Process Definition and 1000 Threads

Hi, consider an adiabatic irreversible process carrying a thermodynamic system from initial state A to final state B: this process is accompanied by a positive change in system entropy (call it ##S_g##). Then consider a reversible process between the same initial and final system state. Such...

As far as I understand it a stochastic process is a mathematically defined concept as a collection of random variables which describe outcomes of repeated events while a deterministic process is something which can be described by a set of deterministic laws. Is then playing (classical, not...

Hello there, So yesterday my thermodynamics professor did some black magic and transformed our beloved equation (1/(1-n))*(p1v1-p2v2) into (n/(n-1))*(p1v1-p2v2), but i didnt understand why he did it and how (he is too fast for my writing). Does anyone know how he did it, are there any...

Hello, I'm taking an energy class and I'll be giving a presentation on fuel cells. I was wondering if I could get some help understanding the whole process of the paper below. Unfortunately, I can't post the article because of copyrights. To summarize, it's a one compartment H2O2 fuel cell with...

Leavitt's Law allows us to determine how far stars are from us by calculating their variable magnitude of brightness. Please explain how it's possible then for us to see, with the 'natural eye', the distances from one star to another, from one point in the night sky to the opposite, that would...

Hello all, thanks for reading my post! I'm posting as I need help with my problem solving and thinking approach. For the most part I can figure out how to set up the problem and what I need to find, but my problem lies in textbook questions that rely more on seeing a more math based approach to...

. The above are some of the typical problems related to Poisson Process. I need to understand the difference between time, inter-arrival time, and arrival time in this regard. Say, we start our counting from 9:00 AM and count up to 10:00 AM. Image-1: arrival process. 1. 1st call comes at...

What does it actually mean from an intuitive standpoint? I don’t want to simply memorize the equation. What is it really and when can it be used? What is the usefulness of it? Thanks.

How can we explain our process of thinking by physics?

I am evaluating the possibility what magnesium may be the most-easily obtainable structural material on Moon. The following ISRU sequence is proposed: 1) Regolith melt electrolysis produce ingots made of ferro-silicon, as by-product of breathable oxygen production 2) Ferro-silicon ingots are...

Sorry if this question is kind of vague or even too vague, but what is the universe's main descriptive action and what is the most common occurrence due to this action? Can we just say the universe's "main thing" is expansion and the main side effect of this process is...? -Side Question- Does...

<< Mentor Note -- Thread moved from the technical forums, so no Homework Template is shown >> I was looking into process control and capability of general manufacturing company. e.g one that constructs bolts There process was was within tolerance and in control producing screws within...

Let us consider a negatively charged object. We want to neutralize this object, so we touched it by our hands to remove the excess of negative charges by Grounding. Now the question is : Will our body (The Ground) be negatively charged as it gained those negative charges? then why it is called...

Hi All, I'm really struggling with the below question - I'm not sure if I've taken the correct approach to determining the model as there may be an easier way to do this? Any help in much appreciated, please let me know if I have submitted this template correctly as this if my first time...

I'm in my second year in college and I've taken an Operating Systems course that has a project component. I've been assigned Memory Forensics as my project topic. On approaching the professor I was told that I need to attempt to attack the Linux Kernel ( I'm guessing that means I need to write...

Good day all! I have the following exercise One kilo-mole of air expands adiabatically from an initial state p1=1 bar, T1=340 K to a final state V2= 2V1. Compute the temperature of the final state, for the following cases: Joule expansion (gas free expansion with W12=0) My problem is with the...

I am interested in whether it may be possible to reduce the temperature of the Hall-Héroult process for the electrolytic smelting of aluminum by using Li3AlF6 instead of cryolite (Na3AlF6) as the solvent for the aluminum oxide, and if this might be advantageous over current methods. Li3AlF6...

I am guessing that just pure hydrogen sulfide, gaseous or liquified under pressure without the sodium, would effect the depolymerization of lignin which is the goal of the Kraft process. Hydrogen sulfide can be produced by treating hydrogen directly with molten elemental sulfur at about 450...

I was interested in whether titanium dioxide might be extracted from the silicon dioxide and iron oxide present in rutile by the use of hydrogen fluoride. The silicon tetrafluoride that is formed would be removed as a gas. Then the titanium tetrafluoride would be vaporized at 277.5 °F...

Homework Statement I am required to obtain the following 1) Energy targets and pinch temperatures 2) Composite Curves 3) Grand Composite Curve with and without utilities? 4) What utilities are you going to use to fulfill the energy targets? Why have you selected these utilities? 5) Design a...

Hi there, I would like to know all the ways or what I can do that actually works when it comes to slowing down or stopping the aging process for human males in both the brain and the body. I am one of those people that want to stay as youthfull as possible and to live as long as I can so...

Homework Statement Given a coupling h \; \partial_\mu \phi^a \partial^\mu \phi^a , meant to model the first order interaction of the Higgs field h to boson fields \phi^a , compute the width \Gamma(h \rightarrow \phi^3 \phi^3) of the Higgs particle to decay to two longitudinal (say)...

Hello I am no expert so i apologize if the answer is trivial.I was wondering, if they can manufacture a transparent transistor on every (sub)pixel of LCD glass screen, why are they using "COF (Chip-On-Flex) or COG (Chip-On-Glass construction)" to connect every (sub)pixels' tiny wire at the end...

Hey everyone, I have to do this presentation about solar cells and how they work. I've been doing a lot of research, and now I know a lot about how they work. However there is just one thing, that I can't understand. So in a solar cell there is an N-type and P-Type. The N-type has too many...

Homework Statement I have had a question in my quiz that I don’t remember very well, but here’s a diagram and there’s no need for numbers in axis because it’s a concept- based question with no calculations. The question asks if an ideal gas system moved from A-B-C-A. Where is the process by...

Why are the limits as so for the integral?

Is it feasible to design and manufacture a Concentric Ferris wheel? Thanks & Regards, Prashant S Akerkar

MODERATOR NOTE - NO TEMPLATE BACAUSE POSTED IN GENERAL PHYSICS I am having trouble attacking this problem properly and getting the right solution, which I do not have. (only know I did it wrong on exam). Anyway, there is picture attached this is a cycle of some working material that has a...

Homework Statement [/B] An ideal gas is compressed to the same volume from the same initial state for both an adiabatic and an isothermal process. In which case will more work be done ? 2. Homework Equations ##dU=dQ - dW ## ##W=\int P\,dV ##(For isothermal) ##W=nc_vdT##...

Homework Statement Problem: We want a closed loop control loop for the given process (see bode plot), the control loop requirements are: Steady state error needs to be zero. The gain margin needs to be infinite. The phase margin needs to be 40 degrees. Questions: Which controller will be...

Employers/hiring managers can hire anyone they like. They are not accountable to anyone. So, I wonder how fair/biased the hiring process is? Of course it is difficult to know, because they are not accountable, and they don't provide a rejection letter explaining why they rejected someone. If...

Homework Statement (c) A heat exchanger is to be used to heat a process liquid within the tubes using saturated steam at 100oC. The tubes have an inside diameter of 20 mm and outside diameter of 22 mm. It is estimated that the inner surface heat transfer coefficient will be 4.2 kW m-2 K-1 and...

Homework Statement [/B] Hi guys. Been looking at this question for a while and can't figure it out. An aluminium furnace is fuelled with propane gas. The furnace is loaded up with 4 aluminium ingots each of mass 22.5 kg. The question is: If 2.1 kg of propane is used to complete the melting...

Homework Statement At the start of a compression, a cylinder contains 0.04 m^2 of some ideal gas at a pressure of 100kPa and a temperature of 110 degrees. Compression takes place according to the law: P(V)^1.27 = constant The gas undergoes a two stage process: compression from 0.04 m^3 to...

Homework Statement An antimuon and electron may bind together via Coulomb attraction and then decay, but is the following process possible? (µ+e-) → νe + νµ_bar *The νµ_bar is the antiparticle of the muon neutrino - the antimuon neutrino More than one answer (below) may be correct. a)...

nmh{1000} ov 346.21 ok I am trying to these 4 problems but don't think I understand the augmented process these are the answers to 19 and 21 $\tiny{1.1.19}$ $$A_{19}=\left[\begin{array}{rrrrr} 1& \,h& \,4\\ 3& \, 6& \, 8 \end{array}\right]$$$\textit{so if we multiply $R_1$ by subtract from...

Hello everyone. I have recently started working with a model whose output are two stochastic process which evolve trough time. Now, I have two 9*500 matrices, being 9 the number of times for which the model offers a value and 500 the number of realizations. I was wondering if someone could...

I've want to gain fluency when it comes to retaining the code behind sorting algorithms. I want to be able to recall and write them up with efficiency without taking a long time to waddle around until I get it right. They're falling out of my head. Note: I'm not necessarily asking how to...

Homework Statement Consider a 1000 to 700 hPa layer in the atmosphere that is at rest and is in hydrostatic balance. The layer is subjected to radiative cooling at a rate of 5.0e3 J/s/m2 for one hour. a) Calculate the change in mean temperature for the layer assuming all energy goes into...

Hi, I'm hoping to get clear on some chemical nomenclature. A "chemical reaction" is a process that involves some sort of chemical change. But a conformational change doesn't involve a chemical change, just a shape change, thus from what I understand, it cannot be termed a "chemical reaction"...

These days I've been reading in the internet about the Poisson Distribution because that was a concept I couldn't manage to understand completely when I studied it, so since then I've been always quite curious about Poisson processes, and how there are a lot of natural phenomena (mostly the...

Homework Statement I don't understand the derivation of the right side of the last equation. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I got to this point, I also don't understand why it did not include C_2 for the variation of temp. along the fin. I am guessing the right side is the...

Actually this is more of a simulation question but since PF doesn't have Simulation category I ask here. I need to simulate a path from a proces given by this Stochastic DE: $$ dX_t = -a(X_t-1)dt+b\sqrt{X_t}dB_t $$ where ##B_t## is wiener process/brownian motion and a and b are just some...

Homework Statement The change in entropy is zero for: A. reversible adiabatic processes B. reversible isothermal processes C. reversible processes during which no work is done D. reversible isobaric processes E. all adiabatic processes Homework Equations ## dS = \frac{dQ}{T} ## The Attempt...

Homework Statement Hi everyone, I am so stuck in this one homework problem. Any help is greatly appreciated The question asks to use direct synthesis to design a controller for the transfer function below. The desire closed loop time constant is 1 Homework Equations (-s+1)*e^(-s)/(5*s+1)^2...

The Helmholtz function differential form for a reversible process is: dF = -SdT - PdV, as for a reversible process δW (by system/here an (ideal) gas) = PdV and dS = δQ/T. Therefore, for a reversible isothermal process, dT = 0 and hence dF = -PdV. Therefore, the work done by the system is W =...

In the following Møller scattering process, two electrons enter, exchange a photon and then leave (and if I understand this correctly, we say that both of the electrons emitted a photon). However, in this case: We have an electron scattering off a photon, but the interaction happens by an...

So I've been stuck on trying to figure out the following problem. This is basically just for my own interest, not for a school problem or anything like that. It came out of trying to get my head around Poisson and exponential distributions. Imagine you have a process where you have a fixed...

I've written a short text adapted from a previous post by Count Iblis. I'll append it below. It shows that irreversible PV-work is always smaller than reversible, which fits very nicely with W = Pext ΔV. I'd be interested if there's a way to show that W is exactly equal to Pext ΔV for all...

Homework Statement I'm trying to compute the square amplitude ## |\mathcal{M}|^2 ## for a decay process in which a Majorana fermion, call it ## \chi_2 ##, decays into another Majorana fermion, ## \chi_1 ##, and a vector boson denoted by ## A^{\mu} ##. The model is such that the mass of the two...