Paper Definition and 1000 Threads

Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying. Although paper was originally made in single sheets by hand, almost all is now made on large machines—some making reels 10 metres wide, running at 2,000 metres per minute and up to 600,000 tonnes a year. It is a versatile material with many uses, including printing, packaging, decorating, writing, cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper and a number of industrial and construction processes.
The papermaking process developed in east Asia, probably China, at least as early as 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BCE in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States following.

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  1. D

    How to publish a technical paper

    i am last year electrical engineering student. my project is really technically innovative & theoretically sound with mathematical background. so i want to publish my project on 'theoretical level'. what is the procedure for it?
  2. ZapperZ

    Paper Is Not Dead: See How It's Still Relevant

    Not dead, I tell ya! http://vimeo.com/61275290 Zz.
  3. mathmaniac1

    MHB Cutting an elephant-sized hole in a sheet of paper

    Challenge: Can anyone tell me how to cut a hole in a sheet of normal Book paper the size through which even an elephant can pass...?
  4. dexterdev

    To solve ISRO paper, Can I post my doubt questions here in this thread

    I have a multiple choice question paper from ISRO 2012. http://www.isro.org/pdf/EC-2012.pdf Can I post doubtful questions in this thread. Is there someone to help me. -Devanand T
  5. L

    Astronomy paper help - professor doesn't understand my wording

    Hiya, First off, I'm not sure where to post this topic. I was thinking either the homework section, or General Astronomy, but I chose to put it here because my question relates to a research paper in Astronomy. Let me discuss the basics of the paper. We have to pick a topic in the 1920s that...
  6. H

    Authorship order in a theoretical paper

    In a theoretical paper, the primary investigator which is my advisor, is first author, and he also writes the first draft. Me, the second author, and another graduate student have contributed substantially to the numerical simulation. We have another external collaborator which has not...
  7. caffeinemachine

    MHB Hoax paper published in some journal... hilarious

    I found this website Mathgen paper accepted! | That's Mathematics! which says that a software Mathgen randomly generated a math paper which got published in some journal. I don't know how authentic is this but still quite hilarious. Don't forget to check out...
  8. S

    Paul Dirac's 1933 research paper

    Hello, can somebody give me the link to Paul Dirac's research paper(1933) which showed that if any magnetic charge exists, then electric charge is quantized?
  9. S

    Genome paper conclusively proves Bigfoots are real

    Genome paper "conclusively proves" Bigfoots are real http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/02/bigfoot-genome-paper-conclusively-proves-that-sasquatch-is-real/
  10. A

    Does wrapping a beer in a wet paper towel increase the rate of cooling

    It is commonly said (based on a quick Google search) that wrapping your beer in a wet paper towel and placing it in the freezer will allow it to cool faster than placing it in the freezer without said paper towel. Newton's Law of Cooling suggests otherwise. The fact that water releases energy...
  11. marcus

    Haggard Rovelli thermodynamics paper says what time is

    "Quantum jump" is a somewhat misleading term because the transition is not instantaneous. We can assume that at any given temperature there is a characteristic length of time it takes for the system to make the transition to a distinct quantum state. A local observer's proper time is essentially...
  12. A

    Schools Can I send a research paper to college?

    Hi, I'm 14 and i like physics too much to just stick with the Newton laws at school, I learned Calculus and Special Relativity, and now I'm learning Mathematical Background for Quantum, I was wondering... After I learn Quantum can I send a research to college (my dad gave me this idea)? And if I...
  13. G

    Is the asymmetry mentioned in 1905 SR paper fully removed?

    In his 1905 paper introducing special relativity, Einstein calls attention to the asymmetry in the classical treatment of the relative motion of a magnet and a conductor: In a previous post, it was explained to me that, when the conductor is moving, the electromotive force has "in itself ...
  14. X

    Negative Kelvin temperature? (Recent Science paper)

    Chemistry student saying hi to everyone Just read http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-gas-goes-below-absolute-zero-1.12146 about negative temperature. I knew I wouldn't understand a single sentence of the actual Science paper, but I took a look at the Science perspective (Lincoln D. Carr) but...
  15. marcus

    Our picks for fourth quarter 2012 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the nineteen candidates, please choose the one(s) you think will prove most significant for future research in Loop-and-allied quantum gravity. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstract summaries follow in the next post...
  16. V

    Please suggest some good topics for Maths research paper

    There is a student in US. He has completed 4 hours of high school and is applying for college. As part of the application procedure, he has to submit a research paper in Mathematics. He is a very good student. He accelerated math and enrolled for Differential Equation, while still being in...
  17. N

    Paper about special theory of relativity

    Hi there, I'm doing a paper about the special theory of relativity. The paper consists of two parts: - explaining the theory - explaining what kind of consequences the special theory will encounter, if particles move faster than the speed of light. Where does the theory fail? I've...
  18. J

    Does anyone have any experience with this synthetic paper made by Decro?

    Hi, Does anyone have any experience with this synthetic paper made by Decro? It is very similar to the material that those "Fatheads" are made out of. This paper comes in 44" x 100' rolls and is used to make banners, signs, etc. It has a base material of polypropylene. Just wondering if...
  19. P

    Unfortunate Doppler Discussion in Nice Paper

    In another thread, Dalespam posted this paper: http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0311038 The paper is, overall, very nice and introduces a very convenient unification of all coordinate systems for the spherically symmetric vacuum GR solution that manifest the static character ( of the exterior...
  20. M

    Physics paper, picture analysis

    Homework Statement This isn't really a homework probelm, I'm trying to answer some questions about a picture to use in my final paper for physics. I thought it would be a fun thing to have thrown in there but I can't seem to figure out how to start...
  21. D

    MHB Derivation of Equation (11) from R Boundary Condition

    http://www.vibsys.put.poznan.pl/journal/2010-24/noga-2.pdf Equations (9) leads to (11). How from R boundary condition do we end up with the equation in (11)?
  22. Z

    Question on Cosmological Constant paper

    In the paper, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.3365v1.pdf, page 21, the author argues that if: t →∞(1-iϵ), all the terms in equation (193) goes to zero, except the first term. Can anyone explain this to me? Thanks
  23. P

    DSP Software for Communication Systems

    Homework Statement DSP Technology Report Research a particular application of DSP, gathering enough information to deliver a 10 min oral report to the rest of the class. You can focus on hardware, software issues, or a specific algorithm. Give as much detail as possible. Homework Equations...
  24. P

    An amusing paper about the size of the Universe

    I wrote this while I was bored at work earlier. Measurable Theoretical Breakdown of the Universe: A Paper for Amusement by Pete Lerza 11/10/2012 I’ve done all mathematics with fairly loose approximations. The purpose of this is not for scientific accuracy, but for a general...
  25. P

    Seeking referee-like comments on neutron detection technique in linked paper

    Hope mods will allow this. Seeking comments on neutron detection techniques described in the linked paper. Authors are affiliated with China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing. This is a LENR paper with no theoretical content. Full text is free to download...
  26. Jim Kata

    Finally a physics paper with a little originality

    arXiv:1210.8144 (cross-list from physics.pop-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Possible Bubbles of Spacetime Curvature in the South Pacific Benjamin K. Tippett Comments: 13 pages, 10 figures. Before you charter a boat, please look up the collected works of HP Lovecraft Subjects: Popular Physics...
  27. C

    MHB What is the Probability Distribution Function of \(Z_1\)?

    I was browsing the 1998 STEP paper 3 (like you do) and come across a question related to a real intelligence gathering problem. It has some simplifications and probably invalid assumptions, but is still quite interesting. The question is: I don't intend to solve this since the only question...
  28. S

    Understanding the Vector Spaces in Berry's Geometrical Phase Paper

    I am examining Berry's original 1984 paper of geometrical phases. I am having trouble understanding a portion of it, however (which is attached as a photo). In particular, equation (6) appears to have a bra-ket expression which includes the bra- complex conjugate of a state, <n(R)|, along with a...
  29. C

    MHB STEP Paper 1 Q3 1998: True False Justification

    Just to show that not everything in a STEP paper in difficult, this is an easy question: Which of the following are true and which false? Justify your answers (i) \(a^{\ln(b)}=b^{\ln(a)}\), for all \(a,b \gt 0\). (ii) \(\cos(\sin(\theta))=\sin(\cos(\theta))\), for all real \(\theta\)...
  30. marcus

    Our picks for third quarter 2012 MIP (most important QG paper)

    Of the nineteen candidates, please choose those you think will prove most significant for future research in Loop-and-allied quantum gravity. Since the poll is multiple choice, it's possible to vote for several papers. Abstract summaries follow in the next post. http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.0505...
  31. QGravity

    Poplawski's Paper on Invalidity of Superstring Theory

    Gravity with spin excludes fermionic strings Abstract: The existence of intrinsic spin of matter requires the metric-affine formulation of gravity, in which the affine connection is not constrained to be symmetric and its antisymmetric part (torsion tensor) is a dynamical variable. We show...
  32. QGravity

    How Does Ed Witten's Latest Paper Advance Superstring Perturbation Theory?

    Superstring Perturbation Theory Revisited Abstract: Perturbative superstring theory is revisited, with the goal of giving a simpler and more direct demonstration that multi-loop amplitudes are gauge-invariant (apart from known anomalies), satisfy space-time supersymmetry when expected, and...
  33. P

    Help Acquiring a Research Paper From ScienceDirect

    Can someone help me get the research paper from here: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319999000087 I tried asking my teacher and even the deputy head but they couldn't help me. I hope someone from here can.
  34. B

    Trying to find a paper by N.A. Kozyrev

    Greetings! I've been looking for some of N.A. Kozyrev's papers for quite a while now, and I figured maybe I should ask here, since I'm sure atleast one of you has had to, at one point in time or another, had to find a research paper. The difficulty I've been having in finding his papers come...
  35. N

    And the last questions from the big and bad paper from me awesome

    And the last questions from the big and bad paper from me awesome teacher... Mayby, when my others examples it will be good :-D What the minimum speed wind, to take away paper on the desk? Have you got any ideas for calculate? I think about mv=Ft, but no, I think now... Or about Ek...
  36. Chronos

    Brian Powell's latest paper: Scalar runnings

    Brian Powell [bapowell] has a new paper out - Scalar runnings and a test of slow roll from CMB distortions, http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.2024. This is interesting and challenges some of the more radical ideas that are currently popular. Very nice, Brian!
  37. P

    In tearing a paper towel or plastic bag

    1. In tearing a paper towel or plastic bag from a roll, why is a sharp jerk more effective than a slow pull 2. I found this answer online A quick, sharp jerk means a greater acceleration and a greater acceleration means a greater force. And it is force that tears the paper towel or...
  38. L

    Alevel paper 3 chemistry: titration vs collection of carbon dioxide over water

    Homework Statement titration method is more accurate than collection of carbon dioxide over water method to solve stoichiometry equation. Homework Equations what are the 3 reasons? The Attempt at a Solution some carbon dioxide has leak into the air, carbon dioxide is partially...
  39. M

    Replacing paper textbooks with iPad?

    Has anyone any experience with that? Do you recommend it? I am undergraduate physics major and I am wondering should I buy iPad for this purpose (Ofc I would do other things with it too :D).
  40. S

    Everytime I start doing math on paper I lose interest

    I then think that I *should*be spending my time in something more "practical" like R or C++ or matlab...then stop the math to code lol When I do a lot of coding I notice I go to the math and find that I'm able understand it easier because the notation/syntax is so much less busy. Do the...
  41. M

    Tom Banks anti-landscape paper

    "The Top 10500 Reasons Not to Believe in the Landscape". Tom Banks has written a lot of papers developing his unique perspective on how quantum gravity and string theory should work in the real world (specifically, in a universe with a small positive cosmological constant), and this is one...
  42. L

    Why does Einstein's 1905 SR paper contain Zero citations?

    Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was published September 26. It reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later...
  43. R

    Paper on colleration between air and sound

    I am not sure if this is wright section for this question,so please excuse me if a made a mistake. I am thinking of witing a paper about air as a meaning of sound transfer.Does humidity,temperature etc.influence sound.It should consist experiments and theory.So could you recommend me good book...
  44. C

    Any Comments On Celanis latest paper?

    I comment on a forum that discusses things LENR and am found commenting as a sceptic, Normally debunking Rossi's latest BS. Celani a tireless worker in the field has recently displayed a "working" LENR device at NI Week. Without dismissing his claims out of hand. can someone please...
  45. M

    Chamseddine/Connes new paper on noncommutative geometry standard model

    What do you make of this recent paper of Chamseddine and Connes? Resilience of the Spectral Standard Model The version of the Standard Model based on a product of the spacetime manifold with a finite noncommutative space had previously predicted a Higgs mass of 170 GeV. Supposedly this paper...
  46. U

    How to reproduce plots from a reference paper to put in my own paper

    I'm writing a scientific paper and I'm basing it on a set of simulations that I carried out. I have generated some plots and I need to show that my generated plots are exactly the same as the ones on a reference paper. Obviously, I can't just copy-paste the plots from the reference. So how do I...
  47. M

    Numbers in the appendix of Arthur C. Clarke's 1945 classic paper

    Homework Statement This question relates to the numbers in the appendix of Arthur C. Clarke's 1945 classic paper (Wireless World, Oct. 1945, pp. 305-308). The appendix (on page 308 of the paper) outlines some basic principles of rocket design, including Tsiolkovsky's fundamental equation...
  48. marcus

    Speziale-Wieland Twistor LQG paper, July 2012

    There are a lot of open problems in the twistor approach to Loop QG. They take the time to point them out. It's a fairly new approach so there are a lot of different things to work on. It's a 39 page paper, and at least from my perspective quite interesting. The authors are based in Marseille...
  49. andrewkirk

    Need help reproducing geodesic DE from a paper

    I am trying to understand the paper 'Spectral shifts in General Relativity' by Narlikar. The paper considers a light ray emanating from the origin of a FLRW coordinate system in a universe whose hypersurfaces of constant time (in that coordinate system) are homogeneous and isotropic. The...
  50. V

    Best Scientific Paper Editing Software for Mac

    I was just wondering what is the standard software used to edit scientific papers on mac. I downloaded and tried a couple, but they were too complicated. I don't want to evaluate integrals and define functions, all I want to do is write equations and text on the same document. Kind of like word...
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