physics classes offered at the undergrad level this semester that I haven't taken. I haven't taken quantum mechanics...
Hi Everyone,
I was curious as to what the most current model in solid state physics is. I've studied the Einstein and Debye Models in Stat Mech, as well as free electron and tight binding models in an intro solid state class, but these models are rather old(which does not imply they are...
Homework Statement
The titleHomework Equations
NahThe Attempt at a Solution
It has no free moving ions or electrons
Then, my teacher saw the electrons and gave 0 marks to the question(It was on the test paper)
He said that if he didn't see electrons there, he would have given a mark.
Why? I...
So, the igbt bridge system i have going is a 600 volt 300 amp full bridge of cm300 igbt's and i was wondering if a .660uf tank capacitor is too big for my system. The mmc is made out of 2000 volt 1uf capacitors, 2 strings of 3 in series. Thank you.
hello everyone,
i am looking for a comprehensive link for the topic above as i want to do some research on various applications of x-rays in solid state physics.
its a personal research but i have some materials but i still feel i need a whole lot more.
Any form of help would be appreciated...
Homework Statement
In Kittel's 'Introduction to solid state physics' (8th ed.), on page 167, it says "The wave functions at the Brillouin zone boundary ##k=\pi/a## are ##\sqrt{2} cos (\pi x/a)## and ##\sqrt{2} sin(\pi x/a)##, normalized over unit length of line."
Here I cannot understand...
Homework Statement
How to derive equation (22) on page 31 of Kittel's Intro to Solid State Physics 8th edition.
The equation is: 2\vec{k}\cdot\vec{G}+G^2=0
Homework Equations
The diffraction condition is given by \Delta\vec{k}=\vec{G} which from what I can surmise is the starting...
Homework Statement
Silver has a density of 10.5E3 kg/m3 and a resistivity of 1.6E-8 Ω*m at room temperature. On the basis of the classical free electron gas model, and assuming that each silver atom contributes one electron to the electron gas, calculate the average time, Tau, between...
Homework Statement
The atomic mass of Niquel is 58.7 amu (atomic mass unit), and it's density (at 90ºC) is 8.86 g/cm³.
(a) Find the distance from one atom to the closest one from him.Homework Equations
1 amu = 1.66053*19⁻²⁷
The Attempt at a Solution
I started by finding the number of atoms...
I have the following homework question I am working on.
I am given three scattering angles: 42.8, 73.2, 89. (in degrees) without the wavelength of the light used. I am to show that these are consistent with a diamond lattice.
I started with Laue's Law: delta(k) = G and according to the...
The way I understand plasma is that is almost a gas except some of the electrons of separated from the nuclei entirely making positively charged. Is there a temperature in which Iron is by definition a gas, and not a plasma?
Also, can something like a noble gas become a solid?
Homework Statement
NaCl (a0 = 5.64A° ), NaBr (a0 = 5.98A° ) and KCl (a0 = 6.30A° ) all have the same structure, which
is the NaCl structure.
(a) Assuming the spacings are determined by the ionic radii of the relevant ions, what would value
would you expect for the lattice constant of...
I've been reading Kittel's book on Solid state physics and while it's been mostly smooth sailing, the abrupt loss of rigour in places in unsettling. In particular, the bits about scattering seem to be just thrown in here and there without any rigourous mathematical treatment at all.
He talks...
Hi,
Could someone explain how to calculate the probability that two substitutional dopants will reside in adjacent lattice sites.
For example, given a dopant concentration of 5% and a crystal structure in which each lattice site/atom is coordinated to 8 others what is the probability of...
1. The problem statement
The potential energy between two ions is
u(r) = -α/r2 + β/r8
Determine:
(i) The intermolecular distance ro for which the potential energy is minimum
(ii) The inter-atomic distance for which the potential energy is zero is
R= (2)-1/6ro...
Solid State Physics
Quantum mechanics and quantum nature of solids, properties of materials. Band theory in metals and semiconductors. Conduction processes, the p-n junction, transistors and other solid state devices.
Field Theory
Review of vector analysis and coordinate systems...
Homework Statement
The lab is attached. I've also attached the pre-lab just for the diagram.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Can anyone think of some good errors for this lab?
We ended up with ~80% error.
I've thought of two:
1. Adjusting the potentiometer so...
Hi forum goersI'm reviewing some coursework for my General Chemistry class and cannot seem to find a reasonable explanation of why amino acids exist as zwitterons in solid state and ph7 solutions. I'm fairly certain the explanation has to do with its solubility in water, but I am not sure.
Here...
Hello,
I'm working on a poster and senior thesis in materials science research and need to draw schematic diagrams of a few objects including:
-a PLD chamber
-Thin films
-XRD
-SEM
-energy diagrams
-a sin wave
I've downloads inkscape and have tried to draw in powerpoint so far. Are...
how does letting the electrons diffuse to the P material/region lead to a "depletion" region in the center where the N and P material meet? please go into detail
Somehow I missed my registration notification for Fall and the E&M and Mathematical Physics classes are full. I am an astrophysics major. I wanted to take nuclear physics, but it will not be offered again until Fall 2014. I will be taking thermodynamics in the fall, but I am wondering if I...
Homework Statement
Some atoms in Cu crystal (Cu has a FCC lattice) are replaced by
Zn atoms. Taking into account that Zn is bivalent, while Cu is monovalent,
calculate the atomic ratio of Zn to Cu in ZnCu alloy at which the Fermi
surface touches the first Brillouin zone faces. Use the...
Homework Statement
Homework Equations
{3.9b}
A[2\mu -m\omega ^2 ]=2\mu Bcos(\frac{ka}{2})
B[2\mu -M\omega ^2 ]=2\mu Acos(\frac{ka}{2})
The Attempt at a Solution
All I can think of is setting k =\frac{\pi}{a} so that
B[2\mu -M\omega ^2 ]=A[2\mu -m\omega ^2 ]
solve for omega...
Hello PF :)
Homework Statement
Consider a system of N electrons at temperature T = 0, each having a mass of m, confined to volume V. Find the number of electrons that:
a) have momentum p<p_f/2
b) ...
Homework Equations
The relevant equations can be derived below:
but here is a...