Paper Definition and 1000 Threads

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. S

    Inventing something with just a piece of paper?

    I've watched a documentary about jet engine. Is it really possible to just create something with just a piece of paper? Just using all the laws of physics then use it to construct something perfectly.
  2. Mk

    Climate paper peer review scandal?

    http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=18512 Here's the short story: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/09/29/yamal_scandal/ And the long detailed one: http://bishophill.squarespace.com/blog/2009/9/29/the-yamal-implosion.html
  3. marcus

    Our picks for third quarter 2009 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of these nine candidates, please indicate the paper or papers which you think will contibute most significantly to future research in 4D quantum gravity. Multiple choice is possible in the poll, so pick several if you wish. http://arxiv.org/abs/0909.4221 Ashtekar, Campiglia, Henderson...
  4. G

    Paper on Unified Theory of Superman's Powers

    http://www.qwantz.com/fanart/superman.pdf "It is our opinion that all of Superman's recognized powers can be unified if his power is the ability to manipulate, from atomic to kilometer length scales, the inertia of his own and any matter with which he is in contact." It has nice figures...
  5. tony873004

    Where Does the Energy Come From in Capillary Action?

    If you dip a paper towel into water, the water absorbs up the paper towel. These molecules are gaining height, and hence mgh is increasing. Where does the energy come from to lift the water molecules?
  6. C

    Pro Writer Needs Help To Develop Paper

    Hello. I'm a professional writer and editor but all of my experience has been in the commercial fields, so I have no formal physics or math background. I've always had a profound interest in physics and have kept up with "conceptual" advances just about as much as any layman can be expected...
  7. H

    Solving Cosmological Constant, Zero-Point Energy & Quantum Gravity Problems

    I was browsing a list of recently published papers on arxiv.org, and I found this paper: Comprehensive Solution to the Cosmological Constant, Zero-Point Energy, and Quantum Gravity Problems Authors: Philip D. Mannheim arXiv:0909.0212 Here's the abstract: "We present a solution to...
  8. C

    Efficient Disjoint Cycle Calculation | Past Exam Paper Help

    Express as the product of disjoint cycles: a. (1,2,3)(4,5)(1,6,7,8,9)(1,5) b. (1,2)(1,2,3)(1,2) I know how to do in 2 row permutations, with right to - left. can anyone tell me , how to express it without transfer it into 2 row permutations. 2 disjoint product. eg. (123)(234)...
  9. C

    Interesting paper - The Schwarzschild Proton

    I would have thought this standard crackpottery, but evidently it won "Best New Paper" from the University of Liege in Belgium! What do you all think? http://www.theresonanceproject.org/pdf/schwarzschild_proton_a4.pdf I can't find anything about the "quantum vacuum density" he talks...
  10. R

    Obtaining A(r) Using Ampere's Law: Question on a Past Paper

    Can anyone help me with this, i have done the first part, whereas i have obtained B using ampere's law. But changing it to A (magnetic vector potential) is proving to be tricky. A long straight wire of radius a carries a uniform steady current I. Using the integral form of Ampere's law...
  11. J

    2nd year university Quatum Physics paper. Please help.

    Hello there. I am a 2nd year uni student studying chemistry. I have a paper in a few weeks on the foundations of physical chemistry. I am having a problem with some quetions and would appreciate any help. Thank you to any who help. 1.Can the expectation value of the rotational angular momentum...
  12. B

    A paper I heard about last year about gravity.

    In the back of the economist there are articles about new research. One of them was about a paper published in science I think. It concerned deviations form what general relativity predicts for the velocity of space probes. I said that the measured velocities of a probe or probes was out by...
  13. W

    New paper in GRL confirms link between sun and clouds on global scale

    The major conclusion: “A link between the Sun, cosmic rays, aerosols, and liquid-water clouds appears to exist on a global scale…” http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:k3yiHsNVc1cJ:www.wzforum.de/forum2/file.php%3F0,file%3D11877 keep in mind that solar modulation of clouds of even 2-3...
  14. marcus

    How Does Bianchi's Paper Impact the Understanding of Loop Quantum Gravity?

    http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.4388 Loop Quantum Gravity a la Aharonov-Bohm Eugenio Bianchi 19 pages, 1 figure (Submitted on 24 Jul 2009) "The state space of Loop Quantum Gravity admits a decomposition into orthogonal subspaces associated to diffeomorphism equivalence classes of graphs. In this paper...
  15. S

    What can I do if my published papers were rejected without being reviewed?

    About a month ago, I got my masters in physics (condensed matter). I worked really hard for about a year and half on the subject of sumulating the semiconductor nanostructure properties with different simulating codes which applied density functional theory approach. I prepared two papers on...
  16. A

    How long will a ball of paper take to fall from a height of 45 meters?

    Alright, so, first of all, I created this problem myself. I made this to study, so I considered it as my homework. 1. How long will a crumpled ball of paper that is 3 inches in diameter take to fall 45 meters IN FREEFALL, knowing that the sheet of paper used to create the ball was 210mm x 297mm...
  17. fluidistic

    Orthographic critique about an arxiv paper

    I didn't know where to post this question, so I'm sorry if I did it in the wrong section. I've fell over the following paper : http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0907/0907.2790.pdf. I don't know if it's just me, or the paper has plenty of orthographic errors and some incomprehensible...
  18. C

    Navigating the Embargo Policies of Science and Nature Journals

    I have a question regarding the process of publishing. Is the preferred method to first submit to a pre-press (such as arxiv) or to directly send into a journal for review. If submitting to arxiv, how does one find a suitable endorser? Apparently one can find endorsers by reviewing topical...
  19. E

    How to draw this grapg on paper

    z=3x^2+2y^2+1 x^2+y^2 <=1 on paper when i input zeros i get 2 parabolas and a line
  20. marcus

    Our picks for second quarter 2009 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Here are some background independent QG papers which appeared in the 2nd quarter (April-June) of this year, for us to evaluate and try predicting how they will do. The poll is set up to accept multiple choices. Please check off the paper or papers you predict will have the most significant...
  21. R

    Looking for Category Theory Paper

    Is there any free (and legal, obviously) place where I can acquire a copy of Eilenberg and MacLane's paper "The General Theory of Natural Equivalences" on the internet? I'm currently studying category theory and am interested in finding a copy of this paper. Thanks!
  22. M

    Why Does Paper Stick to Hot Bowls?

    What is the reason for paper getting stuck to a hot bowl when it is kept on paper for a certain period . I hve seen particularly that newspaper when placed under a hot bowl gets stuck to the bottom of bowl when the bowl is lifted ? I think the cohesive forces b/w the the two surfaces must...
  23. S

    Idea for paper on the scientific revolution

    I'm currently taking a course called 'the scientific revolution' and I have to write a paper (~4500 words) for it. The subject can be pretty broad, it doesn't neccesarily have to do with the scientific revolution, there's some room for improvisation. Now I was thinking, what about a paper that...
  24. K

    Conquering the Paper and Pen Challenge: A Physics-Based Solution

    Hello ! My friend challenged me to remove a sheet that is under a standing pen, without the pen falling. I can only use 2 finger and i can only touch the paper. Do you know a way to do this ? (he said that I have to use physics)
  25. O

    Nanotechnology Paper: Exploring Latest Projects

    Hello there. I am not sure if this is the right place to post but anyway... I was asked to make a paper for my solid state course concerning one of the following subjects : 1) Nanotechnology 2) Organic Electronics 3) Organic Semiconductors 4) Spintronics I am not sure which one i...
  26. R

    Extracting data from copyrighted images in a paper ?

    I am using quite a few images from other neuroscience papers or medical books in my paper. I went through the recommended procedure of writing to the authors and copyright owners about six weeks ago. All the authors wrote back right away and said ok to use. The copyright owners: journals and...
  27. arivero

    Exploring D=9 Supergravity and SU(3)xU(1) Non-Chiral Theory in Four Dimensions

    I want to do a Kaluza Klein exercise but I am afraid I am too lazy to finish any work if not under pressure. So I was thinking, perhaps it could be done here, collaboratively, and signed by all collaborators (the ones wishing/willing to sign; others can be just acknowledged or even remain...
  28. X

    What are some suitable topics for a paper about physics?

    Hello, I need to write a paper about physics and I hvae no idea at all what I could write about. Just about a topic related to physics. Could be based on an article, a book, video etc. I was going to write about an interesting article about physics , but I can't find anything :frown...
  29. O

    Building a Paper Airplane for a 9ft Drop and 8m Flight

    This is not homework, I'm just curious. Perhaps it belongs in the Engineering Forum, but the last one of these I posted there just got left in the dust. I have a rather specific question to ask those of you who are familiar with paper airplane building/structure/dynamics. How would I go about...
  30. marcus

    Nice LQG paper by Modesto about dimension down with scale

    This confirms a beautiful result of Modesto's earlier paper, that LQG seems to coincide with two other very different types of quantum geometry/gravity on the business of dimensionality declining continuously with scale. Fractal-like microstructure of space time. As scale decreases the observed...
  31. O

    How can you construct a tall paper tower in 20 minutes?

    Homework Statement I was recently given an assignment to construct, in 20 minutes, the tallest paper tower I possibly can. I have been given a standard sized 8x11 paper with 25 cm of tape. I am looking for relevant input as to how I could build the tallest tower. The tower needs to be able...
  32. R

    Looking for a Veneziano paper

    I've been trying to locate a complete copy of Gabriele Veneziano's paper "Construction of a crossing symmetric, regge behaved amplitude for linearly rising trajectories". The CERN document server claims that it has the fulltext, so I downloaded it, yet it only includes 10 of the 15 total pages...
  33. C

    Guide to Writing a Physics Paper: Templates, Structure and Tips

    I would like to write a physics paper but was at a loss as to the general structure of one. Can you guys point me in the direction of some templates, or papers that would act as good templates? Also what are the chances of a layman getting published or even entertained by peer reviewed journals?
  34. Y

    Thermo/Fluids Research Paper Idea

    I am a sophomore engineering student taking a thermodynamics/fluid mechanics course right now. We have to write a short 4 page research paper on a topic of our choosing, that deals with thermodynamics and/or fluid mechanics. I am looking for ideas on a good topic, keeping in mind that I have to...
  35. J

    John Baez and John Huerta Paper

    The Algebra of Grand Unified Theories John C. Baez, John Huerta (Submitted on 9 Apr 2009) Abstract: The Standard Model of particle physics may seem complicated and arbitrary, but it has hidden patterns that are revealed by the relationship between three "grand unified theories": theories...
  36. R

    Do i need approval to use graphics from one paper in another paper ?

    just wondering whether copyright approval is needed if i use say an fMRI image from a paper in my own ? If so do they require payment ? If anybody has had to do this were there any complications, such as the copyright holder having to review in what context the image was used ? Thanks...
  37. P

    Which Calculus II Topic Best Applies to Telecommunication Engineering?

    I have following topics and I have to choose one among them for the term paper in Calculus II: 1- Numerical Analysis. 2- Sequence and Series. 3- Polar Coordinates. 4- Finding Areas through Integration. What topic would make the most interesting paper considering the applications? P.S...
  38. D

    Optimization - Find dimension of a cup that uses least amount of paper

    Homework Statement A cone-shaped paper drinking cup is to be made to hold 30 cm3 of water. Find the height and radius of the cup that will use the smallest amount of paper. Homework Equations volume of a cone (1/3)(pi)(r^2)(h) = 30 SA of a cone pi(r)[sqrt(r^2 + h^2)] The Attempt at...
  39. U

    I need some help with aerodynamics and paper planes.

    Homework Statement i have to write this physics paper on the aerodynamics behind the flying of a paper plane. what laws are being applied to make it fly? Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution
  40. T

    Paper Towers - Any Known Record, we got 194 cm

    Hey Everyone, Today I subbed for a very clever group of Physics I students at Anderson High School, 3rd Period, Mr. Holman (April 3rd, 2009), Austin TX. We did the standard Paper Towers project with the following rules: a) 1 sheet of regular Letter sized copy paper / printer paper --...
  41. K

    Unrolling of Paper (Torque/Rotational Motion)

    1. The radius of the roll of paper is 7.9cm and its moment of inertia is I= 3.1×10−3 kg m^2 . A force of 2.3 N is exerted on the end of the roll for 1.3 s, but the paper does not tear so it begins to unroll. A constant friction torque of 0.13 mN is exerted on the roll which gradually brings it...
  42. marcus

    Our picks for first quarter 2009 MIP (most important QG paper)

    The poll is set up to accept multiple choices. Check off the paper or papers you predict will have the most significant impact on future QG research. If you have one that is not on the list, post the arxiv link, title and author(s) on this thread, to be counted as a "write-in". 1. Loop quantum...
  43. C

    Paper Tower - Mats: (1) Letter Size Paper

    Homework Statement Given one piece of standard printer quality paper (8 1/2" x 11"), construct the tallest free standing structure. Materials: 1 Letter size piece of printer quality paperThoughts So I have searched and read through other threads containing this problem, but all require tape...
  44. marcus

    Ideas for first quarter 2009 most important paper (nominations)

    Here our last MIP poll: https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=282166 By the end of this month I'd like to have a short list of promising first quarter papers. Ones that appeared Jan-March 2009 and stand a good chance of turning out to be important or valuable for future research...
  45. L

    Paper due on Deregulation in Airlines

    I have a paper due on Deregulation in Airlines but I can find nothing if anyone has a website that will help me please write it's urgent:confused:
  46. C

    Discussing "Time for a Change: The Non-Existence of Time" by Lynds

    I found this on the web, it was written by someone without formal physics education but I was wondering what some educated users here with a background in physics think about it. My problem with it is that he claims time doesn't exist in any perspective only this physical continuity but how can...
  47. J

    Mean-field, High T Expansion paper

    This is a discussion on the 1991 paper on "How to expand around mean-field theory using high-temperature expansions" by Georges and Yedidia, http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0305-4470/24/9/024". Published in the Journal of Physics. We will be adding questions, comments etc. and share/critique the...
  48. E

    Building a Paper Bridge: Connecting the Rings and Deck

    We are trying to build a bridge made from paper, water based glue and cotton strings. The bridge must be able to hold 5kg; however, we would like it to hold more weight. The weight of the bridge should also be taken into consideration. So we came up with numerous designs and we finally...
  49. marcus

    Asymptotic Safety paper thanks Jacques Distler

    "We thank J. Distler and R. Percacci for animated discussions which triggered this investigation. Furthermore, we are grateful to J.P. Blaizot, A. Codello, R. Loll, E. Manrique, and M. Reuter for useful conversations..." It's interesting to contemplate the different ways that progress in...
  50. R

    Mass of a paper clip using the net torque equations

    hi i have a lab due and i can't figure this out. we have to find the mass of a paper clip using the net torque equations. we have 3 clamps attached to the fulcrum stand so we have to incorporate the force of gravity on them too. to make the stand level the paper clip attached to a clamp is at 50...
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