Fundamental Definition and 947 Threads

Given a topological space and a group acting on it, the images of a single point under the group action form an orbit of the action. A fundamental domain or fundamental region is a subset of the space which contains exactly one point from each of these orbits. It serves as a geometric realization for the abstract set of representatives of the orbits.
There are many ways to choose a fundamental domain. Typically, a fundamental domain is required to be a connected subset with some restrictions on its boundary, for example, smooth or polyhedral. The images of a chosen fundamental domain under the group action then tile the space. One general construction of fundamental domains uses Voronoi cells.

View More On Wikipedia.org
  1. Ben Wilson

    I What mediates the exchange force?

    In many-body theory for electronic structure, fermions experience a force resulting from Pauli Exclusion. So by extension, would quarks and other subatomic fermions experience this force? If so, what is the "high energy" physics side of the story to forces arising from exchange rules? Is it a...
  2. mountains

    B Are there really 4 fundamental math operations?

    It's strange to me that multiplication and division are considered fundamental operations. It makes sense for me that addition is a fundamental operation but multiplication is just like a function or algorithm that takes several numbers and apply additions. This is true even for multiplication...
  3. S

    Fundamental Thermodynamics Relation

    Hello! I am a bit confused by the formula ##dU = TdS - PdV##. If I want to compute for example ##\frac{\partial U}{\partial V}## I obtain ##-P##, but how should I proceed to obtain, for example ##\frac{\partial U}{\partial P}## or ##\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}## which are not obvious from the...
  4. jegues

    Determining the Fundamental Frequency Component

    Suppose you periodically receive samples of a periodic waveform at fixed instances in time Δt. It is known ahead of time that the periodic waveform will have a fundamental frequency component of 50Hz or 60Hz, but perhaps with some higher order harmonics present. What is the easiest way to go...
  5. TheSodesa

    Amplitude and phase spectra from fundamental frequency?

    Homework Statement Let \begin{equation*} f(t) = 2 + \cos\left( 3t - \frac{\pi}{6} \right) + \frac{1}{4}\cos\left( \frac{1}{2}t + \frac{\pi}{3} \right) + \sin^2(t) \end{equation*} Determine the period ##T## and fundamental frequency ##\omega_0## of ##f## and draw images of its amplitude and...
  6. Vitani11

    Proving the second fundamental theorem of calculus?

    Homework Statement Show that Dx∫f(u)du = f(x) Where the integral is evaluated from a to x. (Hint: Do Taylor expansion of f(u) around x). Homework Equations None The Attempt at a Solution I have ... = Dx(F(u)+C) = Dx(F(x-a)+C) = dxF(x) - dxF(a) = f(x)-f(a). My problem is that it should be...
  7. FallenApple

    I Electron Degeneracy Pressure not Fundamental?

    So for what I understand, when a star collapses, the electrons do not like to overlap their quantum states because of the pauli exlusion principle. Is this different from an E&M force? If so, then why isn't it a fundamental interaction? All forces are made of a combination of the 4 fundamental...
  8. Charles Link

    Insights Fabry-Perot and Michelson Interferometry: A Fundamental Approach - Comments

    Charles Link submitted a new PF Insights post Fabry-Perot and Michelson Interferometry: A Fundamental Approach Continue reading the Original PF Insights Post.
  9. C

    I Visual interpretation of Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

    Hi, this is a newbee question. Does the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus supply a visual (graphical) way of linking a function (F(x)) with its derivative (f(x))? That is, the two-dimensional area under a curve in [a,b] for f(x) is always equals to the one-dimensional distance F(b)-F(a)? If...
  10. D

    B What is the Relation Between Jeans Mass and Fundamental Mode in Acoustic Waves?

    I don't understand the difference between the Jeans Mass and the fundamental mode. Both are reaching till the horizon but according to me is the Jeans mass not oscillating. So what is the relation between a Jeans mass and the fundamental mode of the acoustic waves?
  11. FallenApple

    I Most fundamental quantity in physics

    So out of the concepts such as mass, momentum, angular momentum, fields, etc what is the most fundamental in physics? I'm thinking energy since the lagrangian shows up almost everywhere, not just in classical mechanics. But I'm not sure since I haven't looked deeply into all fields of physics...
  12. A

    What Is the Correct Water Level for the Third Resonance in a Closed-Open Tube?

    Homework Statement A vibrating tuning fork of frequency 512 Hz is held over a water column with one end closed and the other open. As the water level is allowed to fall, a loud sound (resonance) is heard at specific water levels. Assume you start with the tube full of water, and begin steadily...
  13. A

    Fundamental frequency of a wire wheel spoke

    Homework Statement The spoke of a wire wheel is 9.5 cm long, 3.5 mm in diameter, and under tension of 2100 N. The wire is made of steel of density 7860 kg/m3. When struck with a metal tool at its center, the spoke rings at its fundamental frequency. What is that frequency? Homework Equations...
  14. A

    Waves: fundamental frequency of taut cable

    1. Homework Statement The wire cable supporting the mast of a sailboat has a length of 12 m and a linear mass density of 350 g/m. When pushed sideways at its midpoint with a force of 160 N, the cable deflects by 9.5 cm. What is the frequency of the fundamental mode of vibrations on this...
  15. dkotschessaa

    A Fundamental and Homology groups of Polygons

    This is an old qual question, and I want to see if I have it right. I had virtually no instruction in homology despite this being about 1/4 of our qualifying exam, so I am feeling a bit stupid and frustrated. Anyway, I am given a space defined by three polygons with directed edges as...
  16. liometopum

    The Fundamental Delusion of Scientists?

    I was listening to a lecture by Peter Thiel. He argued that "scientists never make any money", and are "always deluded into thinking they live in a just universe that will reward them for their work, and this is probably the fundamental delusion that scientists tend to suffer from in our...
  17. Mayan Fung

    Fundamental assumptions of statistical mechanics

    The assumption states that all states (or I shall say micro-states) are equally probable. This is the foundation where we construct our theories on entropy, different kind of distributions, etc. Is there any explanation for this assumption? Or why did the scientists that time take this...
  18. Farhad70

    Other Choosing fundamental journals or conferences

    I have done a fundamental research about relativity but i can't find right journal or conference. can anyone help me?
  19. M

    B The most fundamental "particle"

    Hi, Are there any fundamental "particles" that has no charge (e.g. color charge, electric charge, etc.), mass, volume and spin?
  20. Mayan Fung

    I Fundamental Forces: Electromagnetic, Gravity, Strong & Weak Interactions

    As far as I know, we regard the electromagnetic force, gravity, strong and weak interactions as the four fundamental forces. We know that Newton's law of gravitation does not perform as well as Einstein's general relativity. Scientists are now using energy-stress tensor to describe...
  21. Hallucinogen

    B Which fundamental properties of particles can actually vary?

    Hi everyone. Very orderly forum you have here. I'd like to ask a few philosophical questions which are very fundamental to QM. Firstly I assume we all agree that a fundamental particle - imagine an electron or quark - has multiple inherent properties which are all separable from each other, such...
  22. Z

    I Help please -- Seeking clear definition of fundamental terms

    I've tried repeatedly to get clear, succinct definitions of the following terms over and over again, but invariably the definitions provided clash, and I'd like to put an end to that. The terms I am trying to define clearly are: - Relation - Definition (Mathematical definition) - Function -...
  23. M

    Fundamental Misunderstanding of SR…?

    Homework Statement A space explorer travels in a spaceship with v = 0.9c. She goes from Earth to a distant star that is 4 light years away (again, measured from Earth). What is the distance measured by the explorer and how long will she say it took her to get there? Homework Equations...
  24. K

    I Does bosonic superpartners create new fundamental forces?

    in broken supersymmetry every fermion has a super partner that is a boson, with same internal quantum numbers, except mass. i.e superpartner of an electron is a selectron, which is a boson. in QFT gauge bosons are force carriers. gauge bosons with mass create a force that is short-ranged...
  25. ManicPIxie

    Fundamental Theorem of Calc Problem using Chain Rule

    Homework Statement F(x) = (integral from 1 to x^3) (t^2 - 10)/(t + 1) dt Evaluate F'(x) Homework Equations Using the chain rule The Attempt at a Solution Let u = x^3 Then: [((x^3)^2 - 10) / (x^3 + 1)] ⋅ 3x^2 *step cancelling powers of x from fraction* = (x^3 - 10)(3x^2) = 3x^5 - 30x^2 I am...
  26. Gabriel Golfetti

    A Fundamental Arguments For The Form Of The Lagrangian, L=T-U

    I am trying to establish a Rationalist approach to Physics as a side project, and have taken Hamilton's Principle as one of the few postulates in my work. I've developed the concept enough to arrive at the usual stuff, like the Euler-Lagrange equations, Newton's First Law and Nöther's Theorem...
  27. Math Amateur

    MHB Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic - Bhattacharya et al - Ch. 2, Section 1

    I am reading the book, Basic Abstract Algebra by P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain, and S.R. Nagpaul ... ... and am currently focused on Chapter 2: Integers, Real Numbers and Complex Numbers ... I need help with an aspect of the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic in Section 1.3 ... ...
  28. Math Amateur

    I Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic - Bhattacharya et al

    I am reading the book, Basic Abstract Algebra by P.B. Bhattacharya, S.K. Jain, and S.R. Nagpaul ... ... and am currently focused on Chapter 2: Integers, Real Numbers and Complex Numbers ...I need help with an aspect of the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic in Section 1.3 ... ...The...
  29. Valour549

    A Trying an alternate Proof of the Fundamental Theorem

    The proofs of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus in the textbook I'm reading and those that I have found online, basically show us: 1) That when we apply the definition of the derivative to the integral of f (say F) below, we get f back. F(x) = \int_a^x f(t) dt 2) That any definite integral...
  30. Eclair_de_XII

    How to apply the fundamental theorem to partial derivatives?

    Homework Statement "Under mild continuity restrictions, it is true that if ##F(x)=\int_a^b g(t,x)dt##, then ##F'(x)=\int_a^b g_x(t,x)dt##. Using this fact and the Chain Rule, we can find the derivative of ##F(x)=\int_{a}^{f(x)} g(t,x)dt## by letting ##G(u,x)=\int_a^u g(t,x)dt##, where...
  31. S

    Fundamental frequency change because of bouyant force

    Homework Statement A rope has an end fixed and the other is passing through a pulley and has a body attached to it. The fondamental frequency of the rope is initially ##f_1=400 Hz##. If the body is then put in water the fondamental frequency of the rope becomes ##f_2=345 Hz##. If the linear...
  32. paulmdrdo

    Fundamental counting principle

    Homework Statement How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from 0 to 3 without repition Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution What I did first is H = number of choices for the hundreds place T = number of choices for the tens place U = number of choices for the units digit H = 3...
  33. M

    Some fundamental questions on turbomachinery

    I try to understand topic of turbomachinery. Would someone like to make some guidance? In that page I cannot understand some parts. 1) What does it mean by "above two conditions" in "Viscous effects must unfortunately be neglected, as it is generally impossible to satisfy the above two...
  34. GhostLoveScore

    I How fast do fundamental forces propagate?

    So, I've been looking at this chart Only Electro-magnetic force is carried by massless particle - photon. And it propagates at the speed of light. Now take Weak and Strong force. They are carried by bosons and gluons. They have mass. So, what is the speed of propagation of Weak and Strong...
  35. Z

    Formula relating thickness of pipe to fundamental frequency

    Homework Statement I understand how to find the resonant frequency of a closed pipe but when the thickness of the walls varies, the resonant frequency varies. Is there a formula that i can use to find the resonant frequency of a closed pipe given the length, temperature, speed of sound and...
  36. N

    Why frequency is more fundamental than wavelength?

    Please anyone explain that why frequency is more fundamental than wavelength inspire wavelength and frequency depend upon each other again frequency and wave number are also depends upon each other Then why we take the frequency as independent of wave number
  37. Z

    What is a method to find the fundamental frequency of a pipe

    Homework Statement How can i find the fundamental frequency of a closed piep (measuring cylinder) experimentally/ physicaly. I have done the maths and found the frequency but i want another way to prove this other than simply playing the calculated frequency back at the measuring cylinder. I...
  38. R

    Identifying Fundamental Frequencies

    Homework Statement I have made a plot of a given .wav file in Matlab. The problem asks: find the fundamental frequencies of the 3 vibrating strings, and identify some of their harmonics. Homework Equations 3. The Attempt at a Solution [/B] So I made a Matlab plot of the power spectrum over...
  39. faradayscat

    I Fundamental solutions and fundamental matrices

    I'll put you in context for the sake of simplicity before asking my question. Say we have the following homogeneous linear system: x'=Ax Let A be 2x2 for simplicity. Then the general solution would look like: x(t) = αa + βb And a fundamental matrix would be: Ψ(t) = ( a , b ) What...
  40. M

    A A fundamental question about research

    When you are in research behind your desk, are you using c=h=g=1? I think this is common now. Everyone is doing it. Is there anyone, who is not doing it? And if, why?
  41. N

    Need help with the 4 fundamental forces of Nature

    Hey everyone, I am currently in the middle of research for a science fiction /fantasy novel where the magic system is based on the ability of a group of people to manipulate the four fundamental forces of physics. Of these four, coming up with ways that individuals could manipulate gravity and...
  42. 1

    A The fundamental group of preimage of covering map

    i: B to Y is an inclusion, p: X to Y is a covering map. Define $D=p^{-1}(B)$, we assume here B and Y are locally path-connected and semi-locally simply connected. The question 1: if B,Y, X are path-connected in what case D is path-connected (dependent on the fundamental groups)? 2 What's the...
  43. M

    How to derive Mersenne's fundamental frequency formula?

    I'm talking about equation 22, Does anyone know how to derive this? It's Marin Mersenne's formula for fundamental frequency, but I'm perplexed as to how he derived it. L would be the length, F would be force, and μ would be mass per unit length. f is the frequency Thanks
  44. M

    MHB Ratio of fundamental frequencies

    The 7th note has a frequency of L/3 and the 12th has a frequency of L/2. What is the ratio of the two frequencies? I feel like this is really easy but I don't know how to solve this.
  45. S

    Intro Physics Difference between Physics and Fundamental University Physic

    What is the difference between "Physics" (1 volume, 1156 pages) and "Fundamental University Physics" (3 volumes) by Alonso Finn? Is the former 3 volumes bound as one or a revised edition?
  46. F

    Why does some reactions do't go to the fundamental state?

    Hi everybody, after studyng a little bit of nuclear physics I have noticed that many reactions (α,β,γ...) end with the new particles in excited states which rea¡main in those for a little time before going to the fundamental. I don't know why this happens instead of going directly to the...
  47. S

    Velocity as a fundamental quantity.

    Time is a fundamental quantity. but we actually measure time with change in the position of objects. for example one orbit which Earth completes is a year. one rotation of Earth is a day, one second is defined as 9192631770 cycles of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two...
  48. tesselate

    James Webb space telescope and fundamental physics

    Does JWST has any significance in fundamental physics research? What kind of questions would we get answers to?
  49. moriheru

    Foundations Proof of x^2n beeing even and other fundamental proofs

    Is there a book containing fundamental proofs such as any number of the form x^2n beeing even and such. I know this is very vague, so I must apologize. Thanks for any help.
  50. kostoglotov

    Simple fundamental subspaces problem stumping me

    So the matrix is just a row vector \begin{bmatrix}3 & 4 & 0\end{bmatrix} My problem, is that I get the nullspace as having to 2 dimensions, and the row space as having 2 dimenions, but that adds up to 4 dimensions, when it should add up to three. What simple thing am I missing? Null space...
Back
Top