Julian Barbour on does time exist

[marcus]

I'm in general agreement about Jeff Morton's blog, especially the October 2009 post, and with the spirit of your remarks. I notice I got Jeff's location wrong, a few posts back. He was at Lisbon until recently but is now at Uni Hamburg. That's become a pretty good place for Quantum Gravity, as well as Mathematical Physics (Jeff's field). He could continue to be interested and well-informed about QG (whatever direction his own research takes) which would be our good fortune.

The only recent question no one has responded to in this thread is from H. Cow about the current situation in QG. It's changing rapidly, and strongly affected by what's happening in Quantum Cosmology, since that is where the effects of quantum geometry are most apt to be visible, in the aftermath of the Bounce, or whatever happened around the start of the present expansion. Since that is not the main topic of this thread, I would urge H. Cow to start a thread asking about that---and also take a look at my thread about the current efforts at REFORMULATING Loop QG.

=====================

Getting back to the topic of TIME. I'd be very curious to know how a cosmological bounce looks in the general covariant Heisenberg picture----there is just one timeless state, which is a positive linear functional on a C* algebra of observables. An algebra [A] and a functional ρ defined on it which gives us, among other things, expectation values ρ(A) and correlations e.g. ρ(AB) - ρ(A)ρ(B) and the like.
Taken together ([A], ρ) give us a one-parameter group α_t which acts like the passage of time on the observables---mapping each A into the corresponding observable taken a little while later---a PROCESS that mixes and morphs and stirs the observables around, a "flow" defined on the algebra [A].

So if the theory has a bounce one intuitively feels there should be an energy density observable, call it A, corresponding to a measurement made pre-bounce. So that we can watch the expectation value of α_t(A) evolve thru the bounce. In other words ρ(α_t(A)) should start low, as in a classical universe of the sort we're familiar with, and rise to some extremely high value within a few ten-powers of Planck density, and then subside back to low densities comparable to pre-bounce.
Now the state ρ being timeless means that it does not change. So the challenge is to come up with an algebra of observables which undergoes a bounce, when given the appropriate timeless positive linear state functional ρ defined on it.

===================

Thermal time could be starting to attract wider attention. I noticed that it comes up in the latest Grimstrup Aastrup paper, "C*-algebras of Holonomy-Diffeomorphisms & Quantum Gravity I", pages 37-39
http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5060
G&A's reference [46] is to the paper by Connes and Rovelli:
==sample excerpt from pages 37-39==
...A more appealing possibility is to seek a dynamical principle within the mathematical machinery of noncommutative geometry. In particular, the theory of Tomita and Takesaki states that given a cyclic and separating state on a von Neumann algebra there exist a canonical time flow in the form of a one-parameter group of automorphisms. If we consider the algebra generated by HD(M) and spectral projections of the Dirac type operator, then the semi-classical state will, provided it is separating, generate such a flow. This would imply that the dynamics of quantum gravity is state dependent¹³ - an idea already considered in [46] and [47]. Since Tomita-Takesaki theory deals with von Neumann algebras it will also for this purpose be important to select the correct algebra topology.
...
...
Hidden within the two issues concerning of the dynamics and the complexified SU(2) connections lurks a very intriguing question. If it is possible to derive the dynamics of quantum gravity from the spectral triple construction – for instance via Tomita Takesaki theory – then it should be possible to read off the space-time signature (Lorentzian vs. Euclidean) from the derived dynamics, for instance a moduli operator.
==endquote==
I don't follow Grimstrup et al work at all closely, but note their interest.

 

[Paulibus]

So the challenge is to come up with an algebra of observables which undergoes a bounce, when given the appropriate timeless positive linear state functional ρ defined on it.

Could such a challenge be explored in the context of your quote from John Baez, who thinks that:

...every von Neumann algebra has a ‘time-reversed version’, namely the conjugate vector space (where multiplication by i is now defined to be multiplication by -i) turned into a C*-algebra in the hopefully obvious way. And I think the Tomita flow of this time-reversed von Neumann algebra flows the other way!

I know that every symplectic manifold has a ‘time-reversed version’ where the symplectic structure is multiplied by -1. This is equivalent to switching the sign of time in Hamilton’s equations.

It might be an interesting experience to remember the future instead of the past, if such a switch could be arranged. Perhaps, though, that set of acausal states would be just as mysterious to us, "time"-wise, as are the present causal set. Or would switching the sign of i just be a mathematical device without any imaginable physical foundation?

 

[marcus]

I won't be able to answer your post right away. John Baez is a teacher. I think he is using his comment to hint at how the Tomita flow of time is sensed or tasted from the algebra [A] and the function rho defined on it (that basically just gives expectation values of the observables separately and in combination).

The way the flow is constructed has very much to do with replacing i with -i.
That is what the * operation of a C* algebra does. On a larger scale.

The slow way to digest this business intuitively begins with thinking a little about the complex conjugate operation that takes x+iy into x - iy. It flips the plane of complex numbers over along the horizontal axis.

Then you think about generalizing that to matrices. For a one-by-one matrix, well that is just a single complex number so you just take the conjugate. For a two-by-two that is 4 complex numbers and there is an analogous thing involving conjugates and taking the "transpose" of the matrix (exchange upper right and lower left entries.

It's a swapping operation that, if repeated, gets you back what you had to start with---the mathematics term is "involution".

The first thing the Tomita timeflow construction does is define a "swap" operator S that basically does the star involution in a very concrete way, analogous to simply multiplying one matrix by another: taking A --> SA, and where SA turns out to have the same effect as A*.
And then Tomita analyzes S into two factors, one of which is self-adjoint. THIS IS A WAY OF TASTING THE ESSENTIAL FLAVOR OF TIME-REVERSAL. Squeezing the juice out of time-reversal.
That is what Baez is trying to plant the idea of in the reader's mind, by making that innocentsounding observation. It is really important. The Tomita flow is based on that selfadjoint factor of S. In the usual notation this factor is called uppercase Delta Δ.

This is vague and handwavy. I'll try to say it better later today.

Here's a WikiP about an operation on matrices that is analogous to conjugate of complex numbers:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_transpose
You may be thoroughly familiar with this already but I'll try to supply detail for other readers who might not be.

 

[marcus]

For math buffs fond of rigorous proof, the best paper I've found online about Tomita flow is this 1977 one by Marc Rieffel and Alfons van Daele
http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repo...ew=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.pjm/1102817105
Only selected parts of it are directly about Tomita flow, it delves into a bunch of related matters. The whole article is some 34 pages long.
Pages 187-221 of an issue of Pacific Journal of Mathematics.
It would be nice if someone could point us to a more concise, say a 10 page, treatment of just the T-theorem. Or could extract the essential line of reasoning from this paper.

There is a short explanatory article commissioned by Elsevier's ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS, written by Stephen Summers.
http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0511034
But it does not give proofs of the hard parts.

It seems that Tomita-Takesaki theory is deep, non-trivial. It is easy to say and not difficult to grasp the general idea, but drilling down to logical bedrock takes effort. The original approach involved unbounded operators, one had to wonder if and where they were well-defined. Rieffel and van Daele work with bounded operators and take more steps---lots of lemmas.

There's a Master's Thesis by someone named Duvenhage at Pretoria that takes essentially the same approach as Rieffel van Daele but could be helpful because it puts in more background algebra and analysis.

To give an example of the kind of questions that come up, recall we have ([A], ρ)
a *-algebra and a state---from which by well known means we get ([H], ψ) a hilbertspace with a cyclic separating vector which represent both the algebra and the state in a way familiar to physicists. Algebra elements A are represented as operators in customary fashion.

Then a new operator S is defined by SAψ = A*ψ. How do we know this is well-defined? We are only told what SA does to the cyclic vector. And do we think of S as an operator on the hilbertspace or on the algebra? Both, but can this be done consistently?

Then this operator S is resolved into two factors: S = JΔ, or in other papers S = JΔ^1/2. How do we know we can do this? OK as operators on the hilbertspace. The first factor is conjugate-linear and a kind of flip or involution. It is its own inverse, J²=I. The second factor is positive and selfadjoint, as an operator on the hilbertspace. That means you can diagonalize it with positive real numbers down the diagonal, as learned in undergrad linear algebra class. And you can raise it to the it power to make Δ^it, which will be unitary.

Then we define Tomita flow: α_t(A) = Δ^itAΔ^-it.
I guess that makes sense as operators on the hilbertspace, but how do we know that the flow actually stays in the original *-algebra?
How do we know that α_t(A) is still in [A]?

This turns out to be a large part of the Tomita-Takesaki theorem: the statement that
Δ^it [A] Δ^-it = [A]

If you take the original star-algebra and advance each item in it by the same time-interval t, then what you get is the same star-algebra. The time flow just shifts or shuffles or permutes the items among themselves.

The fame of Tomita rests on the fact that he was able to show this, not all the stuff leading up to it, but this. So if you look at the kind of tutorial paper by Summers http://arxiv.org/abs/math-ph/0511034
it is precisely this which you see as "Theorem 1.1" on page 2.
This, and also a seemingly inconsequential fact about J. Namely that if you apply J front and back to every item in [A] it picks out for you all the items that commute with everything in [A], the so-called "commutant" customarily denoted with a prime, in this case [A]'. I have seen mathematicians make nimble use of this fact but its significance is not obvious, so I think of the content of "Theorem 1.1" as primarily
Δ^it [A] Δ^-it = [A]

Delta, when turned into a unitary operator, stirs the pot without splashing any of the soup out.

I supect that this Delta, which is the positive real heart of a "swap" or "reversal" operator, will eventually become part of our language because it encapsulates the intrinsic TIME inherent in a world (of observables) and a state (what we think we know about that world). And so whatever this Delta is eventually called, it will probably settle into our collective awareness.
BTW the Princeton Companion to Mathematics (page 517) points out that Δ = S*S which makes excellent sense and for economy of notation they don't bother to introduce the symbol Δ. They just use S*S, the product of the "swap" S with its adjoint S*.

Minoru Tomita's work went unpublished for several years until discovered and made more presentable by Takesaki, whose name can be remembered by resolving it into "take saki".

Alain Connes, in a 2010 interview, says "I am too young to have met von Neumann, but I was much more influenced at a personal level by the Japanese: Tomita and also Takesaki.”

The interviewer adds: "Minoru Tomita (1924) is a Japanese mathematician who became deaf at the age of two and, according to Connes, had a mysterious and extremely original personality. His work on operator algebras in 1967 was subsequently refined and extended by Masamichi Takesaki and is known as Tomita–Takesaki Theory..."
http://www.math.ru.nl/~landsman/ConnesNAW.pdf

 

[marcus]

Since we have this concept of a universal standard time it can be useful to compare other times with it. E.g. associated with an accelerated observer or with a location in the gravitational field.

Back in 1934 RC Tolman defined a local temperature of space associated with depth in a gravitational field, now known as the Tolman-Ehrenfest effect and it turns out that this temperature is the RATIO of the two rates: intrinsic Tomita time divided by proper time of a local observer.

If ds is a local observer's proper time-interval and dτ is the corresponding interval of Tomita time, then the Tolman-Ehrenfest temperature is proportional to dτ/ds.
So the temp is a comparison of ticking rates. The local temperature is high if Tomita time is ticking a lot faster than the local observer's clock.
There is a connection here to the Hawking BH temp and the Unruh temp of an accelerated observer in Minkowski space. The details are interesting and tend to validate the thermal time (i.e. Tomita time) idea. I won't go into detail at this point (supposed to help with supper) but will simply link to a relevant article:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2985
Thermal time and the Tolman-Ehrenfest effect: temperature as the "speed of time"
Carlo Rovelli, Matteo Smerlak
(Last revised 18 Jan 2011)
The notion of thermal time has been introduced as a possible basis for a fully general-relativistic thermodynamics. Here we study this notion in the restricted context of stationary spacetimes. We show that the Tolman-Ehrenfest effect (in a stationary gravitational field, temperature is not constant in space at thermal equilibrium) can be derived very simply by applying the equivalence principle to a key property of thermal time: at equilibrium, temperature is the rate of thermal time with respect to proper time - the `speed of (thermal) time'. Unlike other published derivations of the Tolman-Ehrenfest relation, this one is free from any further dynamical assumption, thereby illustrating the physical import of the notion of thermal time.
4 pages

btw the proportionality is hbar over Boltzmann k. If T is the Tolman temperature then
T = ([STRIKE]h[/STRIKE]/k) dτ/ds

 

[Paulibus]

Marcus: small queries. In one of your posts that I now can't find I'm sure you mentioned that self-adjoint matrices are the analogs of the set of real numbers. Is this (to me interesting ) statement just common knowledge, or have you a reference for it? And do you have a pointer to the "Master's Thesis by someone named Duvenhage at Pretoria" that you mentioned in post # 109?

 

[marcus]

Marcus: small queries. In one of your posts that I now can't find I'm sure you mentioned that self-adjoint matrices are the analogs of the set of real numbers. Is this (to me interesting ) statement just common knowledge, or have you a reference for it? ...

A bit of miscellaneous trivia. This kind of matrices are also called "Hermitian" after Charles Hermite (born 1822) who famously studied them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hermite
The photo shows him with a dour scowl (having drunk some bad wine, or found a mistake in a proof by one of his students). He was the thesis advisor of Henri Poincaré and Thomas Stieltjes.

The analogy is very nice. It is undergrad math, which is the longestlasting and most beautiful kind of math. You have to know what a BASIS of a vectorspace is (a set of vectors in terms of which all the rest can be written as unique combinations). It is a CHOICE OF AXES or a choice of framework. And a matrix is a way of describing a linear transformation by saying what it does to each member of some particular basis. I don't at the moment have an online undergrad linear algebra textbook link. There might be a Kahn Academy treatment. Many years ago we used a book by Paul Halmos.

You can DIAGONALIZE an hermitian (self-adjoint) matrix by finding a new basis for the vectorspace in which the same linear map is expressed by a diagonal matrix. When you do this the numbers down the main diagonal (upper L to lower R) turn out ALL REAL.

A POSITIVE hermitian or self-adjoint matrix is where the numbers down the diagonal turn out all positive real numbers. This means the linear map is just re-scaling along each of a fixed set of directions. No rotations no funny business. Just expanding a bit in this direction and perhaps contracting a bit in this other.

There is a strong analogy between a matrix that is simply real numbers down the diagonal (and zero elsewhere) and the real numbers themselves. A selfadjoint matrix is like a bunch of real numbers applied in an assortment of specified directions. so it is the HIGHER DIMENSIONAL ANALOG of a real number.

the beautiful thing is that the DEFINING CONDITION A* = A of self-adjointness is also analogous to the defining condition of realness which we can write as z* = z if you use * to mean the conjugate of a complex number (exchange i and -i, if z = x+iy then z* = x-iy)
The only way a complex number z can have z*=z is if the imaginary part y = 0.
Conjugation is flipping the complex number plane over keeping the real axis fixed, so the only way a number can have z*=z is if it is on the real axis.

The business of diagonalizing matrices, or finding the right axis framework for a given linear map so that its matrix will be very simple comes under the heading of the SPECTRAL THEOREM. The "spectrum" of an operator is the list numbers down the diagonal when you put it in diagonal form. It's like analyzing some light into its different wavelengths, with a prism. You really know the beast when you know that list of numbers. I think calling it the spectrum is metaphorical, a kind of 19th-Century physicist's poetical flight of language. From a time when the most exciting thing physicists did was heat various chemical elements and separate out the colors of the light they gave off when they were hot. Determining the spectrum was the pinnacle act of analysis. We still have their word for the list of numbers down the diagonal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_theorem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-adjoint_operator

I can't recommend you go to Rocco Duvenhage's thesis. It is over a hundred of pages and you can get lost if you don't already know roughly what you are looking for, but I will put the link just in case I'm wrong and it actually is helpful to you or someone else.
http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11202006-103150/unrestricted/dissertation.pdf
Quantum statistical mechanics, KMS states and Tomita-Takesaki theory

 

[marcus]

Paulibus and others: I hope the foregoing account of self-adjointness, the analogy with real numbers, and diagonalizing was not too elementary. I tend to want to cover a range of levels: the topic is interesting enough so I think people with all different backgrounds might want to read about it. So some posts in the thread can be at a basic level, others less basic. Here's a more advanced treatment which has the merit of being very concise. It is from The Princeton Companion to Mathematics, edited by Field medalist Tim Gowers, a good math source book. I found a passage treating Tomita-Takesaki theory, and transcribed a sample excerpt

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZO...6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=minoru tomita math&f=false

This is from page 517.
========quote Princeton Companion to Mathematics (2008)==========
Modular theory exploits a version of the GNS construction (section 1.4). Let M be a self-adjoint algebra of operators. A linear functional φ: M → C is called a state if it is positive in the sense that φ(T*T) ≥ 0 for every T in M (this terminology is derived from the connection described earlier between Hilbert space theory and quantum mechanics). for the purposes of modular theory we restrict attention to faithful states, those for which φ(T*T) = 0 implies T = 0. If φ is a state, then the formula

<T₁, T₂> = φ(T₁* T₂)

defines an inner product on the vector space M. Applying the GNS procedure, we obtain a Hilbert space H_M. The first important fact about H_M is that every operator T in M determines an operator on H_M. Indeed a vector V in H_M is a limit V = lim_n→∞ V_n of elements in M, and we can apply an operator T in M to the vector V using the formula

TV = lim TV_n

where on the right-hand side we use multiplication in the algebra M. Because of this observation, we can think of M as an algebra of operators on whatever Hilbert space we began with.

Next, the adjoint operation equips the Hilbert space H_M wtih a natural "anti linear" operator
S: H_M → H_M by the formula [see footnote]

S(V) = V*.

Since U*_g = U_g^-1 for the regular representations, this is indeed analogous to the operator S we encountered in our discussion of continuous groups. The important theorem of Minoru Tomita and Masamichi Takesaki asserts that, as long as the original state φ satisfies a continuity condition, the complex powers

U_t = (S*S)^it

have the property that

U_t M U_-t = M for all t.

The transformations of M given by the formula T → U_t T U_-t are called the modular automorphisms of M.
Alain Connes proved that they depend only in a rather inessential way on the original faithful state φ. To be precise, changing φ changes the modular automorphisms only by inner automorphisms, that is, transformations of the form T → UTU^-1 where U is a unitary operator in M itself. The remarkable conclusion is that every von Neumann algebra M has a canonical one-parameter group of "outer automorphisms," which is determined by M alone and not by the state φ that is used to define it.[footnote] The interpretation of this formula on the completion H_M of M is a delicate matter.

==endquote==

I like their expression for Δ, namely S*S. It makes sense because we know JJ = I so therefore
S* S = Δ^1/2 J J Δ^1/2 = Δ

 

[Paulibus]

Thanks for that full and clear reply, Marcus. My interest in the spectrum of a selfadjoint (Hermitian) matrix being regarded as the "higher dimensional analog of a real number "(as you put it) was provoked by Eugene Wigner’s remark in his essay "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences"(Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. 1 February 1960):

“The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve”.

I think Wigner overstated things a bit; the supportive match between maths and physics is perhaps a bit less than a miraculous, wonderful gift. Looking at mathematics from the outside, it seems likely to me that the set of real numbers lies close to the heart of much maths. For me an interesting aspect of the real numbers is that they are commutatively symmetric under arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction; it doesn’t matter where zero is located; numbers are like a line of labels that with impunity can be translated along its length.

At the heart of physics lies the symmetry of the dimensions we inhabit. As far as we know, physics is ruled by the same mathematical laws everywhere and everywhen. That’s why successful physics theories must be covariant. And why momentum and energy are conserved; because space and time have commuting translational symmetries.

It seems to me that physics (an evolving description of physical reality) and mathematics (an evolving universal language used by physicists and many others) are founded on similar symmetries. Perhaps the close match between them is quite mundane and may yet come to be better understood (counting numbers were probably an abstraction invented to quantify resources, like goats. Real numbers and much else evolved from these humble roots.) Even the need for a spectrum of numbers to statistically quantify observations on a quantum scale can be understood, up to the mysterious finiteness of h. Now it seems from the work of folk like Barbour, Connes and Rovelli, that this statistical quantification promises a new understanding
of time. Great stuff.

An understanding of space may take longer; for practical purposes, it’s what we can swing a cat in!

 

[marcus]

Paulibus, one thing your post reminds me is that significant advances in physics have often been accompanied by maturing philosophical sophistication. E.g. early 20th century the role of the observer, and of measurement, no fixed prior geometry, nonexistence of the continuous trajectory, irreducible uncertainty. Taking certain philosophical (epistemic?) proposals seriously actually helped the physics develop in some cases.

So progress is not always "physics as usual". Sometimes a dialog with philosophy of science people is helpful.

I suspect we will be seeing a General Covariant Quantum theory of Time emerge along lines suggested in this thread. A world (*-algebra) of possible observations and a state (defined on it giving correlations and expectation values) which expresses what we think the laws are, what we know from prior observations, what we predict deduce or expect.

The laws and constants of physics are after all merely correlations among actual and possible measurements, involving--like everything else--uncertainty. They are "regularities" in the *-algebra (call it M for "measurements" if you like), and are embodied in the state functional, along with what we think has been observed. The state is an elementary mathematical object, just a positive linear functional ω: M → ℂ.

I suppose that this model (M, ω) will replace the model consisting of space-time manifold with fixed geometry and fields defined on it, in part because the "block universe" picture has philosophical shortcomings: is incompatible with quantum theory.

This last is the theme of a conference opening in Capetown in a couple of days (10-14 December).
Main theme: ideas of time and challenges to block universe idea.
http://prce.hu/centre_for_time/jtf/passage.html
Abstracts of scheduled talks (scroll down to get to the abstracts)
http://prce.hu/centre_for_time/jtf/FullProgram.pdf

BTW we should also keep an eye on tensorial group field theory "TGFT", I just watched the first 50 minutes of Sylvain Carrozza's PIRSA talk:
http://pirsa.org/12120007/
It was interesting. Also the last 9 minutes (64:00-73:00) where he gives conclusions, outlook, and answers questions. Most of the questions were from Dittrich and (someone I think was) Ben Geloun.

 

[RUTA]

I suppose that this model (M, ω) will replace the model consisting of space-time manifold with fixed geometry and fields defined on it, in part because the "block universe" picture has philosophical shortcomings: is incompatible with quantum theory.

Of course I disagree , since there are interpretations of quantum physics which rely on blockworld (TI, two-vector, RBW, and all time-symmetric accounts). Accordingly, quantum physics isn't incompatible with BW, but rests necessarily upon it.

This last is the theme of a conference opening in Capetown in a couple of days (10-14 December).
Main theme: ideas of time and challenges to block universe idea.
http://prce.hu/centre_for_time/jtf/passage.html
Abstracts of scheduled talks (scroll down to get to the abstracts)
http://prce.hu/centre_for_time/jtf/FullProgram.pdf

Looks like an interesting conference! I'd like to hear Ellis's talk on an "evolving spacetime." Avi tried that once and it got him nowhere (or should I say "nowhen"?). I questioned him after he presented the idea at a conference once and he admitted that a metatime was necessary and highly undesireable. That issue was the reason I entered this thread. Anyway, I believe physicists are moving outside the discipline in attempting to address the passage of time as experienced subjectively -- physics is about commonly shared experience, i.e., the objective. A person's experience of the passage of time is not a shared experience, therefore it is purely subjective. The cognitive neuroscientists can tell you all about that.

 

[marcus]

..., quantum physics isn't incompatible with BW, but rests necessarily upon it.

Looks like an interesting conference! I'd like to hear Ellis's talk on an "evolving spacetime." Avi tried that once and it got him nowhere (or should I say "nowhen"?)...

You can read Ellis' ideas about evolving space-time here
http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.0808
See also the thought experiment on page 12 of his earlier paper
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0605049
You may have already looked at his "evolving/crystallizing" spacetime papers and would like to hear him present them in person.

One of the points Ellis makes is that as far as we know the future space-time geometry is in principle unpredictable. As un-predetermined as are the times of radioactive decay, which conventional QM tells us are not pre-determined. Therefore the conventional block universe, extending into future with a predetermined spacetime geometry, cannot exist.

I assume by "Avi" you mean Avshalom Elitzur, one of the other participants at this week's Capetown Time conference.

 

[RUTA]

One of the points Ellis makes is that as far as we know the future space-time geometry is in principle unpredictable. As un-predetermined as as the times of radioactive decay, which conventional QM tells us are not pre-determined.

That conclusion assumes psi-ontism. Those using BW assume psi-epistemism, obviously.

 

[marcus]

That conclusion assumes psi-ontism. Those using BW assume psi-epistemism, obviously.

If anyone wants a clue as to what Ruta is talking about, some people think of the wave function "psi" in some common versions of qm as really out there, and for others it represents our knowledge.
(Greek roots: on- = being,reality; epistem- = knowledge)

Anyway Ruta you said you wished you could hear Ellis' talk about the evolving block. I don't especially go for Ellis' proposed solution, but I like the clear way he describes the problem. This 2008 essay for wide audience communicates really well, and other readers of thread might enjoy it. It got the FQXi second community prize, right after Rovelli's essay.

http://fqxi.org/data/essay-contest-files/Ellis_Fqxi_essay_contest__E.pdf

==quote Ellis page 2==
To motivate this, consider the following scenario: A massive object has rocket engines attached at each end to make it move either left or right. The engines are controlled by a computer that decides what firing intervals are utilised alternately by each engine, on the basis of a non-linear time dependent transformation of signals received from a detector measuring particle arrivals due to random decays of a radioactive element. These signals at each instant determine what actually happens from the set of all possible outcomes, thus determining the actual spacetime path of the object from the set of all possible paths (Figure 1). This outcome is not determined by initial data at any previous time, because of quantum uncertainty in the radioactive decays. As the objects are massive and hence cause spacetime curvature, the spacetime structure itself is undetermined until the object’s motion is determined in this way. Instant by instant, the spacetime structure changes from indeterminate (i.e. not yet determined out of all the possible options) to definite (i.e. determined by the specific physical processes outlined above). Thus a definite spacetime structure comes into being as time evolves. It is unknown and unpredictable before it is determined.
Something essentially equivalent has already occurred in the history of the universe. According to the standard inflationary model of the very early universe, we cannot predict the specific large-scale structure existing in the universe today from data at the start of the inflationary expansion epoch, because density inhomogeneities at later times have grown out of random quantum fluctuations in the effective scalar field that is dominant at very early times...
...It follows that the existence of our specific Galaxy, let alone the planet Earth, was not uniquely determined by initial data in the very early universe. The quantum fluctuations that are amplified to galactic scale are unpredictable in principle. Thus spacetime evolution is not predictable even in principle in physically realisable cases. The outcome is only determined as it happens.
==endquote==

An arxiv link to the same essay:
http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0240
List of the 2008 time essay contest winners:
http://fqxi.org/community/essay/winners/2008.1

 

[marcus]

What George Ellis (one of the world's leading cosmologists and co-author with Stephen Hawking of The Large Scale Structure of Space-Tme) says here is at once so clear and so striking that perhaps it deserves emphasis:
It follows that the existence of our specific Galaxy, let alone the planet Earth, was not uniquely determined by initial data in the very early universe.

 

[marcus]

I imagine that by now most people who might read this thread have figured out why the 4D block universe of General Relativity is incompatible with quantum uncertainty. The incompatibility is across the board---all common mainstream interpretations/formulations of QM for which uncertainty is an underlying bedrock principle. So perhaps I don't have to provide explanation (beyond what we already have in the quotes from George Ellis. But here's an excerpt from an essay by Carlo Rovelli that explains the point very clearly. This from page 4 of Chapter 1 of the 2009 book Approaches to Quantum Gravity, D. Oriti ed. published by Cambridge University Press ( http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0604045 )

==quote Chapter 1 of Approaches to Quantum Gravity==
...
In classical GR, indeed, the notion of time differs strongly from the one used in the special-relativistic context. Before special relativity, one assumed that there is a universal physical variable t, measured by clocks, such that all physical phenomena can be described in terms of evolution equations in the independent variable t. In special relativity, this notion of time is weakened. Clocks do not measure a universal time variable, but only the proper time elapsed along inertial trajectories. If we fix a Lorentz frame, nevertheless, we can still describe all physical phenomena in terms of evolution equations in the independent variable x₀, even though this description hides the covariance of the system.

In general relativity, when we describe the dynamics of the gravitational field (not to be confused with the dynamics of matter in a given gravitational field), there is no external time variable that can play the role of observable independent evolution variable. The field equations are written in terms of an evolution parameter, which is the time coordinate x₀, but this coordinate, does not correspond to anything directly observable. The proper time τ along spacetime trajectories cannot be used as an independent variable either, as τ is a complicated non-local function of the gravitational field itself. Therefore, properly speaking, GR does not admit a description as a system evolving in terms of an observable time variable. This does not mean that GR lacks predictivity. Simply put, what GR predicts are relations between (partial) observables, which in general cannot be represented as the evolution of dependent variables on a preferred independent time variable.

This weakening of the notion of time in classical GR is rarely emphasized: After all, in classical GR we may disregard the full dynamical structure of the theory and consider only individual solutions of its equations of motion. A single solution of the GR equations of motion determines “a spacetime”, where a notion of proper time is associated to each timelike worldline.

But in the quantum context a single solution of the dynamical equation is like a single “trajectory” of a quantum particle: in quantum theory there are no physical individual trajectories: there are only transition probabilities between observable eigenvalues. Therefore in quantum gravity it is likely to be impossible to describe the world in terms of a spacetime, in the same sense in which the motion of a quantum electron cannot be described in terms of a single trajectory.
==endquote==

Having a block universe with some definite course of geometry would be like a trajectory.
A trajectory is a classical idea, it is not physical. We do not have continuous smooth trajectories, we have slits and detectors that is to say a finite number of measurements made along the way.

There are an infinite number of possible observations/measurements of the path of a particle or geometry of the universe. But nature does not let herself be pinned down, we can only choose a finite number of them to make. Moreover each measurement may have a range of possible values and involve uncertainty.

I suspect this is why the smooth manifold--the continuum model of the physical world including space-time--is apt to be replaced by something more like an algebra of observables, each one a package of uncertainty with its range of possible values. We see this replacement model being tentatively tried out by researchers. Time is then no pseudo-spatial "dimension" but a flow defined on the algebra.

 

[RUTA]

The problem described by Ellis, per psi-epistemism, simply reflects our inability to know the stress-energy tensor (SET) for the whole of spacetime. You need the SET to compute "a spacetime" solution (metric g) as Rovelli points out. [This is more obvious in the graphical Regge calculus version of GR where one must find a SET and metric g on every link of the graph that satisfies the graphical counterpart to Einstein's Eqns (EE).] This doesn't mean spacetime is not determined, only that we can't determine it. I don't know why that bothers him any more than the fact that we can't know the geometry of our past lightcone uniquely (per his own work in the 1980s). Does that mean the geometry of our past lightcone is not fixed? Of course not.

Rovelli's problem is averted by finding a quantum theory of gravity that doesn't follow canonical quantization. For example, one could rather seek a theory in which one computes amplitudes for spatiotemporal units ("processes" in the language of Hiley) via the path integral approach or via an algebra of process a la Hiley. In this approach, one understands a particular SET and g on the graph of Regge calculus follow as an average of many fundamental building blocks. This can be done for the Schrodinger and Dirac eqns as shown by Hiley. Of course, these formalisms assume globally flat spacetimes, so the question becomes, how do we get spacetime curvature? We postulate that can be done by modified Regge calculus whereby large graphical links are possible. We used this approach to show a flat, matter-dominated GR solution (Einstein-deSitter) can match the type IA supernova data as well as the concordance model (Einstein-deSitter + lambda) without accelerating expansion (no lambda). You can read published presentations of these ideas in the following papers:

“Being, Becoming and the Undivided Universe: A Dialogue between Relational Blockworld and the Implicate Order Concerning the Unification of Relativity and Quantum Theory,” Michael Silberstein, W.M. Stuckey & Timothy McDevitt. To appear in a Hiley Festschrift in Foundations of Physics. http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2261. Appeared Online First 4 May 2012.

“Modified Regge Calculus as an Explanation of Dark Energy,” W.M. Stuckey, Timothy McDevitt & Michael Silberstein, Classical & Quantum Gravity 29 055015 (2012). http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.3973.

“Explaining the Supernova Data without Accelerating Expansion,” W.M. Stuckey, Timothy McDevitt & Michael Silberstein. Honorable Mention in the Gravity Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation, May 2012. International Journal of Modern Physics D 21, No. 11, 1242021 (2012)
http://users.etown.edu/s/STUCKEYM/GRFessay2012.pdf

So while I agree that some modification of GR is needed to accommodate quantum physics, this does not entail abandoning blockworld. On the contrary, BW is necessary in these approaches to quantum gravity.

 

[marcus]

... how do we get spacetime curvature? We postulate that can be done by modified Regge calculus whereby large graphical links are possible. We used this approach to show a flat, matter-dominated GR solution (Einstein-deSitter) can match the type IA supernova data as well as the concordance model (Einstein-deSitter + lambda) without accelerating expansion (no lambda). You can read published presentations of these ideas in the following papers:

“Being, Becoming and the Undivided Universe: A Dialogue between Relational Blockworld and the Implicate Order Concerning the Unification of Relativity and Quantum Theory,” Michael Silberstein, W.M. Stuckey & Timothy McDevitt. To appear in a Hiley Festschrift in Foundations of Physics. http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2261. Appeared Online First 4 May 2012.
...
...
So while I agree that some modification of GR is needed to accommodate quantum physics, this does not entail abandoning blockworld. On the contrary, BW is necessary in these approaches to quantum gravity.

Ruta, thanks for contributing the references to your papers with Silberstein and McDevitt! It's interesting that you are able to modify General Relativity in a way that gets rid of accelerating expansion, saves (at least certain particular versions of) blockworld, and unifies your version of Relativity with Quantum theory in a highly original way!

I suspect you and I would definitely agree on at least one point: that how physics eventually comes to understand TIME and the problems associated with it will depend very much on what quantum theory of space-time geometry is eventually arrived at and accepted.

To be successful quantum theory of time will require a quantum theory of space AND time. At least this seems to be what you and your co-authors are striving to construct.

A propos of Basil Hiley, I recently started a thread on a paper of his that just appeared, but the thread elicited little interest. You may not have noticed it. I'll get a link.
https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=651454
One of your papers with Silberstein and McDevitt was referred to in the thread, I don't recall in what connection--it may not have been clear why.

 

[Paulibus]

...the continuum model of the physical world including space-time--is apt to be replaced by something more like an algebra of observables, each one a package of uncertainty with its range of possible values. We see this replacement model being tentatively tried out by researchers. Time is then no pseudo-spatial "dimension" but a flow defined on the algebra.

I guess that if one let's h go to zero, one should recover a continuous model. What happens to time as "a flow defined on the algebra" in that case? I suppose that an algebra of "states" abstracted as vectors in Hilbert space then ceases to be non-commutative. What price a quantum mechanical interpretation of time then? (if "then" has meaning!)

And is it possible that the Hubble expansion would then vanish, because "thermal time' is somehow connected with such change?

Perhaps RUTA's noting that:

... This doesn't mean spacetime is not determined, only that we can't determine it...

is useful here. It seems to imply that what is important to us is only that which we can determine or describe. But that the sub-quantum world nevertheless somehow exists. Including an algebra with a flow, and time?

 

[marcus]

I guess that if one let's h go to zero, one should recover a continuous model. What happens to time as "a flow defined on the algebra" in that case? I suppose that an algebra of "states" abstracted as vectors in Hilbert space then ceases to be non-commutative. What price a quantum mechanical interpretation of time then? (if "then" has meaning!)...

Hi Paulibus, that's an astute question! It might be good to keep in mind that the TT hypothesis is not, in and of itself, a theory of QG (which should have a classical limit) but I would say rather that it is a replacement for the differential manifold that has been our basic way of modeling the world. Even though at this point it may seem contradictory, the Friedmann cosmology model used by essentially all cosmologists is CLASSICAL and was reportedly already achieved in Connes Rovelli reference [11]. Apparently when a Friedmann universe was set up in the TT (algebra+state) framework, Friedmann time was somehow recovered from the flow! Since this is just hearsay, I should go back and examine reference [11], to be sure.

...I should review some of the motivation. TT is general covariant which other kinds of physical time are not. And yet it agrees with regular physical time in several specialized cases.
I'll quote from post #74 earlier where these were mentioned.
https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?p=4171588#post4171588
This is paraphrasing the Connes Rovelli paper which has 77 cites, over a third of which are in the past 4 years. So it is fairly well known and still probably the best source on TT definition and basics.
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9406019
==quote post #74==
... I'll run down the main corroborative cases they give on page 22, in their conclusions. These are explained in the preceding section, pages 16-21.
== quote http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9406019 ==
...
• Classical limit; Gibbs states. The Hamilton equations, and the Gibbs postulate follow immediately from the modular flow relation (8).
• Classical limit; Cosmology. We refer to [11], where it was shown that (the classical limit of) the thermodynamical time hypothesis implies that the thermal time defined by the cosmic background radiation is precisely the conventional Friedman-Robertson-Walker time.
• Unruh and Hawking effects. Certain puzzling aspects of the relation between quantum field theory, accelerated coordinates and thermodynamics, as the Unruh and Hawking effects, find a natural justification within the scheme presented here.
...
==endquote==

They also include three other supporting points. One that is not discussed in the paper and they simply mention in passing is the widely shared notion that time seems bound up with thermodynamics and there are indeed hundreds of papers exploring that general idea in various ways (far too numerous to list). Their idea instantiates this widely shared intuition among physicists.

Another supporting point is that the thermal time formalism provides a framework for doing general relativistic statistical mechanics. Working in full GR, where one does not fix a prior spacetime geometry, how can one do stat mech? A way is provided here (and see http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.0065 )

The sixth point is the one they give first in their "conclusions" list---I will simply quote:
==quote gr-qc/9406019 page 22==
• Non-relativistic limit. In the regime in which we may disregard the effect of the relativistic gravitational field, and thus the general covariance of the fundamental theory, physics is well described by small excitations of a quantum field theory around a thermal state |ω⟩. Since |ω⟩ is a KMS state of the conventional hamiltonian time evolution, it follows that the thermodynamical time defined by the modular flow of |ω⟩ is precisely the physical time of non relativistic physics.
==endquote==

There is one other supporting bit of evidence which I find cogent and which they do not even include in their list. This is the uniqueness...
==endquote==

..

Here's the Connes Rovelli reference:
[11] C. Rovelli, “The Statistical state of the universe,” Class. Quant. Grav. 10 (1993) 1567-1578.
This 12-page article was published in the same issue with an 18-page article:
C. Rovelli, “Statistical mechanics of gravity and the thermodynamical origin of time,” Class. Quant. Grav. 10 (1993) 1549–1566.
Neither seems to be on the arxiv.

I have not been able to find online copies and so may have to visit the stacks at the Physics Department library here.

EDIT: YAY! I found an online copy.
http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/C/Class%20Quantum%20Grav_vol.10_1993_pp.1567-1568.pdf

 

[marcus]

It's great that earlier article is available online! Thanks to someone at University of Pavia. I printed a copy immediately---in some cases availability is sporadic, so just to make sure. The paper is historically important and it would be nice if it were on arxiv. Here is the abstract:
http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/C/Class%20Quantum%20Grav_vol.10_1993_pp.1567-1568.pdf
==quote==
Class. Quantum Grav. 10 (1993) 1567-1578.
The statistical state of the universe
Carlo Rovelli

Abstract. The idea that the cosmological state of the universe can be described in terms of a statistical state is discussed. A dynamical model with infinite degrees of freedom that describes a Robertson-Walker universe with non-homogeneous electromagnetic radiation is defined. Its statistical mechanics is studied by using the covariant statistical theory developed in a companion paper. A simple statistical state that represents the cosmic background radiation is constructed. The properties of this state support the general theory; in particular, the idea, introduced in the companion paper, that a preferred time variable, denoted thermodynamical time, is singled out by the statistical state can be tested within this model. The-thermodynamical time is computed and shown to agree with the standard Robertson-Walker time. In addition, an application of the general theory to a simple special relativistic system, and a proposal for an application to full general relativity are also presented. The relevance of this application for the physics of the very early universe is discussed.
==endquote==

Here's an excerpt from the introduction:

In this paper, we discuss the statistical mechanics of a dynamical model that represents the universe filled with an arbitrary non-homogeneous electromagnetic field. The purpose of this investigation is twofold. In the first place, we wish to introduce the idea of a statistical description of the state of the universe. In the second place, the model is presented as a first application of the general theory of covariant statistical thermodynamics that has been introduced in a companion paper...​

An excerpt from the conclusion section:

In addition, we have discussed the application of the general theory to a simple special relativistic system, and we have introduced a perturhative expansion for computing an exact statistical state of the full Einstein theory that should represent a Robertson-Walker universe filled with gravitational radiation. We expect this model to be relevant for the description of the thermodynamics of the very early universe.

We conclude with a general comment about thc definition of the thermodynamical time. Thermodynamical time is an extension of the non-relativistic Hamiltonian time, which is defined whenever the system is in equilibrium. The thermodynamical time agrees with the natural definition of time in several physical contexts in which a preferred time exists. In particular, we have considered the following cases:

• in non-relativistic systems, if the system is in a Gibbs equilibrium state, the thermodynamical time is the standard Hamiltonian time;
  
• in special relativistic systems, the thermodynamical time is the Lorentz time of the specific Lorentz frame in which the heat bath is at rest;
  
• in the cosmological example considered, the thermodynamical time determined by the physical cosmic background radiation is the Robertson-Walker proper time.

Our conjecture is that in the general covariant universe in which we live, the thermodynamical time selected by (3) is the natural variable to which the notion of time may be associated.​

 

[marcus]

I think it's important to grasp what Rovelli says here, regarding time in General Relativity and the further weakening of the time concept that must accompany any quantum theory encompassing GR, on basic grounds regardless of what theory one considers. First one needs to appreciate this fact, repeated below in larger context:

" Therefore, properly speaking, GR does not admit a description as a system evolving in terms of an observable time variable."

This is best understood in context---it is from page 4 of Chapter 1 of the 2009 book Approaches to Quantum Gravity, D. Oriti ed. published by Cambridge University Press ( http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0604045 )

==quote Chapter 1 of Approaches to Quantum Gravity==
... Before special relativity, one assumed that there is a universal physical variable t, measured by clocks, such that all physical phenomena can be described in terms of evolution equations in the independent variable t. In special relativity, this notion of time is weakened. Clocks do not measure a universal time variable, but only the proper time elapsed along inertial trajectories. If we fix a Lorentz frame, nevertheless, we can still describe all physical phenomena in terms of evolution equations in the independent variable x₀, even though this description hides the covariance of the system.

In general relativity, when we describe the dynamics of the gravitational field (not to be confused with the dynamics of matter in a given gravitational field), there is no external time variable that can play the role of observable independent evolution variable. The field equations are written in terms of an evolution parameter, which is the time coordinate x₀, but this coordinate, does not correspond to anything directly observable. The proper time τ along spacetime trajectories cannot be used as an independent variable either, as τ is a complicated non-local function of the gravitational field itself. Therefore, properly speaking, GR does not admit a description as a system evolving in terms of an observable time variable. This does not mean that GR lacks predictivity. Simply put, what GR predicts are relations between (partial) observables, which in general cannot be represented as the evolution of dependent variables on a preferred independent time variable.

This weakening of the notion of time in classical GR is rarely emphasized: After all, in classical GR we may disregard the full dynamical structure of the theory and consider only individual solutions of its equations of motion. A single solution of the GR equations of motion determines “a spacetime”, where a notion of proper time is associated to each timelike worldline.

But in the quantum context a single solution of the dynamical equation is like a single “trajectory” of a quantum particle: in quantum theory there are no physical individual trajectories: there are only transition probabilities between observable eigenvalues. Therefore in quantum gravity it is likely to be impossible to describe the world in terms of a spacetime, in the same sense in which the motion of a quantum electron cannot be described in terms of a single trajectory.
==endquote==

So the problem is on two levels, classical and quantum. Already at the classical level
there is no observable independent time variable that can be used to describe the evolution of a (general) relativistic system.

And at the quantum level the problem is even more severe, since one cannot realistically assume some fixed metric solution--i.e. a geometric "trajectory".

 

[marcus]

This is the log-jam which the (M, ω) formulation breaks thru. I'm using the notation from the Princeton Companion to Mathematics article which I quoted back few posts. M is the *-algebra of measurements/observations and ω: M→ℂ is a positive linear function defined on M, called the "state". It summarizes what we think we know--including statistical uncertainties--about the means variances and correlations of the elements of M. Physical theories and constants boil down to correlations among measurements. Uncertainty about the precise values of constants boils down to variances--all that is comprised in the state ω. Along with observational data and predictions.

The Companion article explains how a unique idea of TIME arises from (M, ω) as a one-parameter subgroup or flow defined on M, which in this thread I've been writing α_t: M→M.

 

[marcus]

I should gather together some of the main source links for thermal time (= Tomita flow time).
This is to page 517 of the Princeton Companion to Mathematics
http://books.google.com/books?id=ZO...6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=minoru tomita math&f=false
It's a nice clear concise exposition of the Tomita flow defined by a state on a *-algebra. For notation see the previous post: #128.

Here's the article by Alain Connes and Carlo Rovelli:
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9406019

Here is Chapter 1 of Approaches to Quantum Gravity (D. Oriti ed.)
http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0604045
Page 4 has a clear account of the progressive weakening of the time idea in manifold-based physics, which I just quoted a couple of posts back. I see the inadequacy of time in manifold-based classical and quantum relativity as one of the primary motivations for the thermal time idea.

The seminal 1993 paper, The Statistical State of the Universe
http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/C/Class%20Quantum%20Grav_vol.10_1993_pp.1567-1568.pdf
This shows how thermal time recovers conventional time in several interesting contexts.

Here's a recent paper where thermal time is used in approaches to general relativistic statistical mechanics and general covariant statistical QM.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.0065

It can be interesting to compare the global time defined by the flow to a local observer's time. The ratio between the two can be physically meaningful.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2985

Jeff Morton blog on Tomita flow time (with John Baez comment):
http://theoreticalatlas.wordpress.c...time-hamiltonians-kms-states-and-tomita-flow/

Wide audience essays--the FQXi "nature of time" contest winners:
http://fqxi.org/community/essay/winners/2008.1
Barbour: http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3489
Rovelli: http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.3832
Ellis: http://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0240

 

[Paulibus]

The Rovelli-Smerlak reference (#6 of your list above) makes me wonder if thermal time might be distinguished from ordinary time experimentally by folk familiar with isotope enrichment via the centrifuge method. Could high centrifuge accelerations, combined with cryogenic temperatures, perhaps amplify the fractional difference between the two Times sufficently to alleviate the pesky 1/c^2 factor?

Some such connection between mathematical ratiocination and observation might also help to dissipate the frustration of theorists in general, engendered by many years of sterile string theory.

 

[marcus]

The Rovelli-Smerlak reference (#6 of your list above) makes me wonder if thermal time might be distinguished from ordinary time experimentally...

That's a constructive line of questioning and I got intrigued thinking about it and while looking thru Smerlak's recent papers I found a VIMEO of a talk he gave last year about thermal time. It was interesting to see the person himself in action, and it helped round out how I see thermal time because some of the speaker's personal view of it comes across. A propose, he said in the talk (as I recall) that with merely *earth gravity* (i.e. low curvature regime) the difference would too small to measure, and he mentioned the c² factor, as you did.

But that was just a passing remark, I wouldn't take it terribly seriously. There could be other regimes in which it is measurable. Putting that issue aside for the moment, I think you might enjoy the talk. Unfortunately it cuts off after 15 minutes. So we don't get the last 10 or 15 minutes of his presentation. Anyway, just in case you're interested, here's the link.
http://vimeo.com/33363491
It's from a 2-day workshop March 2011 at Nice, France.

 

[marcus]

...
Some such connection between mathematical ratiocination and observation might also help to dissipate the frustration of theorists in general, engendered by many years of sterile...

As regards observational tests of LQG, I think the main focus is on higher resolution maps of the microwave background. These should show traces of a bounce and a brief pre-inflationary era which have been worked out. Much of the relevant early universe phenomenology literature can be accessed simply by a search like this:

 

[marcus]

...
Some such connection between mathematical ratiocination and observation might also help to dissipate the frustration of theorists in general, engendered by many years of sterile...

As regards observational tests of LQG, I think the main focus now is on higher resolution maps of the microwave background. These should show traces of a bounce and a brief pre-inflationary era which have been worked out. Much of the relevant early universe phenomenology literature can be accessed simply by a search like this:
http://inspirehep.net/search?ln=en&...2y=2012&sf=&so=a&rm=citation&rg=50&sc=0&of=hb
That gets 428 quantum cosmology papers (2009 to present) about half of which are loop. And among them are quite a few phenomenology---about observable effects---though you have to look for them.

There's a more selective link that is sometimes slow. I'll get that in a moment.
http://www-library.desy.de/cgi-bin/spiface/find/hep/www?rawcmd=FIND+%28DK+LOOP+SPACE+AND+%28QUANTUM+GRAVITY+OR+QUANTUM+COSMOLOGY%29+%29+AND+%28GRAVITATIONAL+RADIATION+OR+PRIMORDIAL+OR+inflation+or+POWER+SPECTRUM+OR+COSMIC+BACKGROUND+RADIATION%29+AND+DATE%3E2008&FORMAT=www&SEQUENCE=citecount%28d%29
It just now timed out on me twice and then worked the third time. It came up with 66 recent Loop cosmology papers that are more consistently oriented towards observational testing.

I would very much like to see the Loop cosmology bounce modeled using Tomita flow time.

 

[detective]

...hello all...a most fascination take on time, and for simplicity's sake the theory of time will give me endless hours of enjoyable argy bargy...it's the mathematics that seems to have to creep in ...and we all know that mathematics are the tools for proving a theory, but once again time will confound us on that account as there is no need to ''prove'' its existence...it will continue to pervade our lives and stridently make us have to grapple with it...seeya

 

[marcus]

... as there is no need to ''prove'' its existence...it will continue to pervade our lives and stridently ...

Hi Tec, I would certainly agree with what I quote from your post here but that doesn't seem to be the issue. I think everybody in the thread would go along with the idea that time is real and vitally important---both in physics and in our everyday experience.

The phrase "does time exist?" is just a way of getting attention---it's not a useful way to frame the discussion---not really what we're talking about.

The main thing driving the discussion seems to be dissatisfaction with the (outmoded, I believe) way of imagining time mathematically as an "axis" i.e. as a pseudo-spatial dimension.

The title of the Capetown conference, held this week, was Do we need a physics of 'passage'? IOW instead of a static picture with time as an AXIS (analogous to spatial coordinate axes) shouldn't we develop a mathematical picture in which it is a PROCESS OF CHANGE.

For a substantial part of the last century the prevailing tendency was to geometrize time--put it on an axis--leading to a static picture in which our experience of time's passage is apt to be disregarded or explained away as merely psychological. Now the pendulum seems to be swinging the other direction (away from the static geometrization of time.)

I wouldn't disparage mathematics. The meat of the discussion here is actually about competing mathematical representations of time. Math can represent process in various ways, it's not restricted to describing location along a coordinate axis.

You might be interested to read what the organizers of the "Passage" conference wrote about it:
http://prce.hu/centre_for_time/jtf/passage.html
http://prce.hu/centre_for_time/jtf/FullProgram.pdf

In the html index page they quote some famous 19th and 20th century physicists to exemplify what they, the organizers, are NOT happy with and want to try to change. You might even like the tack they are taking.

 

[detective]

...thanks for the clarifications marcus .. could i pose this thought ...to a photon or any other massless object, time has no usefulness or relevance to their being, as their traveling at the speed of light renders time to stand still...

...when we start to include mass into the physics there is automatically a need to invoke the constant of time...but this leads us to at least two sets of rules, which is repulsive to a pure theory of time...

...any thoughts?...i hope I'm not over simplifying things...cheers

 

[Last_Exile]

Hi Marcus,

Interesting discussion but I have to admit I don't follow the maths...

I just wanted to say that I remember reading, about 25 years ago or more, in the New Scientist magazine (that was when it was worth reading!) an article relating to the idea of the flow of time as a phase-change.

The general idea was that in a similar way to which a pond freezes over where you can imagine a layer of ice spreading across the surface so does time appear to us. By which I mean that to us the past is fixed (frozen) but the future is mutable and "now" is, of course, where that phase change occurs.

This idea seems to me to be consistent with your

mathematical picture in which it is a PROCESS OF CHANGE.

I'm sure the original article also had a relevant paper to go with it but it is probably irretrievable now.

Does this idea still sound viable as a layman interpretation of the current discussion?

 

[physicsguy13]

If time did not exsist, what would prevent everything from happening at once?

 

[julian]

"Time is nature's way to keep everything from happening at once." John Wheeler.

 

[marcus]

Thanks Julian, Paulibus, Exile, Detective and others for keeping us wondering about time!

There've been some more interesting papers posted on arxiv that bear on this, but first I want to recall a portion of the passage quoted in post #121, over ten days ago!

==quote page 4 http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0604045 ==
... Therefore, properly speaking, GR does not admit a description as a system evolving in terms of an observable time variable. This does not mean that GR lacks predictivity. Simply put, what GR predicts are relations between (partial) observables, which in general cannot be represented as the evolution of dependent variables on a preferred independent time variable.

This weakening of the notion of time in classical GR is rarely emphasized: After all, in classical GR we may disregard the full dynamical structure of the theory and consider only individual solutions of its equations of motion. A single solution of the GR equations of motion determines “a spacetime”, where a notion of proper time is associated to each timelike worldline.

But in the quantum context a single solution of the dynamical equation is like a single “trajectory” of a quantum particle: in quantum theory there are no physical individual trajectories: there are only transition probabilities between observable eigenvalues. Therefore in quantum gravity it is likely to be impossible to describe the world in terms of a spacetime, in the same sense in which the motion of a quantum electron cannot be described in terms of a single trajectory.
==endquote==

IOW people have now developed some candidate QG theories, though it's still work-in-progress and as yet there's no consensus as to which nature prefers. But even before we have a fully developed preferred QG theory we can still take the lessons seriously that GR and QM teach us.

Our eventual QG theory will probably NOT be manifold-based. It will not be about the geometry of a space-time continuum---that would be a geometric *trajectory*. Instead it will be about probabilistic correlations between measurements.

That is, the basic math object is probably to be (M,ω) a star algebra and a function from M to the complex numbers that gives the expectation values and correlations, rather than a continuum with fields defined on it. M="measurements" and ω="state" (what we think we know about the both past and future, and our statistical uncertainty therewith.) Our notions of physics THEORY are encompassed in ω, as correlations among possible measurements we might make, as are our ideas about physical constants, past observations, initial conditions etc.

Now this gets into an area of QM foundations where a couple of researchers have recently posted new papers, so I want to quote their abstracts. Here are the links in case you want to check them out:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.3062
http://arxiv.org/abs/1212.3606

I have to go out briefly but will try to get back