Identity Definition and 1000 Threads

Identity theft occurs when someone uses another person's personal identifying information, like their name, identifying number, or credit card number, without their permission, to commit fraud or other crimes. The term identity theft was coined in 1964. Since that time, the definition of identity theft has been statutorily defined throughout both the U.K. and the United States as the theft of personally identifiable information. Identity theft deliberately uses someone else's identity as a method to gain financial advantages or obtain credit and other benefits, and perhaps to cause other person's disadvantages or loss. The person whose identity has been stolen may suffer adverse consequences, especially if they are falsely held responsible for the perpetrator's actions. Personally identifiable information generally includes a person's name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, bank account or credit card numbers, PINs, electronic signatures, fingerprints, passwords, or any other information that can be used to access a person's financial resources.Determining the link between data breaches and identity theft is challenging, primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained. According to a report done for the FTC, identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims. Identity fraud is often but not necessarily the consequence of identity theft. Someone can steal or misappropriate personal information without then committing identity theft using the information about every person, such as when a major data breach occurs. A US Government Accountability Office study determined that "most breaches have not resulted in detected incidents of identity theft". The report also warned that "the full extent is unknown". A later unpublished study by Carnegie Mellon University noted that "Most often, the causes of identity theft is not known", but reported that someone else concluded that "the probability of becoming a victim to identity theft as a result of a data breach is ... around only 2%". For example, in one of the largest data breaches which affected over four million records, it resulted in only about 1,800 instances of identity theft, according to the company whose systems were breached.An October 2010 article entitled "Cyber Crime Made Easy" explained the level to which hackers are using malicious software. As Gunter Ollmann,
Chief Technology Officer of security at Microsoft, said, "Interested in credit card theft? There's an app for that." This statement summed up the ease with which these hackers are accessing all kinds of information online. The new program for infecting users' computers was called Zeus; and the program is so hacker-friendly that even an inexperienced hacker can operate it. Although the hacking program is easy to use, that fact does not diminish the devastating effects that Zeus (or other software like Zeus) can do to a computer and the user. For example, programs like Zeus can steal credit card information, important documents, and even documents necessary for homeland security. If a hacker were to gain this information, it would mean identity theft or even a possible terrorist attack. The ITAC says that about 15 million Americans had their identity stolen in 2012.

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  1. W

    Special Cases of the BCH Identity

    Homework Statement Hi all, I'm having trouble working on the following problem. Any assistance will be greatly appreciated. Here, the capital letters stand for Position and Momentum operators while the ##x', p'## stand for eigenvalues.Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution a) and b) It...
  2. C

    Help with deriving relationships starting with the identity a^x = e^xlna

    Hi there - it has been quite a long time since I took Calculus. I am trying to brush up and understand where to start with this question: Starting with the identity a^x = e^xlna, derive the relationships between (a) e^x and 10^x; (b) ln x and log x. Note: log x = log10 x unless otherwise...
  3. MathematicalPhysicist

    A When can the Ward Identity be used in quantum field theory?

    I don't understand from Peskin when can I use Ward Identity? I mean I can see that this identity isn't always valid to use, but when it is? Take for example equation (16.10) page 508 of Peskin's and Schroeder's.
  4. Krushnaraj Pandya

    Proof of an inverse trigonometric identity

    Homework Statement Show that ##\arcsin 2x \sqrt{1-x^2} = 2 \arccos{x}## when 1/√2 < x < 1 Homework Equations All trigonometric and inverse trigonometric identities, special usage of double angle identities here The Attempt at a Solution I can get the answer by puting x=cosy, the term inside...
  5. A

    I Identity Operator for Multiple Particles

    Hi, For a particle in a box (so that the momentum spectrum is discrete), we can write the identity operator as a sum over all momentum eigenstates of a projection to that eigenstate: $$I=\displaystyle\sum\limits_{p} |p\rangle\langle p|.$$ I was wondering what the corresponding form of the...
  6. C

    MHB Tan (Theta - Pie) Answer Explained

    What does Tan (Theta - Pie) = ? I know Tan (theta + pie) = tan (theta). They say the answer is tan (theta), but I think it's some kind of typo.
  7. G

    Is This Spinor Identity Correct?

    Homework Statement Given the spinors: \Psi_{1}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\psi-\psi^{c}\right) \Psi_{2}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\psi+\psi^{c}\right) Where c denotes charge conjugation, show that for a vector boson #A_{\mu}#; A_{\mu}\overline{\Psi_{1}}\gamma^{\mu}\Psi_{2} +...
  8. opus

    Solving an algebraic identity with ellipses

    Homework Statement Prove the following relation. It is assumed that all values of x and y which occur are such that the denominators in the indicated fractions are not equal to 0. $$\frac{x^n-1}{x-1}=x^{n-1}+x^{n-2}+...+x+1$$ Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Please see attached...
  9. D

    I Diffeomorphism invariance and contracted Bianchi identity

    I've been reading Straumann's book "General Relativity & Relativistic Astrophysics". In it, he claims that the twice contracted Bianchi identity: $$\nabla_{\mu}G^{\mu\nu}=0$$ (where ##G^{\mu\nu}=R^{\mu\nu}-\frac{1}{2}g^{\mu\nu}R##) is a consequence of the diffeomorphism (diff) invariance of the...
  10. P

    What is the relationship between TdS and dU in the thermodynamics identity?

    Has some sense write in the thermodynamics identity the terms TdS and dU at the same side of the equation and with the same sign? what would be this sense?For example PdV=TdS+dU
  11. R

    Diff eq with constants... Eulers identity...

    Homework Statement Find the general solution of the second order DE. y'' + 9y = 0 Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Problem is straight forward I just don't get why my answer is different than the books. So you get m^2 + 9 = 0 m = 3i and m = -3i so the general solution...
  12. H

    I Intuitive understanding of Euler's identity?

    I'm trying to get a more intuitive understanding of Euler's identity, more specifically, what raising e to the power of i means and why additionally raising by an angle in radians rotates the real value into the imaginary plane. I understand you can derive Euler's formula from the cosx, sinx and...
  13. L

    Mastering Double Angle Identities: Solving -2sin3θ+1=0

    Homework Statement 8 sin3 θ – 6 sin θ + 1 = 0 The answer includes changing this to -2sin3θ+1=0 Homework Equations The double angle identities Sin2θ=sinθcosθ+cosθsinθ The Attempt at a Solution I do not know how to get started with this question
  14. C

    A Angular Moment Operator Vector Identity Question

    In my EM class, this vector identity for the angular momentum operator (without the ##i##) was stated without proof. Is there anywhere I can look to to actually find a good example/proof on how this works? This is in spherical coordinates, and I can't seem to find this vector identity anywhere...
  15. L

    A Operator Identity: Quantum Mechanics Explanation w/ References

    In Quantum mechanics, when we have momentum operator ##\vec{p}##, and angular momentum operator ##\vec{L}##, then (\vec{p} \times \vec{L})\cdot \vec{p}=\vec{p}\cdot (\vec{L} \times \vec{p}) Why this relation is correct, and not (\vec{p} \times \vec{L})\cdot \vec{p}=\vec{p}\cdot (\vec{p} \times...
  16. lfdahl

    MHB Prove the nested radicals identity √(n−√(n+√(n−√(n+....

    Prove the following identity ($n = 1,2,3,...$): \[\sqrt{n - \sqrt{n+\sqrt{n-\sqrt{n +...}}}} = \sqrt{(n-1)-\sqrt{(n-1)-\sqrt{(n-1)-...}}}\]
  17. lfdahl

    MHB What is the Proof for the Trigonometric Sum Identity?

    Prove the identity \[\sum_{j=1}^{n-1}\csc^2\left ( \frac{j\pi}{n} \right ) = \frac{n^2-1}{3 }.\]
  18. M

    Can websites know of users' identity

    Can some websites such as search engines know of our identity? Can they guess or learn our name, surname or personality characters etc? If so, is it better not to use them? Google is offering me results from websites which are used in searches i.e site: searches. This seems very strange to me...
  19. lfdahl

    MHB Prove the sum identity ∑n2n=2e.

    Prove that $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{n^2}{n!}=2e.$$
  20. D

    I Domain of the identity function after inverse composition

    Hi, I'm struggling to understand something. Does domain restriction work the same way for composition of inverse functions as it does for other composite functions? I would assume it does, but the end result seems counter-intuitive. For example: If I have the function f(x) = 1/(1+x), with...
  21. D

    B Why Does This Algebraic Identity Work in Relativistic Doppler Calculations?

    I seem to remember this Algebra identity being covered in one of my classes years ago, but it has cropped back up in studying the relativistic doppler effect for light. Can anyone please show me the intermediate steps to show that: (1+x)/(sqrt(1-x^2) = sqrt((1+x)/(1-x)) or similarly...
  22. A

    MHB A complex numbers' modulus identity.

    I am searching for a shortcut in the calculation of a proof. The question is as follows: 2.12 Prove that: $$|z_1|+|z_2| = |\frac{z_1+z_2}{2}-u|+|\frac{z_1+z_2}{2}+u|$$ where $z_1,z_2$ are two complex numbers and $u=\sqrt{z_1z_2}$. I thought of showing that the squares of both sides of the...
  23. Y

    What is the Identity of the Unknown Liquid Used in a Dumas Bulb Experiment?

    I performed a laboratory experiment using a Dumas bulb to find the molar mass of an unknown, clear liquid in order to identify it. The Dumas bulb was submerged in a beaker filled with water (with the tip out of the water) and the water was boiled to evaporate the sample. I eventually got a...
  24. W

    Contraction of the Bianchi identity

    Homework Statement I've been given the Bianchi identity in the form ##\nabla _{\kappa} R^{\mu}_{\nu\rho\sigma} + \nabla _{\rho} R^{\mu}_{\nu\sigma \kappa} + \nabla _{\sigma} R^{\mu}_{\nu\kappa\rho} =0##Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution In order to get from this to the Einstein...
  25. W

    Thermodynamic Identity: Chemical Potential

    Homework Statement Homework Equations Thermodynamic Identity The Attempt at a Solution While I was able to work out the problem with the help of the hint, I couldn't completely understand the implication of said hint. The hint suggests that the equations for Chemical Potential in a process...
  26. W

    Thermal Physics: Thermodynamic Identity

    Homework Statement Homework Equations ##dS = \frac{1}{T} (dU - PdV)## assuming dN = 0 The Attempt at a Solution I have actually managed to solve all 4 parts correctly, except for the fact that I solved Part d) with the Sackur-Tetrode equation rather than the thermodynamic identity. I...
  27. R

    MHB Stuck on a trigonometric identity proof....

    $\frac{1 -\cos A}{1 + \cos A} = (\cot A - \csc A)^2$
  28. PsychonautQQ

    I Impossible to lift the identity map on the circle

    Suppose that L: ##S^1## ---> ##R## is a lift of the identity map of ##S^1##, where e is the covering map from ##R## to ##S^1##, where ##R## is the real numbers and ##S^1## is the circle. Then the equation e * L = ##Id_{S^1}## (where * is composition) means that 2*pi*L is a continuous choice of...
  29. A

    B Trigonometry Identity Question

    Can someone please tell me how sin(180 - x) = sin x? Here my attempt: sin (180 - x) = sin 180 . cos x - cos 180 . sin x Next? I have no idea...
  30. A

    Does the Pythagorean Identity Hold for sin^2(3x) + cos^2(3x)?

    Homework Statement sin2x + cos2x = 1 but would sin23x + cos23x = 1?Homework Equations none. The Attempt at a Solution [/B] I'm pretty sure sin23x + cos23x can't equal 1 otherwise the identity would probably be written as sin2cx + cos2cx = 1 and I've never seen it written like this. I was...
  31. Z

    Proof of convex conjugate identity

    Homework Statement Prove that the conjugate of ##g(x) = f(Ax + b)## is ## g^*(y) = f^*(A^{-T}y) - b^TA^{-T}y ## where A is nonsingular nXm matrix in R, and b is in ##R^n##. Homework Equations This is from chapter 3 of Boyd's Convex Optimization. 1. The conjugate function is defined as ##...
  32. K

    I Solve Exercise 2.4 in Supergravity by Freedman & Van Proeyen

    Hi there! I am reading textbook "Supergravity" by Freedman and Van Proeyen and got stuck on a simple exercise (Ex 2.4). Usually I would proceed further marking it as a typo but I've checked the errata list on the website and didn't find this exercise there Exercise 2.4 Show that ##...
  33. S

    MHB What is the Simplified Form of This Trigonometric Identity?

    $\sin\left({A}\right)+\sin\left({A+\frac{2\pi}{3}}\right)+\sin\left({A+\frac{4\pi}{3}}\right)=0$...
  34. S

    MHB Proving Identity: $\sin^8A-\cos^8A$

    $\sin^8\left({A}\right)-\cos^8\left({A}\right)=(\sin^2\left({A}\right)-\cos^2\left({A}\right)(1-2\sin^2\left({A}\right)\cos^2\left({A}\right))$ $L.H.S=(\sin^2\left({A}\right)-\cos^2\left({A}\right)(1-2\sin^2\left({A}\right)\cos^2\left({A}\right))$ $...
  35. S

    MHB What is the identity being proved?

    $\frac{\cot\left({A}\right)\cos\left({A}\right)}{\cot\left({A}\right)+\cos\left({A}\right)}=\frac{\cot\left({A}\right)-\cos\left({A}\right)}{\cot\left({A}\right)\cos\left({A}\right)}$ $L.H.S=\frac{\cot\left({A}\right)\cos\left({A}\right)}{\cot\left({A}\right)+\cos\left({A}\right)}$...
  36. lfdahl

    MHB Polynomial in n variables: Prove the identity

    Suppose $f$ is a polynomial in $n$ variables, of degree $ \le n − 1$, ($n = 2, 3, 4 ...$ ).Prove the identity: \[\sum (-1)^{\epsilon_1+\epsilon_2+\epsilon_3+ ...+\epsilon_n}f(\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2,\epsilon_3,...,\epsilon_n) = 0\;\;\;\;\; (1)\] where $\epsilon_i$ is either $0$ or $1$, and the...
  37. S

    MHB Prove Identity: $\frac{\cos A - \sin A}{\cos A + \sin A}$

    $\frac{1-\tan\left({A}\right)}{1+\tan\left({A}\right)}=\frac{\cot\left({A}\right)-1}{\cot\left({A}\right)+1}$ $L..H.S=\frac{1-\frac{\sin\left({A}\right)}{\cos\left({A}\right)}}{1+\frac{\sin\left({A}\right)}{\cos\left({A}\right)}}$...
  38. Dyatlov

    Is the Hermitian Conjugation Identity Correct?

    Homework Statement ##(\hat A \times \hat B)^*=-\hat B^* \times \hat A^*## Note that ##*## signifies the dagger symbol. Homework Equations ##(\hat A \times \hat B)=-(\hat B \times \hat A)+ \epsilon_{ijk} [a_j,b_k]## The Attempt at a Solution Using as example ##R## and ##P## operators: ##(\hat...
  39. S

    MHB How Can You Prove the Trigonometric Identity Cos^6A+Sin^6A=1-3Sin^2ACos^2A?

    Prove $Cos^6A+Sin^6A=1-3 \hspace{0.2cm}Sin^2 A\hspace{0.02cm}Cos^2A$ So far, $Cos^6A+Sin^6A=1-3 \hspace{0.2cm}Sin^2 A\hspace{0.02cm}Cos^2A$ $L.H.S=(Cos^2A)^3+(Sin^2A)^3$ $=(Cos^2A+Sin^2A)(Cos^4A-Cos^2ASin^2A+Sin^4A)$...
  40. M

    I Exploring the Identity Matrix in Multivariable Control Theory

    Hello everyone. Iam working on a course in multivariable control theory and I stumbled over the Identity Matrix. I understand what the identity matrix is, though the use of it is a mistery... I was reading about going from state space to transfer functions and I found this expressions...
  41. mkematt96

    Complex Numbers and Euler's Identity

    Homework Statement exp(z)=-4+3i, find z in x+iy form Homework Equations See attached image. The Attempt at a Solution See attached image. exp(z)=exp(x+iy)=exp(x)*exp(iy)=exp(x)*[cos(y)+isin(y)] ... y=inv(tan(-3/4)=-.6432 ... mag(-4+3i)=5, x= ln (5)..exp(ln(5))=5 ...
  42. binbagsss

    Weierstrass zeta & sigma fncts, pseudo-periodicity identity

    Homework Statement Let ##{w_1,w_2} ## be a basis for ##\Omega## the period lattice. Use ##\zeta (z+ w_{i})=\zeta(z)+ n_i## , ##i=1,2## ; ## m \in N## for the weierstrass zeta function to show that ##\sigma ( z + mw_i )=(-1)^m \exp^{(mn_i(z+mwi/2))}\sigma(z)## Homework Equations [/B] To...
  43. redtree

    I Deriving resolution of the identity without Dirac notation

    I am familiar with the derivation of the resolution of the identity proof in Dirac notation. Where ## | \psi \rangle ## can be represented as a linear combination of basis vectors ## | n \rangle ## such that: ## | \psi \rangle = \sum_{n} c_n | n \rangle = \sum_{n} | n \rangle c_n ## Assuming an...
  44. P

    Show Random Walk Respects Identity

    Hi, I have the following homework question: Let Xt be the continuous-time simple random walk on a circle as in Example 2, Section 7.2. Show that there exists a c,β > 0, independent of N such that for all initial probability distributions ν and all t > 0 ∥νe^tA−π∥_TV ≤ ce^(−βt/N2) Here's what...
  45. C

    I Ward identity for off shell photon?

    Consider an amplitude for some subprocess involving an off shell external state photon with polarisation ##\epsilon_{\mu}## and momentum ##q_{\mu}##, stripped of the polarisation vectors so that e.g ##T = \epsilon_{\mu} \epsilon_{\nu}^* T^{\mu \nu}## (##\epsilon_{\nu}^*## is polarisation vector...
  46. Eclair_de_XII

    How to abstractly prove a Laplace transform identity?

    Homework Statement "Suppose that ##F(s) = L[f(t)]## exists for ##s > a ≥ 0##. (a) Show that if c is a positive constant, then ##L[f(ct)]=\frac{1}{c}F(\frac{s}{c})## Homework Equations ##L[f(t)]=\int_0^\infty f(t)e^{-st}dt## The Attempt at a Solution ##L[f(ct)]=\int_0^\infty f(ct)e^{-st}dt##...
  47. binbagsss

    General Relativity, identity isotropic, Ricci tensor

    Homework Statement Attached Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution So the question says 'some point'. So just a single point of space-time to be isotropic is enough for this identity hold? I don't quite understand by what is meant by 'these vectors give preferred directions'. Can...
  48. paulmdrdo1

    MHB Cos Trig Identity: Deriving Formula for Circuits Analysis

    Hello. Do you guys know if there is an identity related to this expression \cos(A+B)\cos(A+C) If so, can you help me how to derive it? I need it for the derivation of the formula from my circuits analysis course. Thanks.
  49. lfdahl

    MHB Prove an identity with binomial coefficients

    Prove, that $\sum_{j=1}^{2n-1}\frac{(-1)^{j-1}j}{{2n \choose j }} = \frac{n}{n+1}$ i have tried with proof by induction, but it is very difficult to use this technique. I should be very glad to see any approach, that can crack this nut.
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