Paper Definition and 1000 Threads

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. E

    Paper Submission Rejection: A Silver Lining for My Complex Writing Style

    I got good news..sorta... My paper got rejected by the editors from a journal because it was 'too complex' 'too forbidding' for its audience. That's good news because at least I know the caliber of my work isn't 'basic'. I was concerned that my works was based too much off calculus concepts...
  2. B

    Air friction on a A4 paper ( Classical Mechanics )

    Homework Statement How could u find the drag/friction due to air on a A4 size page dropped perpendicular to the ground. There are about 20 sheets and is dropped about waist height. The tricky thing is no instruments are aloud. Only your senses... Homework Equations F=-cv where c is...
  3. O

    Determining coefficients of friction of paper

    Homework Statement My friend and I are attempting to figure out what the coefficient of friction is of a stack of paper (say, 100 sheets). Through our research, we've found that the coefficient of friction (\mu) is the maximum possible static friction force (F) divided by the normal force...
  4. U

    How should I cite my self-translated work in my research paper?

    Hi all, I'm writing my IB extended essay in history (the IB is an international high school curriculum; I'm a senior in high school). I know normally for a work in translation you are supposed to credit both the author and the translator, but one of the works I translated myself (I can read...
  5. F

    How Does an X-ray Machine Function in Different Settings?

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  6. M

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  7. P

    Is Self-Publication the Solution for a Rejected Paper?

    I have recently had an interesting experience that I would like to get other people's input on. In October 2007 I submitted a paper to a reputable journal. In May 2008 I received a rejection email from the editor. I responded by arguing that the reviewer's comment (a single liner for a 50 page...
  8. marcus

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  9. A

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  10. marcus

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    Rightly or wrongly, there's considerable excitement about a paper which a postdoc theorist at CERN, Bob McElrath, recently posted. One physics blogger headlined his comment "Dark matter is a quantum liquid." The headline may itself be a misinterpretation of what McElrath is saying but I couldn't...
  11. J

    Can Riemann's Function Prove an Equation for Prime Numbers?

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  12. L

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  13. D

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  14. D

    Need a topic for paper in modern physics

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  15. S

    Paper Rubbed with Wool/Fur/Silk

    Homework Statement What kind of charges will a sheet of paper have after it has been rubbed with wool or fur? with silk? Homework Equations none The Attempt at a Solution I have an idea about this, I'm just not definite with the answer. I know the paper is a good insulator if kept...
  16. Loren Booda

    Change in computer paper consumption

    Have computers increased or decreased the consumption of paper to date?
  17. M

    Cosmology Paper Ideas: Need Help!

    I have to write a 4000 word paper for my Astronomy 302 (Foundations of Cosmology) class and I really do not know what to do. I was thinking about doing it on the effects black holes on the furture of the universe but I can not find any scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles on it to write a...
  18. Cyrus

    Exploring the NOTAR Design of MD520N Helicopters: A Case Study

    We have to write a 10 page paper on any helicopter topic we want to. I decided to do mine on NOTAR design, NO TAil Rotor because the police fly over campus all the time. (We always have helicopters flying over campus constantly since were right next to andrews airforce base. If its not a...
  19. A

    Plotting Points on Normal Probability Paper: Tips & Tricks

    Jus some confusion over plotting points on normal probability paper.. 1. Order the data 2. Do we do (i-0.5)/n where i=no. of observation and n= no. of samples? believe can't use Z(i)= (X(i)- Mean)/ stand. dev. as i need to find both mean and std. dev from the graph... What is the graph...
  20. J

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    This is just a little observation , if you could confirm, or explain a theory behind it => if we start with one dimention we have one line to get to 2D we draw the shape (here a line) somewhere else, and draw lines that connect them (here 2) then to get to the third, we again draw the...
  21. D

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  22. Z

    Need help with argumentive paper Please

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  23. F

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  24. Y

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  25. P

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  26. marcus

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  27. M

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  28. 8

    Liveweaver's Paper On Expanding Confusion Is Confusing

    arXiv:astro-ph/0310808v2 paper by Lineweaver dated 13 Nov 2003 entitled "Expanding Confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe" has a sentence in the second paragraph on page 4 that I find confusing. The sentence is: "However, since...
  29. T

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    Sorry to bug you all, but I have a question to ask. I have a bit of a worrying problem, so when I first heard about the LHC, some of the fear mongering got to me. However, after some research, my worrying nearly ceased. However, I ran into this paper today, and it says there may be a bit of a...
  30. E

    How efficient is paper recycling?

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  31. F

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  32. X

    Programs Will I require any physics degree to publish a paper?

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  33. marcus

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    Recently (25 July) Lee Smolin posted an update of his December 2007 unification paper http://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0977 The Plebanski action extended to a unification of gravity and Yang-Mills theory "We study a unification of gravity with Yang-Mills fields based on a simple extension of the...
  34. S

    Can toilet paper be used for crafting and creating?

    What can you do with toilet paper ? I can use a piece to create a white rose. I am now learning to fold up a plane, but seems that toilet paper doesn't fit for this task, I am thinking including some adhesive tape to hardening the wings.
  35. A

    Download "Control theoretic techniques" Runge-Kutta Paper (1991) Free

    I'm trying to find a location in the Internet where I can download (for free) the following paper: Kjell Gustafsson , "Control theoretic techniques for stepsize selection in explicit Runge-Kutta methods" (Year of Publication: 1991 ) Thanks in advance :cool:
  36. F

    Holographic Principle Research Paper

    Hello, I am doing a research paper for a final and I chose the holographic principle as my topic. Does anyone have any good sources, or information pertaining to this? Any help is greatly appreciated, thank you. P.S.- I have looked at some of the first links on google, and wikipedia
  37. A

    How do you feel if your paper is rejected?

    Recently one of my papers was rejected from a journal. I expected the referee would ask for some changes and additions, but instead it was rejected. I doubt if the referee really understood the main aim of my paper. Also the report surprisingly does not give details of the objections the referee...
  38. P

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  39. Z

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  40. somasimple

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  41. marcus

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  44. S

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  45. C

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  46. T

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  47. marcus

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  48. Z

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  49. O

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  50. S

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