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Arildno & Gokul get joint credit for question #5 (good detective work Gokul).
Yes, Jonathan Swift very closely described the two moons of Mars in "Gulliver's Travels" published in 1726.
"An odd interlude concerns the moons of Mars. For a while, some people suggested that simple numerology required Mars to have 2 moons (Earth has 1, four were known for Jupiter...). Two were indeed discovered and named Phobos and Deimos by Asaph Hall at the US Naval Observatory in 1877. These are tiny (Deimos is still the smallest known natural satellite, only 7.5 km along the major axis of its potato shape), and Phobos has the distinction of being the only moon to orbit faster than its planet rotates, in a mere 8 hours. Remarkably (presciently, spookily, by purest chance) moons with similar properties had been described in the purely fictional setting of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, published in 1726. Describing the Laputans and what they found from their flying island, he wrote, "They have likewise discovered two lesser Stars, or Satellites, which revolve about Mars; whereof the innermost is distant from the Center of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost five; and the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty-one and an half...". Not too bad. I can't prognosticate that well by trying very hard; some folks have all the luck, but then Nobel hadn't established his prize yet anyway.
http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/marsfest/history.html
Yes, Jonathan Swift very closely described the two moons of Mars in "Gulliver's Travels" published in 1726.
"An odd interlude concerns the moons of Mars. For a while, some people suggested that simple numerology required Mars to have 2 moons (Earth has 1, four were known for Jupiter...). Two were indeed discovered and named Phobos and Deimos by Asaph Hall at the US Naval Observatory in 1877. These are tiny (Deimos is still the smallest known natural satellite, only 7.5 km along the major axis of its potato shape), and Phobos has the distinction of being the only moon to orbit faster than its planet rotates, in a mere 8 hours. Remarkably (presciently, spookily, by purest chance) moons with similar properties had been described in the purely fictional setting of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, published in 1726. Describing the Laputans and what they found from their flying island, he wrote, "They have likewise discovered two lesser Stars, or Satellites, which revolve about Mars; whereof the innermost is distant from the Center of the primary planet exactly three of his diameters, and the outermost five; and the former revolves in the space of ten hours, and the latter in twenty-one and an half...". Not too bad. I can't prognosticate that well by trying very hard; some folks have all the luck, but then Nobel hadn't established his prize yet anyway.
http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/marsfest/history.html