Projectile Launch Angle & Flight Time: Questions Answered

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To determine the launch angle of a projectile using initial and final velocity, vector analysis and kinematic equations are essential. Factors affecting projectile flight time include initial velocity, drag, and the gravitational constant, while mass does not influence flight duration. The radius of the object and height from which it is launched do not directly affect flight time. More specific questions can lead to clearer answers. Understanding these principles is crucial for mastering projectile motion.
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I just have a few quick questions. If I'm given an inital and final velocity how can I use that information to find the launch angle of the projectile? Secondly, having to also do with projectiles, what are the factors which determine how long an object is in projectile flight. I'm pretty sure that the initial velocity and perhaps the mass of the object do. I thought planet's acceleration due to gravity might also. Then I wasn't sure about radius of circular object (i.e. cannonball), or height of cliff - i don't think those could. Help would be appreciated!
 
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1) You use vectors and kinematics.
2) Initial velocity, drag, inclines, etc. (Why would the mass do anything? Yes the gravitational constant will obviously effect the time in the air.)

I can't do your homework for you because then I would deprive you of some good stuff. If you want better answers you have to be more specific with questions and thoughts to their answers.
 
The book claims the answer is that all the magnitudes are the same because "the gravitational force on the penguin is the same". I'm having trouble understanding this. I thought the buoyant force was equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Weight depends on mass which depends on density. Therefore, due to the differing densities the buoyant force will be different in each case? Is this incorrect?

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