In functional analysis, a bounded linear operator is a linear transformation
L
:
X
→
Y
{\displaystyle L:X\to Y}
between topological vector spaces (TVSs)
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
that maps bounded subsets of
X
{\displaystyle X}
to bounded subsets of
Y
.
{\displaystyle Y.}
If
X
{\displaystyle X}
and
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
are normed vector spaces (a special type of TVS), then
L
{\displaystyle L}
is bounded if and only if there exists some
M
>
0
{\displaystyle M>0}
such that for all
x
{\displaystyle x}
in
X
,
{\displaystyle X,}
The smallest such
M
,
{\displaystyle M,}
denoted by
‖
L
‖
,
{\displaystyle \|L\|,}
is called the operator norm of
L
.
{\displaystyle L.}
A linear operator that is sequentially continuous or continuous is a bounded operator and moreover, a linear operator between normed spaces is bounded if and only if it is continuous.
However, a bounded linear operator between more general topological vector spaces is not necessarily continuous.
Homework Statement
Consider the vector space l_infty(R) of all bounded sequences. Decide whether or not the following norms are defined on l_infty(R) . If they are, verify by axioms. If not, provide counter example.
Homework Equations
x in l_infty(R); x=(x_n), (i) || ||_# defined by...
Homework Statement
Show that D = { (x,y,z) \in \mathbb{R}^{3} | 7x^2+2y^2 \leq 6, x^3+y \leq z \leq x^2y+5y^3} is bounded.
Homework Equations
Definition of bounded:D \subseteq \mathbb{R}^{n} is called bounded if there exists a M > 0 such that D \subseteq \{x \in \mathbb{R}^{n} | ||x|| \leq...
Find an $\displaystyle f(x)$ such that $\displaystyle \frac{1}{f(x)}$ is defined for all $\displaystyle x$ and is bounded, but $\displaystyle f(x)$ is decreasing.
I'm trying to show that continuous f : [a, b] -> R implies f uniformly continuous.
f continuous if for all e > 0, x in [a, b], there exists d > 0 such that for all y in [a, b], ¦x - y¦ < d implies ¦f(x) - f(y)¦ < e.
f uniformly continuous if for all e > 0, there exists d > 0 such that for...
Homework Statement
Let f : R -> R be a continuous function such that f(0) = 0. If S := {f(x) | x in R} is not
bounded above, prove that [0, infinity) ⊆ S (that is, S contains all non-negative real numbers).
Then find an appropriate value for a in the Intermediate Value theorem...
Let $u_t=u_xx,\,t>0,\,x\in\mathbb R$ and $u(x,0)=xe^{-|x|}.$ Show that $|u(x,t)|\le \dfrac K{\sqrt t}$ for all $t>0$ and $x\in\mathbb R$ where $K$ is a constant.
So I apply Fourier transform, then $\mathcal F(u_t)=\mathcal F(u_xx)$ then $\dfrac{{\partial \mathcal F(u)(w,t)}}{{\partial t}} = -...
Consider the set $S=\left\{ z\in \mathbb{C}:\text{Re}(z)>0,\text{ }\arg (z)\in \left( -\dfrac{\pi }{4},\dfrac{\pi }{4} \right) \right\},$ and a function $f\in H(S)\cap C(\overline S)$ so that for each $z\in\partial S$ is $|f(z)|\le1$ and for all $z=x+yi\in S$ is $|f(z)|\le e^{\sqrt x}.$ Prove...
Homework Statement
If {S_n} is a sequence whose values lie inside an interval [a,b], prove {S_n/n} is convergent.
We don't know Cauchy sequence yet. All we know is the definition of a bounded sequence, and convergence and divergence of sequences. Along with comparison tests and Squeeze...
Homework Statement
Let a_n = 1 + 1/(1*2) + 1/(2*3) + ... + 1/(n*[n+1]). Prove {a_n} is bounded above.
Homework Equations
1/(2*3) = 1/2 - 1/3
The Attempt at a Solution
I accidentally left my notebook at school and I have no idea how to do this without my class notes. The book...
I just ran into this problem and have no idea how to solve it. Basically I'm trying to prove that all orders of derivative of the given function is bounded by the function on the right. I'm pretty sure the inequality is true, but I really have no clue on how to prove it. I thought about using...
Homework Statement
Let f:[-1,1] \times \mathbb{R} \to\mathbb{R} be a function.
If f is defined by:
(i) f(x,y) = 3\exp(x-y^2)
then is the derivative with respect to y bounded?
If f is defined by:
(ii) f(x,y) = 7\exp(y^2-x)
then is the derivative with respect to y bounded...
Homework Statement
Show that if X is a bounded random variable, then E(X) exists.Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I am having trouble of finding out where to begin this proof.This is what I got so far:
Suppose X is bounded. Then there exists two numbers a and b such that P(X > b)...
If I have a spread of electrical charges contained inside a Gaussian surface, and if I cause those electrical charges to move at relativistic speeds, the electric fields of those charges should be subject to relativistic contraction. What happens then to electric flux that cuts through that...
Hi
Suppose (X,d) is a bounded metric space. Can we extend (X,d) into (X',d') such that (X',d') is compact and d and d' agree on X?
( The reason for asking the question: To prove a theorem in Euclidean space, I found it convenient to first extend the bounded set in question to a compact one (...
Question:
Find the exact value of the are of the region bounded by:
x^3, the x-axis and x=1 and x=4
Answer is 3.75
I tried finding the anti derivative so 1/4(x)^4, and therefore I've got 1/4(4)^4 - 1/4, which isn't the correct answer
Homework Statement
Give an example of a bounded subset of Q which has no least upper
bound in Q. Explain why your answer has this property.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
[1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4...infinity]
is this correct?
I came across this proof and have a question about the bolded portion:
Consider the following objection to the bolded: In order for \mathcal{G} to be an open cover of K its sets must contain all of the points of K. The sets of \mathcal{G} are B_r(p) for some fixed p, and so as r gets...
Hi,
If I have an additive function which is f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y),
the question is
how can we prove that if this function has a limit at each real number then there is a number a greater than zero and M greater than zero
such that
|f(x)|\leq M, for all x\in[-a,a],
Homework Statement
Find area of regions bounded by
x^2 + y^2 = 9, y = 2x, x-axis in the first quadrant
The attempt at a solution
So, i drew the graph of y against x in my copybook, and circle with origin (0,0), radius = 3 units. The line y = 2x cuts through the circle.
Transforming to...
Homework Statement
Evaluate. ∫∫D x2 dAxy, bounded by 5x2 + 4xy + y2 = 1
Homework Equations
∫∫D H(x,y) dAxy = ∫∫D H(u,v)\frac{\delta(x,y)}{\delta(u,v)}dAuv
The Attempt at a Solution
So I understand I'm supposed to find a change of variables to transform the ellipse into a circle...
I'm not sure if I am confusing myself or not, but a friend and I were trying to figure this out. Basically, I know that if a sequence is bounded, we are guaranteed at least one convergent subsequences. However, is it possible for a bounded sequence to have infinitely many of such subsequences?
Hi!
I want to learn a course of "general relativity".
For this, I've realized that I have to master the differential geometry.
So, I've chosen Lee's book called " introduction to smooth manifolds".
In the appendix of the book, some required knowledege of integrations on an euclidean space...
First, is one light wave (or perhaps half wave) possible that stretches across the universe, such that each end of the wave (or half wave) is on opposite sides of the event horizon of the universe, which is the distance light has traveled since the beginning of the universe.
Second, is this...
I have a point in 3D specified by its coordinates (x0, y0, z0)
I have a line in 3D specified and bounded by its end points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
How do I calculate the minimum distance between the point and the line, keeping in mind that it may not be the perpendicular distance...
Homework Statement
I haven't been able to find any theorems stating the relationship between a totally bounded space and a complete metric space, i.e., whether totally boundedness implies completeness. (I know that completeness implies totally boundedness though). Is it true that totally...
Homework Statement
Find a sequence of differentiable functions $f_n\colon [a,b]\rightarrow\mathbb(R)$ s.t.:
--there exists $M>0$ with $|f_n'(x)|\leq M$ for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $x\in[a,b]$;
--for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$, $|f_n(a)|\leq M$;
--$(g_n)$ is a convergent subsequence with...
I'm working on a problem for my analysis class. Here it is:
Let f be differentiable on an open subset S of R. Suppose there exists M > 0 such that for all x in S, |f'(x)| ≤ M, i.e. the derivative is bounded. Show that f is uniformly continuous on S.
I'm not too sure that this question is...
Homework Statement
Show that the operator on L^2(0,\infty) defined by g \rightarrow f(x)= \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-xy}g(y)dy is bounded.
Homework Equations
Operator norm: ||T|| = \sup_{||g||_{L^2}=1}||Tg||_{L^2}
The Attempt at a Solution
I tried to get a handle on f(x)=...
Homework Statement
Find the absolute minimum and maximum of F(x,y,z) = x2 - 2x - y2 + z2 on the ellipsoid G(x,y,z) = x2 + 4y2 + z2 = 4
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I was thinking of trying to solve this by using Lagrange multipliers. So, finding the gradients:
Fx = 2x - 2 = Gx...
Homework Statement
A bounded monotone sequence converges.
Proof
for bounded monotone increasing sequence and decreasing sequence.
Does both them converges?Homework Equations
So, I used the least upper bound and great lower bound to prove increasing sequence and decreasing sequence...
Homework Statement
Let A = \{(x, y, z) \in \mathbb{R}^n : 0 \lt x \leq 1, 0 \lt y \leq 1 - x^2, 0 \lt z \leq x^2 + y\}. Define f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R} by f(x, y, z) = y for each (x, y, z) \in A. Accept that Fubini's theorem is applicable here. Find \int_A f.
Homework Equations
Fubini's...
Hey,
I'm trying to prove that uv=>0 is bounded so I can state that an entire function is constant when f = u + iv, when f is entire.
I have worked out the rest but I'm struggling to prove that its bounded,
Can you say u=>0, v=>0 then u + v => 0, and that bounded from below?
Say f is a non-negative, integrable function over a measurable set E. Suppose
\int_{E_k} f\; dm \leq \epsilon
for each positive integer k, where
E_k = E \cap [-k,k]
Then, why is it true that
\int_E f\; dm \leq \epsilon \quad ?
I know that
\bigcup_k E_k = E
and intuitively it seems...
Hello all. I am having a very serious problem. The question states:
Find the value(s) of δ such that the solution of the initial-value problem
y'' − 4y = sin x;
where y(0) = δ and y'(0) = 0
is bounded.
I have no problem "solving"...
Homework Statement
Is the point P(0,2) in the region bounded below by y=x
I'm not quite sure i understand this question. the 'bounded below' part mainly. Is it asking if the point is below the x axis? The wording is confusing me
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I...
Homework Statement
This is an example taken from the textbook lesson and there's one part I don't understand:
Find the area of the region bounded above by the spiral
r = pi/(3θ)
and below by the polar axis, between r = 1 and r = 2.
SOLUTION:
Double integral of r(dθ)(dr) with boundaries...
Homework Statement
Want to prove that [0,1] in R is compact. Let \bigcup_{\alpha\in A} I_{\alpha} be an open cover of [0,1].
By open sets in R.
Let E={t\in[0,1] s.t. [0,t] is covered by a finite number of the open cover sets I_{\alpha}}.
Prove that E\neq\emptyset.
The Attempt at a...
Homework Statement
Let f and g be real-valued functions defined on A ⊆ R and let c ∈ R be a cluster point of A. Suppose that f is bounded on a neighborhood of c and that limx→c g(x) = 0. Prove that limx→c f(x)g(x) = 0.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
This isn't a very hard...
Im having a little trouble about how to go about defining this signal. It has a sqrt(-1) in it raised to a power so this is where i get confused. No doubt my poor algebra skills may be holding me back from understanding this problem.
The signal is x(k)=j^-k u(k)
I need to determine:
A...
Homework Statement
Show that
If S is totally bounded in ℂ, then the S closure is also totally bounded in ℂ.
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
Assume S is totally bounded. then for very ε>0 there are finitely many discs (O=Union of finitely many discs) that covers S...
Homework Statement
Suppose that the function f|(a,b)→ℝ is uniformly continuous. Prove that f|(a,b)→ℝ is bounded.
Homework Equations
A function f|D→ℝ is uniformly continuous provided that whenever {un} and {vn} are sequences in D such that lim (n→∞) [un-vn] = 0, then lim (n→∞) [f(un) -...
Homework Statement
You are managing a virtual computer store and are responsible for maintaining the printer paper supply in r different locations. There is a total of n packets of printer paper in stock. To make sure printers do not run out of paper, you need to keep at least ci packets of...
Can someone give me an example of a bounded function f defined on a closed interval [a,b] such that f does not attain its sup (or inf) on this interval? Obviously, f cannot be continuous, but for whatever reason (stupidity? lack of imagination?) I can't think of an example of a discontinuous...
Hi, just a quick question.
Let f be real function s.t. the limit of f as x approaches a equals L.
Is f bounded?
i.e. is it sufficient to assume a function is bounded if it has a limit.
Thanks to all who may reply.
Hello everybody,
A few years ago i tried to join a mathematics department and in the relevant exams
i came up against the following problem. I apologise beforehand if the statement of the problem is a little bit ambiguous because i do not remember it exactly. However, I am sure you will get...
Homework Statement
Let m be the Lebesgue measure on \mathbb R^d , and define the open sets O_n = \{ x \in \mathbb R^d : d(x,E) < \frac1n \} where
d(A,B) = \inf\{ |x-y| : x \in A, y \in B \}
1) Find a closed and unbounded set E such that \lim_{n\to\infty} m(O_n) \neq m(E) .
2) Find an...
Homework Statement
Let A be a positive definite n\times n real matrix, b\in\mathbb{R}^n, and consider the quadratic polynomial Q(x)=\frac{1}{2}\langle{x, Ax\rangle}-\langle{b, x\rangle}. Show that Q is bounded below.
2. The attempt at a solution
I have to come up with a constant m so that...
Find the area of region bounded by y = 4 -x^2 ; y = 2 - x; x = - 2 and x = 3
I've calculated the area to be 11/3 however the answer given is 49/6.
Is the answer correct? I've recalculated this twice and there seems to be nothing wrong with my working...
I have been consulting different sources of analysis notes. My confusion comes from these two definitions
\begin{defn} Let S be a non-empty subset of $\mathbb{R}$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item $S$ is Bounded above $ \Longleftrightarrow\exists\,M > 0$ s.t. $\forall\, x\in S$, $x\leq M$...