Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol ×, by the mid-line dot operator ⋅, by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk *) is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction and division. The result of a multiplication operation is called a product.
The multiplication of whole numbers may be thought of as a repeated addition; that is, the multiplication of two numbers is equivalent to adding as many copies of one of them, the multiplicand, as the quantity of the other one, the multiplier. Both numbers can be referred to as factors.
a
×
b
=
b
+
⋯
+
b
⏟
a
times
{\displaystyle a\times b=\underbrace {b+\cdots +b} _{a{\text{ times}}}}
For example, 4 multiplied by 3, often written as
3
×
4
{\displaystyle 3\times 4}
and spoken as "3 times 4", can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:
3
×
4
=
4
+
4
+
4
=
12
{\displaystyle 3\times 4=4+4+4=12}
Here, 3 (the multiplier) and 4 (the multiplicand) are the factors, and 12 is the product.
One of the main properties of multiplication is the commutative property, which states in this case that adding 3 copies of 4 gives the same result as adding 4 copies of 3:
4
×
3
=
3
+
3
+
3
+
3
=
12
{\displaystyle 4\times 3=3+3+3+3=12}
Thus the designation of multiplier and multiplicand does not affect the result of the multiplication.The multiplication of integers (including negative numbers), rational numbers (fractions) and real numbers is defined by a systematic generalization of this basic definition.
Multiplication can also be visualized as counting objects arranged in a rectangle (for whole numbers), or as finding the area of a rectangle whose sides have some given lengths. The area of a rectangle does not depend on which side is measured first—a consequence of the commutative property.
The product of two measurements is a new type of measurement. For example, multiplying the lengths of the two sides of a rectangle gives its area. Such products is the subject of dimensional analysis.
The inverse operation of multiplication is division. For example, since 4 multiplied by 3 equals 12, 12 divided by 3 equals 4. Indeed, multiplication by 3, followed by division by 3, yields the original number. The division of a number other than 0 by itself equals 1.
Multiplication is also defined for other types of numbers, such as complex numbers, and more abstract constructs like matrices. For some of these more abstract constructs, the order in which the operands are multiplied together matters. A listing of the many different kinds of products used in mathematics is given in Product (mathematics).
Not sure if vectors are pre or post calculus
Homework Statement
So we had a few examples of vector multiplication in class and I don't understand something.
The following vectors were multiplied:
But in another example,
So why was the answer in the first example a...
Homework Statement
Briefly, the question asks to prove how the interference of 2 electrons (travelling in opposite directions as 1-D waves) would affect the probability of finding each electron in free space. My issue has to do with the first step in the solution.
Homework Equations...
Homework Statement
Is \mathbb{R} under addition isomorphic to \mathbb{R}\backslash{0} under multiplication?
The Attempt at a Solution
It is true that \mathbb{R} under addition is isomorphic to \mathbb{R}_{>0} under multiplication, by using the bijection \phi ...
Let's say that a is an ordinal and it's cantor normal form is:
a = {\omega^{\beta_1}}c_1 + {\omega^{\beta_2}}c_2 + ...
I read that
a \omega = {\omega^{\beta_1+1}}
But I couldn't find a proof anywhere.
Can someone give me a source or point me in the right direction so that I can prove...
Homework Statement
1. Show that the set M of symetric matrices is closed under addition and scalar multiplication.
2. Show that the set W diagonal matrices is not closed under addition and scalar multiplication.
3. Show that the set W of matrices such that transpose(A) = -A is closed under...
Homework Statement
Find A*B^T, where A=
2 1
5 3
And B=
1 -1 1
-1 1 1
Homework Equations
n/a
The Attempt at a Solution
The problem is, is that if I get the transpose of B, I will end up with a 3x2 matrix. Isn't this impossible to multiply by a 2x2...
Homework Statement
Find the first three terms using multiplication of series:
e^{x}*ln(1-\frac{x}{5})
Homework Equations
Knowledge of Taylor Series
The Attempt at a Solution
Please see the attached pdf (when it gets cleared).
Now, I know that polynomial multiplication is to be used with...
Find the Laurent Series around z=0 for f(z) = \frac{{2{z^2}}}{{2{z^2} - 5z + 2}} + \sin (\frac{3}{{{z^2}}}), so that the series absolutely converges in z = -i
The Attempt at a Solution
The singularities of f are z = 0, z = 1/2 and z=2. The Laurent series will converge absolutely in z = -i...
Homework Statement
Find the expression of the Laurent series for f(z) = \frac{z}{{(2z - 1)(\frac{2}{z} - 1)}} so that \sum\limits_{ - \infty }^\infty {{a_n}} \ converges.
The Attempt at a Solution
First, I find that z = 1/2 and z = 2 (and infinite) are poles of the function f. Then, I...
Homework Statement
Multiply the permutation (246)(12)(47)
The Attempt at a Solution
This has got to be so easy yet I cannot figure it out on my own. I understand that for (246) it means that 2 \mapsto 4, 4 \mapsto 6, 6 \mapsto 2 . Could anyone lead me on what I should do next with...
Homework Statement
If AB = BA and p is a nonnegative integer, show that (AB)^p = (A^p)(B^p)
Homework Equations
N/A
The Attempt at a Solution
I would love to attempt a solution, but I don't even know where to begin. I guess my first question is, how can I generalize matrices so...
Can somebody please explain to me when matrices commute? I've read that it's when they are diagonal with the same dimensions (and also scalar multiples?), but I don't understand why this is.
Homework Statement
Compute
[1 1]^n
[ 1]
This is what my book has. I am assuming the blank means 0 (please tell me if this is not the case).
Homework Equations
None really (matrix multiplication)
The Attempt at a Solution
I did n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and found a patten. It looks...
Homework Statement
I am trying to prove an identity and in order to finish the proof i need to show that:
for z a p-dimensional vector and A a non-singular square (pXp) matrix - also note that T is transpose - :
zTA^(-1)z = zzTA^(-1), where -1 denotes the inverse
I have looked...
Are there any tricks other then adding X by Z in the multiplication chart? Like the one for ten. When multiplying a number by ten all you do is add a zero.
In the appendix B of Goldstein's classical mechanics (3rd edition), the authors discussed the dihedral group and said:
"Notice how the group elements in class 3 involve only \sigma_1 and \sigma_3. Thus, they are independent of the matrices I and \sigma_2, as is expected from the structure of...
I am trying to compute the following,
\prod_{j=0}^{N-1}\left[\hat{I}+\hat{M(j)}\left(\frac{T}{N}\right)\right]
where \hat{I}, \hat{M(j)} are matrices. My problem is that Mathematica interprets this product as element-wise with respect to the matrices, but I of course want it to use matrix...
Homework Statement
Show that (AB)C=A(BC)
I am just trying to do this to try to gain some experience with problems like this. I saw in my text that they did a similar example for distributivity using the definition of matrix multiplication, so I thought I could use that approach.
The Attempt...
Hi,
I want to multiply two lists of the format {a1,b1,c1...}*{a2,b2,c2...} to obtain the list {a1*a2,b1*b2,c1*c2,...}. I tried using . to multiply the two lists but that didn't work.
What command do I have to use to obtain the desired result?
Thanks
I searched around a while on the site to see if I could find a thread that could answer this question and was unable to find one. If this has already been asked before, I apologize.
I'm having a problem with something in the AES crypto algorithm...
multiplication and addition principle for count possibilities??/
we toss a fair coin 5 times and recored the sequence of head and tails obtained.how may sequences are possible that start with head OR end with head.?
so what i did was using addition theorm i divided this complex process...
Hi. I'm trying to find the degree of the map of f(g,h)=g.h (i.e. multiplication in g) for fixed g. It is a map G-->G (if we fix g).
We can assign a degree to this map for any topological group for which the last non-zero homology group is Z and proceed like we do for the degree of a map...
Hey everyone, first of all id just like to clarify this isn't a homework or coursework related problem, its part of my personal MatLab learning for future years. I obtained a nice little siganls and systems question off a friend, it looked fairly simple but I've come across a problem which i...
Hihi,
Let's say I have the linear equations ,A
2x +3y +4z
5x+6y-7z
5x-4y+3z
then I can always write as a matrix multiplication A= B*x
matrix B =
2 3 4
5 6 -7
5 -4 3
times
matrix x
x
y
z
Then., how can I tell MATLAB to express in the matrix multiplication form so...
Theorem 2.15:
Let A be an m x n matrix with entries from F. Then the left-multiplication transformation
L_A: F^n --> F^m. Furthermore, if B is any other m x n matrix ( with entries from F ) and B and D are the standard ordered bases for F^n and F^m, respectively, then we have the following...
Homework Statement
Actually i want to ask something actually very easy...
i just don't know the meaning of some words in different questions...
firstly... multiplication of A and B means A*B right?
how about multiplication of A by B means A*B or A/B??
secondly... division of A by B means...
This is a simple question from Groups and their Graphs by Grossman and Magnus that I just can't figure out:
Consider the set {1, 2, 3,..., p-1} where p is a prime number, with binary operation "multiplication modulo p." Show that for any element x of the set there is an element y of the set...
I am reading (theorem 2.14) from a textbook, and don't understand how g = Tf and (#1) line of reasoning. The theorem and proof is as follows:
Theorem 2.14: Let V and W be finite-dimensional vector spaces having ordered bases B and C, respectively, and let T: V-->W be linear. Then, for...
how to present this matrix as a multiplication of elementary matrices
\bigl(\begin{smallmatrix}
0 &6 &2 \\
1& 1 &0 \\
5&3 &1
\end{smallmatrix}\bigr)
i can't understand in general what are they doing in this solution
http://img144.imageshack.us/img144/9508/34036247.th.gif
??
Hello,
Can an integer always be represented through the multiplication of two or more integers? (Are all integers divisible by some set of 2 or more integers (- or +)?)
For example, 8 is can be represented by 1 x 8, 2 x 4 and 2 x 2 x 2. But what about 257 or even - integers?
I'm trying...
I'm having problems wrapping my head around this...so I want to post some questions out of this Introductory Combinatorics book and what I believe to be the solutions:
1.) There are 6 rooks placed on a 6 by 6 chessboard. How many ways if there are 2 red and 4 blue?
I got 6!*\binom{6}{4}...
Homework Statement
Establish associative law of multiplication by considering absolute values and arguements.
z1(z2z3)=(z1z2)z3
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I think I need to use r(costheta +isintheta)...
Homework Statement
Show that A and Inverse(I+A) commute (where I is the identity matrix).
Homework Equations
Inverse(Inverse(A))=A
Inverse(AB)=Inverse(B)*Inverse(A)
The Attempt at a Solution
My solution assumes the existence of the inverse of A.
A*Inverse(I+A) =...
Matrix multiplication: Commutative property.
Hello,
First time poster.
I have got a question about commutative property of matrix multiplication.
Literature says that matrix multiplication is communicative only when the two matrices are diagonal.
But, I have a situation with an...
I'm not sure where to put this question, since it deals with both physics and math, so I figured here would be a good starting point.
In the book of astrodynamics I'm currently reading, I came across this expansion...
i am given two matrices 4X4
which i need to multiply by one another
but in my calculator i can multiply matrices only 3X3
how can i use this maximum 3X3 matrices multiplication
in order to calculate the multiplication of two 4X4 matrices
??
(i know how to multiply matrices in theory...
i am given two matrices 4X4
which i need to multiply by one another
but in my calculator i can multiply matrices only 3X3
how can i use this maximum 3X3 matrices multiplication
in order to calculate the multiplication of two 4X4 matrices
??
(i know how to multiply matrices in...
Homework Statement
construct a multiplication table for the ring Z_{3}[\alpha], \alpha^{2} + 1(bar) = 0(bar)
Homework Equations
The Attempt at a Solution
I'm actually confused on how to find the elements of the ring. My book and notes have thrown me off a bit and I can't find...
I was wondering what owuld the outcome be if I multiply both normal distribution
eg N (5, 100 ) and M ( 10,100 )
i know the operations for addition and subtraction
but what if N.M
what do i get ?
This is for 10th root unity with complex number multiplication. I am working on closure. I have multiplied 2 elements of my set and I have so far that cos[(n+k)360/10] + isin[(n+k)360/10]. Thus I know that if n+k<=9 then there is an element in the set. Now I need to show for if n+k>9 and if...