Stress Definition and 1000 Threads

In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence. That emphasis is typically caused by such properties as increased loudness and vowel length, full articulation of the vowel, and changes in tone. The terms stress and accent are often used synonymously in that context but are sometimes distinguished. For example, when emphasis is produced through pitch alone, it is called pitch accent, and when produced through length alone, it is called quantitative accent. When caused by a combination of various intensified properties, it is called stress accent or dynamic accent; English uses what is called variable stress accent.
Since stress can be realised through a wide range of phonetic properties, such as loudness, vowel length, and pitch (which are also used for other linguistic functions), it is difficult to define stress solely phonetically.
The stress placed on syllables within words is called word stress. Some languages have fixed stress, meaning that the stress on virtually any multisyllable word falls on a particular syllable, such as the penultimate (e.g. Polish) or the first (e.g. Finnish). Other languages, like English and Russian, have lexical stress, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than one level of stress, such as primary stress and secondary stress, may be identified.
Stress is not necessarily a feature of all languages: some, such as French and Mandarin, are sometimes analyzed as lacking lexical stress entirely.
The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence stress or prosodic stress. That is one of the three components of prosody, along with rhythm and intonation. It includes phrasal stress (the default emphasis of certain words within phrases or clauses), and contrastive stress (used to highlight an item, a word or part of a word, that is given particular focus).

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  1. H

    Shear stress on surface of a bar

    Homework Statement I want to understand why in noncicular members in torsion book tells me that surface of a member is free and so no shearing stresses there. This is from wikipedia for shafts: Note that the highest shear stress occurs on the surface of the shaft, where the radius is...
  2. Ravi Singh choudhary

    Hydrostatic stress on cube placed in deep sea

    Ques: If one metal cube placed in deep sea where will be maximum shear stress in cube? What I know: In hydrostatic condition there would be no shear stress, that means on any face of cube there would be not shear stress at all. In case of two dimensional stress; if we have same...
  3. S

    Thickness of object to halve the stress

    Homework Statement The diagram represents a steel tube with wall thickness w which is small in comparison with the diameter of the tube. The tube is under tension, caused by a force T, parallel to the axis of the tube. To reduce the stress in the material of the tube, it is proposed to...
  4. G

    Correlating Displacement and Strain in a Cantilever Beam System

    Hi, Well i have a system with a excited (in y axis) cantilever beam. I struggling to obtain a expression that gives the strain based on the dislocation y. I know that the displacement of the beam is given by: Ya=PL^3/(3EI) but how i make a correlation between this and the strain of the...
  5. I

    Calculating the maximum shear stress in a shaft

    Homework Statement Homework Equations Torque = Force x Distance Shear stress = Force/Area 3. The Attempt at a Solution I know how to do this question as I've seen the mark scheme. However, initially I did it wrong. What I did was as follows: Torque = Force x Distance therefore...
  6. physea

    How to calculate average stress?

    hello! In the question below, is the average normal force in order to calculate the average normal stress, 8sin60 or 16sin60 or 0? https://www.physicsforums.com/attachments/stress-jpg.100364/ thanks!
  7. G

    Bearing Stress of Hollow Tube w/ Pin & Force

    For a hollow tube inside a hollow tube, with a pin passing through both and a force pushing down on the innermost tube, what would the bearing stress be on the holes (assuming tube wall thickness is equal)? Would the equivalent reaction force be F/4 since the pin is passing through 4 holes? So...
  8. E

    Stress and Strain ratios in sheet metal?

    Hello! I'm having some trouble understanding stress and strain rations in sheet metal forming. I understand that they're constants, but how do you calculate them? Or are they usually given? Thank you!
  9. R

    Exploring Stress in a Perfect Bar: Normal vs Inclined Sections and Shear Forces

    I understand that if you glue together two pieces of a bar together at an incline, and apply an axial tensile force (normal) to the bar, that as far as the layer of glue is concerned, the force applied to it is partly normal (normal to the surface of the glue layer) and shear (perpendicular to...
  10. J

    Single shear element in stress tensor: Finding Von Mises

    When finding the Von Mises of given a stress tensor who's only element is a single shear component (τ): \begin{bmatrix} 0 & τ & 0\\ τ & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} the result is simply √3×τ. Is the Von Mises criterion not valid when considering a single component as in this example? I...
  11. R

    What is the stress of the rotated axis

    Given only the triaxial stresses: ax = 10 MPa (along [100]), ay = 10 MPa (along [010]), and ax = -30 MPa (along [001]), what is now the components of stresses in rotated axis? so based on the equation aT = [L][a][LT] let aT the components of stress of rotated axis, L the direction cosine, LT...
  12. S

    Determine the absolute maximum bending stress of the beam.

    Homework Statement If w = 74 kN/m , determine the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam in MPa. Homework Equations I'm not too sure how to go about my calculations. Please help! The Attempt at a Solution I = [(1/12)*(200*256^3)] - [(1/12)*(192*250^3)] = 29.62*10^6 F = 74*24*1000? [/B]
  13. W

    Shear Stress on sleeve with grooves

    1. There is a valve body in which there is a butterfly plate. A shaft goes through the butterfly plate allowing it to open and close. A sleeve is inserted into the I.D. of the butterfly plate that the shaft goes through. The I.D. of the hole (butterfly plate) that the sleeve is inserted is is...
  14. M

    How do I estimate stress in a non-prismatic shape?

    Homework Statement In a mathematics-based investigation, I am trying to estimate the stress through a voussoir (member) of an arch bridge. However, these members have non-uniform cross-sections. I don't need to know how to exactly calculate the stress in each part of the member, only the total...
  15. Z

    Did the CPSC-Mandated Groove Cause Rim Failure?

    The CPSC has mandated every bicycle rim have a groove to indicate the wear on the rim. I have tested wheels extensively that I built over 100000 miles. As they wear from the brake pads the side walls will bulge from fatigue. If you are paying attention you can feel the brake grab at this spot...
  16. M

    Calculation of Permanent set out of stress strain relation

    Hi, I have been given a relation between stress and strain which is strain=(stress/70000)(1+(3stress/(1890)) the dia of round bar is 10mm and length is 3mm and that's all the data i have and I am required to find out permanent set.
  17. Jesper Hellmann

    Contact Stress Problem: Validate Nylon Clamp & Steel Tube

    Hi All I am trying to validate a nylon (PA6 Guss) clamp which has a load of 166kN on a steel tube. I am only interested in validating the clamp. My analytical (MatLab-Octave) calculations give me a peak Von Misses stress of about 145MPa When comparing to FEM in ANSYS I only get about 30MPa Can...
  18. P

    Bending shear stress distribution

    I modeled a simple cantilever rectangular beam in Patran of (L,W,H = 100, 6, 4) with Hexa8 elements and applied a vertical shear load (upwards) of some magnitude at the free end. Ran in Nastran and plotted the vertical shear stress distribution on a cross-section in middle of length (in order...
  19. popbatman

    Solve Plane Elasticity w/ Airy Stress Function

    Hello to everyone, I have a problem with the solution of plane elasticity problems with the method of Airy stress functions. For instance I can solve a problem of uniaxial or biaxial uniform tension with a 2nd order polynomial, but if I add shear on only two opposite sides the problem seems to...
  20. J

    Calculating stress and strains for beam of applied force

    Homework Statement If I consider a force, which is applied to both ends of a rectangular beam to its cross section with dimensions w (width) and h (height) and I know the length of the beam is l and the force is parallel, how can I calculate the stress? Also, what if the force were parallel to...
  21. OKaraali

    Max Shear Stress in Thin Cylinder: Issues & Applied Pressure

    I am having some trouble finding out the Maximum shear stress, I worked out my hoop stress and axial stress for the thin cylinder theory but the radial stress i am having issues with. If the applied pressure is only internal then would the radial stress be 0.
  22. N

    Why are sharp contours stress concentrators?

    intuitively it makes sense but what is the scientific explanation
  23. F

    Shear Stress Formula: Calculating Tau Correctly

    how to get the formula of shear stress (tau) ? i got (-dp/ds -ydz/ds )(r/2) instead of -d(p+yz)/ ds (r/2) as in the book , if it's d(p+yz)/ ds (r/2) m , i would get (-dp/ds -ydz/ds-z(dy/ds) )(r/2) ,, right ? The Attempt at a Solution P/s : I'm concerned about the derivation part , so i didnt...
  24. C

    Stress tensor for non-Newtonian fluid

    How does one setup the stress tensor for a non-Newtonian fluid? I know that for any fluid the normals should be the pressure and for a power law fluid the shear stress in the direction of flow is related by K(du/dy)^n. Does this mean that all other components are 0 for a symmetric pipe or...
  25. M

    Decomposing Uniaxial Stresses

    Homework Statement I am having trouble decomposing a uniaxial compressive stress into hydrostatic and pure shear components. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I am starting with ## \begin{pmatrix} -\sigma & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} ## I then do ##...
  26. R

    What are some approaches for estimating the work done up to fracture?

    Good day everyone! i have a problem dealing with the fracture analysis. We all know that the work done per unit volume is equal to the area under the curve of stress-strain curve or we can express it in terms of integral form, and if we're looking at necking point stress can be express in this...
  27. M

    Schmid Tensor / Resolved Shear Stress question

    Homework Statement Calculate the magnitude of the resolved shear stress on the ## (112)## plane in the ##[11\bar{1}] ##direction in a bcc crystal. Homework Equations Tried to use: ## t^{\alpha} = \frac{1}{2} \sigma_{ij} (m_{i} n_{j} + m_{i} n_{j}) ## where m is the direction and n is the...
  28. J

    Stress concentrations: find max d and min r on stepped bar

    The problem: The stepped bar with a circular hole, shown in Figure P5.75, is made of annealed 18-8 stainless steel. The bar is 12-mm thick and will be subjected to an axial tensile load of P=70kN. The normal stress in the bar is not to exceed 150 MPa. To the nearest millimeter, determine (a)...
  29. K

    Why stress is defined on 3 surface

    https://www.google.ca/search?q=stress&biw=1366&bih=629&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA9u3S5_jKAhXCJx4KHfN8DmYQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=stress+tensor&imgrc=xK8-tGSPxXha7M%3 This is a simple question. -why stress is defined on 3 surfaces only instead of the entire 6 surfaces? I believe 3...
  30. S

    Engineering Stress increases after yield stress?

    I need to know why the Engineering stress increases after reaching the yield stress point, and continues to increase until reaching the UTS. Am I correct when I remember that there is strain hardening that occurs along the region from Yield stress to the Ultimate tensile stress? Engineering...
  31. T

    Machine elements stress concentration

    Homework Statement A flat part with constant thickness b is loaded in tension as shown. The height changes from 50 to 87 mm with a radius r = 4.0 mm. Find how much lower a load can be transmitted through the bar if the height increases from 50 to 100 mm and the radius increases from 4.0 to 10...
  32. C

    Maximum bending Moment and Maximum Shear Stress Question

    Is the maximum bending moment and maximum shear stress an absolute value? For example, when drawing out a bending moment diagram say if I get -400 kNm at one point and 300 kNm at a different point. If these values are the maximum/minimum points on my diagram would 400 kNm be considered as a...
  33. T

    Machine elements - deflection and stress problem

    Homework Statement Homework Equations δ = Pl/AE σ = P/A The Attempt at a Solution I had calculated the deformation for both the steel and aluminum, and added them together to give me δ = 0.481 mm, which is incorrect. I also thought I could simply plug in the force P = 200kN and the...
  34. R

    Stress Energy Components: 3 or 4 Densities?

    I usually come across expressions for the Stress energy tensor showing them as three densities (normally over a space-like slice. In wikipedia's article on the spin tensor, they clearly (it does not appear to be an error) both write about and express the components of the stress energy tensor as...
  35. F

    Shear stress for contracting pipe

    Hi, I would like some guidance about a piping problem I have. I would like to know how to solve this shear stress equation for a narrowing pipe. This equation gives the shear stress on the edges of a cylindrical piece of fluid having radius r and length L within the pipe. I would like to know...
  36. H

    Calculating Shear Stress: Solving for μ = ρv in 8-41 Equation

    Homework Statement how to make μ = ρ v as in 8-41 ?Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution since μ = viscocity , it has unit =( kgms^-2)s m^-2 , = kg(m^-1)(s^-1) ρ v = (kgm^-3)(ms^-1 ) = kg(m^-2)(s^-1) , the unit for LHS and RHS are not the same , can someone help pls ?
  37. V

    How do I interpret multiple principal stresses for 3D loading with shear?

    For 3 D loading with shear, if I use the principal stress formula, say for x-y direction, two principal stresses are obtained. If the same is applied to y-z, two more principal are obtained, with one supposed to be common, but not. Thus I obtain six principal values, which cannot be used with...
  38. A

    How can I get the force from the bending stress

    Hello all, I am a new member of PF.I have a basic question about the bending stress, I remember somewhere I saw this part, but can't find out it. Could you give me a answer? Given: 1, M-moment applied on the section. 2, I-Section modules 3. y-distance from shear center Solution F,how much is the...
  39. G

    Understanding the Calculation for Shear Stress of Water

    Homework Statement for the second photo , why the dy is 0.005/2 ? why not 0.005 ? Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution
  40. Polar Bear

    Welding shear and normal stress calculations

    Hello, Does anybody know how to compute shear and normal stresses which take place due to applied load? My case is a simply supported beam (120x120x6.5 length: 4.2m) reinforced by a plate (20x120 length: 2m). Plate is welded on a top of a beam and external force (F=15 kN) is applied to the...
  41. R

    Expanded form of the stress power

    Homework Statement Write down the expanded form of the stress power SigmaijDij in the case of a general three dimensional state of stress, a two-dimensional state of stress, a uniaxial state of stress, a state of simple shear , and a spherical state of stress. 2. Homework Equations [/B]The...
  42. S

    Shear Stress in Beams - Full Working, getting wrong

    Hi, I'm doing question (c)(ii) in the image below, full working is provided below: (c)(i) is 150kPa. I = bh^3/12 - 2 * bh^3/12 (0.25 * 0.256^3)/12 - (2* (0.119 * 0.22^3)/12) = 1.3831 x 10^-4 m^4 Q = y*A = 0.119 * 0.018 * 0.250 = 5.355 x 10^-4 m^3 shear force = (150000 * 5.355 x...
  43. P

    How to figure the stress on a pulling truck frame?

    I'm in college working towards a degree in Mechanical Engineering, so far I've only made it through physics 1 and calculus 2, but I've been building race cars and pulling trucks and tractors since i could hold a wrench. I work for a guy that builds super modified four wheel drive pulling truck...
  44. S

    Tensile Stress at Mid-span of Beam

    Hi, I'm struggling with finding the tensile stress at the mid-span of this beam. I've done the previous questions but have no idea how to begin with this one as I've never dealt with this question before. What is the general method? Correct answer is 1.66MPa. Thanks.
  45. C

    Critical Buckling loads-how to plot?

    Homework Statement Hi all, I am an architect so engineering is not my strong point. for these equations I am unsure how to correctly determine the mode of failure and plot a graph. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Also the attached files have the formulas written and question written...
  46. T S Bailey

    Gravitational Stress: Source of Energy for Orbiting Bodies

    Orbiting bodies are often stressed and twisted by the tidal forces of the larger body. My question is, if these stresses cause the planet to heat up then what system provides the energy to do this? Does the larger body lose energy? Can the gravitational field act as a medium for energy exchange?
  47. AdamMcParland

    Integrating Multiple Young's Moduli in Composite Beam Design: Tips and Tricks

    Having trouble figuring out how to link the two Young's Moduli to the Bending Moment, any suggestions?
  48. M

    A question on thermal stress and axial force in a structure

    hi guys i've really been struggling with this question but I still can't get any glimpse of idea on how to solve the problem, so the conditions are given in the table and what the question is asking for is the axial force acting in each members of the structure. ah, almost forgot to tell you...
  49. H

    What is the required force on the handle for 850N?

    I just can't figure this out with the stresses and moments. What is the force required on the handle to get the 850N on top? Link to album: goo.gl/FYpc0k
  50. loststudent123

    Designing Shafts to Withstand Shear Stress

    Homework Statement A rule often used in shaft design states that the angle of twist shall not exceed 1° on a length equal to 20 diameters. What stress in the material does this imply if the modulus of rigidity is equal to 80 × 103 N/mm2 ? Homework Equations T/J=Gθ/L=τ/r J=π?32(D^4-d^4)[/B]...
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